For a long time, the wise men and the travelers made a list of 7 wonders of the world, the most beautiful and most majestic ones were listed in the list of the structure of the whole world.

The most majestic buildings of antiquity - the seven wonders of the world

Initially, in the 5th century BC. The list had only 3 miracles of the world. After that, in the 3rd century BC, thanks to the poem of Antipatra from Sidon, another 4 miracles of the world were listed in the list, and so the list received the name 7 wonders of the world. This list is 7 wonders of the world:

The Pyramid of Cheops

This pyramid is the largest of all Egyptian pyramids and the most popular among 7 miracles of the world. She was erected in 2540 BC. e.

The height of this giant is approximately 138.75 m. The most severe stone module of the pyramid weighs 15 tons. Imagine! The pyramid consists of 2.5 million blocks that weigh 2.5 tons each.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

This miracle of light still has one name - the hanging gardens Amitis, so called the spouse of the king of Babylon. For her, these gardens were created. The Babylonian ruler, Navudojdonosor II two times giving the city to his opponent, decided to combine his strength with the king of the Mussel. Winning War, Nebuchadnezzar II and the ruler of the Mussels divide the area of \u200b\u200bAssyria.

To confirm the Military Alliance Nebuchadnezzar II marries the daughter of the Midydian Tsar - Amitis. Amitis, who got used to green gardens, was not satisfied with the "dusty" Babylon and to console his spouse, Nebuchadnezzar builds her hanging gardens.

The third of the seven wonders of the world - the statue of Zeus in Olympia

This statue was performed in the temple of Zeus ingenious architect fid. The temple was much earlier built than the statue itself.

On the construction of only the temple took 10 years only this fact allows you to lead in the list of 7 wonders of the world! The zeus sculpture sends on the throne, holding a scepter with falcon in his left hand, and in his right hand - the sculpture of the goddess of Victory - Nick.

Temple of Artemis Efesse

The temple was located in the old town of Ephesus, was built in the 6th century BC. e. In 356g.do N.E. burned with Herostratom. For Artemis, this temple was built because, according to legend, she had a special gift: it could cause the growth of all the vegetation, caught the beasts, blessed for happiness in marriage and the birth of babies.

mausoleum in Halicarnassus

This miracle of light was built in the middle of the 4th century BC. e. By order of the wife of Malsol - Artemisia III.

The construction of the mausoleum began even before the death of Malsol, for whom a monument was actually built. The wife of the Car Ruler called the most revealed architects of Greece Satira and Pypheus, and the most recognized architects of those pores - Leohara, Skopas.

The Colossus of Rhodes

This huge statue of the ancient Greek god of the Sun Helios was located in Rhodes. The statue created the magnificent architect Hares. The height of the statue was 36 m., Was fully made of bronze. The statue spent 13 tons of bronze and 12 years of work of the architect Harez.

The seventh miracle of the world of seven wonders of the world is Alexandrian Lighthouse

The lighthouse would be built in the III century BC. e. In the Egyptian town of Alexandria. Alexandrian lighthouse was the very first lighthouse in history. This lighthouse stood about a thousand years!

At the end of the 15th century, Sultan Kite-Bay built a fortress that exists today at the location of the Alexandrian lighthouse.

That's the whole list of 7 wonders of the world or just miracles of the world.

The list of seven ancient wonders of the world includes the most famous monuments of the art of the ancient world. For beauty, uniqueness and technical complexity, they received miracles names. The list changed over time, but the number of wonders included in it remained unchanged. According to some versions, the author of the classic version of the list is the ancient Greek engineer and mathematician Filon Byzantine, who lived in the III century to our era.

Let's start with an interesting fact: Herodot was the first one who created a list of seven most impressive wonders in the world known to the ancient Greeks, but since then his works were lost. Today's traditional set of ancient wonders (listed below) is recorded in the poem of the Sidonsky antipatra, written in 140 BC, although later lists included Roman and then Christian sights. In the 1st century, the poet Marzial defended the Colosseum, while the medieval theologian Gregory Turner added the temple of Solomon and Noah's Ark. As can be seen, the debate on this list lasted for thousands of years - they do not subscribe and in 2020.

We have already told about each of these miracles of the world separately, because we also advise you to proceed by links in the article where many useful information is available. Separate attention to the pyramids, told about each:

1. Egyptian pyramids

Head a list of seven ancient wonders of the Egyptian pyramids, which is not surprising, as they are the only miracles of the world, preserved to our times. These stone structures became the greatest monuments of the ancient Egyptian architecture, served as trenits for the Egyptian pharaohs and had to provide eternal housing for the immortal spirit of the rulers. The construction period belongs to the II-III millennia BC. During this time, more than a hundred of these structures were built. Lot Read more:

Sphinx

A year later, after its creation in 1550-1397. BC. Sphinx was buried under the sands of the desert. On the stele between the front paws of the sphinx, carved the story. It described how the young prince of Tshammos fell asleep here in the shade of a stone body. In a dream, the Sphinx appeared to him in the image of the mountain and predicted the prince the future of the advent of the throne and asked him to free him from the sand. When the pulp after a few years was on the throne under the name of Pharaoh Tutmos IV, he remembered his dream and carried out the first restoration. Apart from natural erosion, the most serious harm caused the Sphinx of Mamli, who beat him down the nose shot from the gun (Muslims extremely negatively treated the image of a person). Finally, the statue was cleared of sand in the mid-1920s.

A statue is 57 m long and 20 m high, the width of the face is 4.1 m, the face height of 5 m - depicts Pharaoh, which connects the power of man, God and Lion. At the same time, the Sphinx is considered the chief of the Guardian of Necropolis, he identified with God's God.

Heops.

Back in section:

Seven wonders of the world

The ancient Greeks believed that there were exactly seven wonders in the world: Heops Pyramid, Gardens of Semiramides, Statue of Zeus in Olympia, the temple of Artemis in Ephesus, Galicarnas Mausoleum, Alexandria Lighthouse and Colossus Rhodes. In fact, there are no seven wonders in the world, but a great set. But we will now tell about these most famous miracles of light.

Miracle first

The Pyramid of Cheops. Millennium III, BC Egypt.

Let's start with a miracle number one - the highest of all Egyptian pyramids - the tomb of the Pharaoh Heops.

Five thousand people of architects, Kamenotesov and artists began to think about construction when Heops (he ruled the country from 2551 to 2528. BC er) was also a boy. For the king, they decided to build the largest pyramid in the world. And so that such a bulldin does not fall under the ground, for her they found a suitable place in the rocky desert. Here and began the preparatory work, which lasted the whole ten years. At first they built a strong base and the road at which it was necessary to deliver stone boulders weighing three tons. Such "bricks" needed exactly 2300,000! One hundred thousand workers for twenty years dragged them from a quarry on the road, and then raised everything higher and higher until the pyramid was completed. They laid these blocks so deftly that there is not the slightest gap between them, where it would be possible to push at least needle. But here is the 150-meter pyramid ready. What's next? And then you need to make not only the highest, but also the most beautiful. To do this, it has been laid off with shiny tiles from all sides. Oh, and she sparkled in the sun, climbed, as if made of pure gold!

And there were many corridors inside the pyramid. But only one led to the tomb of the Egyptian king, where gold and jewels were hidden. All other moves and transitions were cut down, one can say, especially for thieves, so that they get lost in the pyramid and could not steal anything.

For three and a half thousand years, no one dared to penetrate the tomb of the Egyptian king. But here we passed the century, the ancient Egyptian kingdom disappeared, and people stopped afraid of revenge Pharaohs.

In the 9th century n. e. The son of the Arab ruler blew up the wall of the pyramid, his people penetrated the tunnel, but returned with empty hands.

Later, all entrances to the pyramid were closed. Looking from the side, and you won't guess that there are some corridors and labyrinths.

Miracle Second

Between heaven and earth

Gardens of semiramides. VIVEK, BC e., Babylon Iraq

Long ago (C605th, 562g. BC) Rules in Babylon Nebuchadnezzar II. His name is translated as "Nabu Protect the Crown!". The king, of course, believed to help God Nabu, but he himself did not sit back. Like all the ancient lords, he was forced to lead wars, defending the borders of his fatherland from the militant neighbors of the Egyptians and Persians.

But, neither warlikeness, nor cruelty of Nebuchadnezzar distinguished himself, but became famous for his peaceful affairs. According to his order around the Babylon, proclaimed by the capital of the whole world, impregnable walls were constructed, and under them were digging filled with water. He restored the destroyed major shrines of Babylon: Temples Esagil and Ezidu. I did not forget about other cities of your homeland: Borsippe, ure and others. Everywhere built powerful fences and beautiful temples.

And yet I remembered Nebuchadnezzar not with these buildings, and the "hanging" gardens, which he created for his Persian wife. In the new homeland, it was named after the legendary Babylonian queen - Semiramid.

New Semiramid very much missed the beautiful, but dusty and stuffy Babylon in the shady forests and the Gardens of Persia. Every day she faded like a beautiful flower.

And then Nebuchadnezzar decided to commit unprecedented - to build a paradise garden between heaven and land, which did not see not only in Persia, but also anywhere in the world. Between the walls of the palace, he ordered to install the terrace - seven huge steps. Earth poured on them and conducted channels for watering water. In the wet land, the king planted all the best plants that were in Babylon. But they were too little. Then he went to long-range edges to collect there the most amazing flowers, shrubs and trees. He did not forget about the birds with a bright plumage, whom his soldiers were caught by networks. They were carefully transported to the palace and released to the will.

Already very soon created by Nebuchadnezzar, the garden completely transformed. The amazing flowers were fragrant here, the streams were bruised, birds fluffled from the branch, sparkling with a bright plumage. And between the trees, they saw Lianami, smiling semiramid walked. She completely forgot about her longing and admired the game of light and shadows, listened to the singing of birds and buzzing bees ...

Only at the very end of the XIX century, the English archaeologist Robert Koldyevayu managed to spread the famous terrace of the Babylonian palace, on which the trees collected from all over the world grew up. It also found a water supply system for which water was raised for watering trees. And it became clear to everyone that the gardens of semiramides are not fiction, and the truth.

Miracle Third

Studroszitz satisfied!

Gardens of Semiramids. Stating Zeus in Olympia. V century, BC e., Greece

Zeus Thunderzz was the most important god - the same children, he lived on a high mountain Olympus. And below, at the very foot of this mountain, people built the city of Olympia, where they spent sports. The Greeks believed that Zeus himself bequeathed them to compete in force, speed and dexterity. At first, only the surrounding residents participated in the games, but very soon than the fame of the Olympic Games flew around the whole country, and soldiers began to come here. But armed people did not let me up to Olympia, explaining to them that it is necessary to win by force and dexterity, and not iron.

In the V century BC Residents of Olympia decided that there was no need to look at the mountains from the top of the mountain, and he would be good to move closer to the sports capital. Therefore, they erected on the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of the Temple in honor of the throat. The building was great and beautiful. In length, it reached 64 meters, in width - 28, and inside the height from the floor to the ceiling was equal to 20 meters! The Greeks themselves did not consider this construction outstanding: there were many other beautiful buildings in their country. But nowhere was there such a statue of Zeus. As in the Olympic temple! The famous sculptor FIDI cut out the figure of God from the tree and laid it with plates from a pink ivory, and therefore the body seemed alive. Thunderzitz sat on a huge gold-plated throne. In one hand he kept the symbol of power - a scepter with an eagle; On the opened palm of the other hand stood the statuette of Niki, the goddess of the victory.

When Fidi finished his work, he asked: "Are you satisfied, Zeus?"

In response, there was a blow of thunder, and the floor was cracked in front of the throne. This, it is necessary to assume, meant: Thunders satisfied. Thus was created the third miracle of the world.

Seven centuries Zeus, smiling benevolently, watched athletes while in the second century AD. The powerful earthquake did not happen, which strongly damaged the statue. But the games in Olympia still continued: the athletes believed that it helps if it was not a temple statue, then God himself, squeezing on the top of the mountain.

The end of sports fell in 393. Christian emperor Feodosius. He believed that men should fight with weapons in their hands, and not to spend time on the competition in force and dexterity.

After the ban on the Olympic Games, thieves rose the statue of Zeus, kidding gold and elephant bone. Everything that remained from the famous Statue of Fidiya was taken out of Greece to the city of Constantinople, but there the wooden sculpture burned down during a strong fire.

Thus, the third miracle of the world died, but the Olympic based on the thunder-based, the Olympic Games were restored in 1896 and now athletes choose athletes from many countries, ready to measure force in different sports.

Miracle fourth

Crime of Herostrata

Temple of Artemis. V century, BC E., Small Asia (Turkey)

Artemis was the goddess of hunting. Most of them worshiped residents of Malaya Asia. Now there is a state of Turkey on this place, and the Greeks and many nations lived here. One of the most beautiful cities of Malaya Asia was Ephesus.

Once local residents gathered to discuss how it is better to build the temple of Artemis. The walls and columns needed to be cut out of a beautiful and strong stone marble, but where to take it? There was no marble in Ephesus, but to carry from afar hard and expensive.

And then everyone looked at a fight of two stubborn rams that did not want to give way to the path, with a swallow, hit each other with cool horns. I bounced and started to die again. Forces were equal, and none of the Drachunov could win. But here one Baran retreated to the side, and the second swept past him, hit the horns on the rock and broke the big stone from her. The stone was not simple, but very beautiful - white, like sugar. Of course, it was the real marble. The inhabitants of Ephesus were very happy: now they did not need to ride anywhere, but it was possible to get marble right next to the city and build a temple from it.

A beautiful building in honor of the goddess of hunt stood a thousand years. True, frequent earthquakes destroyed him, but the stubborn Ephesians restored the destroyed, and it was obtained almost as a new one.

But one day it happened misfortune. He lived in Ephesus, a man named Herostrat. He did not have any talents, but he really wanted to become famous for his name to remember for many years. And how to do it, if you don't have anything? Herostrat thought, thought and decided to make a terrible crime, decided to leave at night in the temple of Artemis and set fire to him! No sooner said than done. Dried wooden parts of the building flashed like a torch!

All the Ephessians cry from grief, and Herostrat did not even think of burded. He walked through the streets and boasted: "This is me, Herostrat, burned the temple of Artemis!"

He was captured, arrested and decided to come up with such a punishment for him, which has never been. Herostrate wants to be famous for the century? So let everyone forget his name once and forever. And no one will remember about him!

But it turned out the opposite. All people later repeated: "Who ordered us to forget? Herostrata? Yes, it will be necessary to forget it. " And the more they thought about who they need to forget, the better remember his name. So we learned his name of this criminal.

Miracle fifth

Feat Artemisia

Gardens of semiramides.

Zeus statue in Olympia.

Temple of Artemis.

Mausoleum. IV century, BC, Turkey

In Malaya Asia, next to the city of Ephesus, there was once a country of karya. The capital of the state was called Galicarnas. There was a palace of Maulzol. This king rules strictly, but fairly. From all of his submitted, he collected the established taxes, and the money received created a strong army, with which little karya could not be afraid of his warlike neighbors. The Greeks and Persians hated Mausola and therefore the rumors dissected about how greedy and cruel. Only the king's wife, beautiful Artemisia, answered the gossip: "You tell a lie! Mausol - the most brave and fair man in the world! "

It happened that the king was very cold, fell ill and died. Unhappy Artemisia took the sword of her husband and said: "I do not live without my beautiful mausola! If it is not with me, I will die! " And I already wanted to deprive yourself of life how a wise adviser was stopped. "The death of Maulzol," he said, this is not only your grief, Artemisia. Wosted by our whole country! Knowing that there is no one to protect us, the enemies will come to Galicarcas to enslave us! "

Artemisia lowered the sword. Long sat in thought. Finally, raised her head and said: "I swore that I could not live without mausola! May it be so!"

After that she ordered to burn her husband's body. The remaining ash stirred in a glass with wine and drank. "So the queen exclaimed," now Mausol returned to you, he will live in my body and protect you! "

The adviser ordered the construction of the tomb for himself and her husband. "Name the tomb in honor of my dear husband" Mausoleum "! - she said. Let it be such a beautiful structure, what else did not drink the light! "

Following the combat armor, Artemisia added to the farewell: "And the hurry, the sage! For a short time I have left. Saves homeland from enemies and return to go forever in mausoleum! "

Having said that, the queen pushed the troops ahead. She led the soldiers to the hordes of the enemy approachable from all sides. She beat her enemies on land, fought at the sea and always won.

For two years, Artemisia held in victorious wars, and when he returned to Galicarnas, he was barely able to restrain the exclamation of delight. We published, from the sea, she saw her beautiful building, elevated in the center of Golicarnas. Above, on the hills, the temples were the gods: the God of war Ares, the goddess of beauty and love Aphrodite and the patron of merchants - Hermes. But they could not overshadow the huge mausoleum, on the top of which glittered on the fourth of the horses, which was ruled by Mausol and Artemisia.

Seeing this statue, the queen joyfully screamed and ... died.

She was buried in the newly built building-mausoleum. Later in many cities of Greece began to build mausoleums, but none of them could compare with the fifth miracle of the world, built in honor of the great love of Artemisia and Mausola.

Sixth miracle

In order not to get lost in the sea

Alexandrian lighthouse. III century, BC, Egypt

The great commander of antiquity Alexander Macedonsky won many countries. And everywhere, where came, he ordered to establish a new city, who in honor called Alexandria. The most famous among these cities became Alexandria Egypt. Here the commander ordered to build the highest lighthouse in the world, so that sailors from afar saw his light not only during the day, but at night: they will see the lighthouse, they will walked on it and do not bother off the way.

He said so Alexander Macedonian and left to fight on. The construction of a lighthouse began without it. At first, the Faros was raised near the island, each side of which was 30 meters away. He was set by the "cube" with a height of 70 meters. And the octagonal tower was watered on the cube. Even above was the round tower in which the fire was burning. He was supported by the ministers, no per minute giving him to go out. Special - concave and very large - mirrors reflected the light of the fire so that he was seen for many kilometers.

At the very top of the tower, the Golden Statue of the Chief Greek God of Zeus was installed, whom Alexander Nevsky called his father.

When the lighthouse was built, measured his height. It turned out to be 130 meters. There was no such high lighthouse on Earth. Therefore, it was called the sixth miracle of the world. But the commander himself could not admire the Alexandria Lighthouse: he died 23 years before it was completed.

But many sailors still a thousand years have used the lighthouse light and thanked Alexander Macedonian. Previously, they floated only at the silence of the day, and now they could boil the sea and oceans and at night.

Inside the lighthouse was empty. A wide spiral staircase was led to the very top of the top, according to which the resin was carried on the donays and the campfire oil. In other rooms, the famous Alexandria library was located, where they were going and rewritten from the hands of the book from all over the world.

Built in III century. BC. The highest world's highest lighthouse stood a thousand years and was destroyed in 796. e. Strong earthquake.

The Arabs who came here wanted failed: the walls continued to give cracks and disintegrate into separate stones.

In the XV, Egyptian Sultan Kite Bay realized that the lighthouse would never be able to save, and ordered in his place to build an impregnable fortress to protect against enemies and robbers. This fortress stands near the island of Faros and now, reminding about the lighthouse, which the Greeks were so proud and considered one of the wonders of the world.

Seventh miracle of light

Fall of the God of the Sun.

The Colossus of Rhodes. III century BC, Greece, Rhodes Island

In the Mediterranean, the coast of Turkey, there is a small island of Rhodes. At 305g.do AD. Here arrived from Malaya Asia King Demetrius. He wanted to attach the island to his possessions and did not foresee difficulties in the upcoming battle. He had huge siege towers. It was worth riding such a tower to the fortress wall, like the doors opened and soldiers jumped right on the wall. It remained only to go down and capture the city.

Residents of Rhodes that their island was raised from the bottom of the sea by the God of the Sun - Helios. So now in a difficult moment they turned to him with a plea, promising that if he helps them in the fight against Demetrius, they will build such a statue of Helios, which he still did not see the light.

Strangers could not take the city and, floating away, left on the shore a huge siege tower.

Rhodians decided that they saved Helios. And therefore, fulfilling the promise given to God, they sold the tower, and the 20-meter sculpture of Helios was ordered to revennated money. Then it seemed to them that such a height would be insufficient, and they asked for a twice twice. Jerez agreed. And worked without tired 12 years. Under his leadership, the sculpture of this giant, or otherwise, the colossus was cast from bronze in parts. At first they made the feet, then put their legs to the knees. Made a mound from the ground so that you can reach on. Built the figure to the belt and again plucked the Earth. The further the work was moved, the higher the earthen hill rose, and the sculpture itself was not visible. And only when the golden wreath was watered on his head, they threw the whole earth, Helios became visible in all his glory. He stood on a white marble hill. He held his left hand with his clothes, and the right put to his forehead, peering into the sea distance.

He was called a colossus Rhodes - the seventh miracle of the world. But this giant stood for a short-to-year-old year, and collapsed during a strong earthquake. It turned out that the sculptor was poorly connected his knees, and they could not stand the weight of a huge bronze body. Since then, the proverb has emerged - "Colossus on clay legs." So they talk about what Tobolsch but fragile, push him - it will fall apart.

Fallen sculpture lay on Earth thousand years. She was trying to raise many times, but everything was unsuccessful.

Over time, they began to forget how she looked when it was. They said that Helios kept a huge torch in his hand, and the ships with high masts floated in the harbor. In 77. The ruler of Rhodes sold the remnants of a giant to some merchant as scrap. The merchant cut the sculpture into parts, transported to Malnya Asia, melted and, immersing 900 camels, took it to sell slices of bronze, in which no one could know the seventh miracle of the world.

Everyone heard about the miracles of light, but with what is considered as such, confusion often arises. Often, this list includes build structures and monuments that, of course, have a huge historical and cultural value, but there are no official list. In addition, in 2007, new "miracles" were chosen in Portugal, so we can say that they are already more than seven. They all made a huge contribution to the culture of mankind. About seven wiped wikipedia lights and other encyclopedias are written in very detailed. Let us dwell on the brief description of each.

In contact with

The wonders of the ancient world are studying at school at the history lessons. It includes those structures that were created before our era. Until our days, not one of them was preserved, except for the pyramids of Heops. These include:

• Hope's pyramid.
• Statue of Zeus in Olympia.
• Colossus Rhodes.
• Alexandrian lighthouse.

Hope's Pyramid and Mausoleum in Galicarnassa

Both facilities belong to the legendary tombs, but the time of their construction is very different.

Interestingly, the pyramid of Heops - the most ancient miracle of the world and, at the same time the only preserved to this day. It was created approximately two thousand years before. er, and the riddles of his construction still are still being controversial and sometimes completely incredible theories are put forward. For example, the form of arrangement of the pyramid accurately repeats the location of the stars in the Constellation Orion, so some consider the pyramids to the gift of alien civilizations. Every year thousands of tourists from all over the world come to see them. Indeed, the construction is striking once and forever.

This construction, like all the mausoleums, built later, received the name of Tsar Mawsol, who commanded after his death to establish a monument, similar to the Pyramids of Egypt, and glorifying the king himself and his wife. The building was not only a tomb, but also a temple. The king was resting at the first tar, and in the second one could be held worship. Mausoleum were installed as the statues of the gods and the statues of Mahavola himself and his zhenya of Artemisia. The statues of the royal couple are preserved to this day, you can find their photos and even look at them in the British Museum.

The name of the gardens received on behalf of the legendary Queen of Semiramides, but she, oddly enough, does not have the slightest relationship. Two centuries after her death, the Babylonian king decided to marry the daughter of Tsar Musia - a country that dries in gardens and greenery. Babylon stood in the desert, and in order to hit the bride, the ruler ordered the creation of gardens of unprecedented beauty. Heads with plants bloomed as magnificently, which was almost hidden the building, on the walls of which were located, and as if hung in the air. Especially magnifically, the structure looked in the midst of the fruitless desert, when the traveler saw in the endless sands the magic garden, symbolizing the greatness of Babylon and his king.

Supreme Green God reached the height of a five-storey houseFor work on it, the FIDIA architect demanded to create a workshop repeating the temple in which the statue was established. At the same time, Zeus, sitting on the throne, as if "did not fit" into the temple, if the statue could get up, I broke the arch. Thus, the greatness of God was emphasized.

Materials also selected appropriate: ivory and gold. Interesting: FIDIA In those distant times, when physics had not reached his heyday, he managed to choose the material and the location of the statue, which seemed to be the light falling on her, reflected, and she seemed to shone from the inside. After the establishment of Christianity and the closure of pagan temples, Zeus was transported to Constantinople, where, to great regret, burned down.

Its value was great, the building was used not only for religious rituals, but also for public meetings and even trade. We worked on the construction of the best sculptors and architects, the building was struck by his beauty and majesticity. It is also famous for what was burned by the hot-tempered young manor, who decided to leave their name in history. It is worth noting that he really did it. Fortunately, the temple was restored.

The Colossus of Rhodes

Colossus in clay legs collapsed after seventy years after the construction, but rightfully takes place among the wonders of the world. Disputes are being conducted about its height, indicate dimensions from forty to sixty meters. There is a legend that ships flew easily between his legs, although now this theory is disputes. According to the descriptions found, the Colossus could not be in the port, but on land, in the city of Rhodes. He was erected as gratitude to God Helios for defending the city from the enemy troops who left after a year of the siege. Interestingly, the chief sculptor of Colossus finished the life of suicide, as to complete his creation, he took a huge amount that was unable to return.

Alexandrian lighthouse

Alexandrian Lighthouse - this building saved the life of not one ship, since his light spread at sixty kilometers. Built among the reefs and rocks, a lighthouse of a hundred thirty-five meters high, indicated the path to the saving bay in one of the most dangerous seasons. According to the preserved descriptions, there were very interesting sculptures inside the lighthouse:

• One of them pointed to the Sun position all day, and at night her hand went down.
• The other was arranged like a clock, every sixty minutes, chopping an hour.
• The third always pointed out the hand to the side where the wind blows, and thereby used as a weather.

To perpetuate your name, the sculptor, which was required to glorify the king, went to the cunning - the name of his name on the stone, covered it with plaster and wrote the name of the king. After a century, the plaster sat down, and the name of the architect came to us - Sostrat Book.

Album "from the wonders of the world to the wonders of Russia"

Description: This material will be useful for teachers. It is intended for students of 5 and 6 classes. The material represents useful and interesting information that can be used in the lessons of history and in extracurricular work.
Seven wonders of the world - These are the most ancient monuments of architecture that are rightfully considered the most great creations of human hands. The number 7 was chosen far from just like that. It belonged to Apollon and was a symbol of completion, completeness and perfection. At the same time, the traditional genre of Hellenistic poetry was the glorification of the list of the most famous cultural figures - poets, philosophers, kings, commander, etc. or prominent architectural monuments.
The first mentions about the miracles of the world are found precisely in this era, when the victorious troops of Alexander Macedonsky have already passed in Europe. The widespread extension of Greek culture in the territories included in the states that the Great Communist Party won, ensured loud fame to individual monuments and architectural structures. But it should be noted that the "selection" of miracles happened gradually. Some names were replaced by others, and to date, the list of the most majestic works of art and architecture includes:
1. Pyramids Giza
2. Hanging gardens of seminimis
3. Olympic Statue of Zeus
4. Temple of Artemis in Ephesus
5. Galicarnas Mausoleum
6. Colossus Rhodes
7. Alexandrian Mayak

Pyramids Giza
One of the most ancient and, nevertheless, bright miracles of the world are the Great Pyramids located in Giza (Egypt). The complex of Gazean buildings is the greatest architectural monument, ever created by a person. In total, more than a hundred pyramid buildings were found in Egypt, but most of them could not stand the tests of time.

The Pyramid of Cheops
The largest of the Gazee Pyramid of Heops is the largest building structure in the world. Its base represents the square with a side of 127.5 meters. As expected, the initial height of the structure was 146 meters, but several upper stones were destroyed, and today the pyramid is below 9 meters.
Engineering studies have shown that the largest Gizai architecture monument consists of 2.3 million stone blocks, each of which weighs at least 2.5 tons. The total structure is 2.34 million cubic meters. The faces of the pyramids are deployed on the sides of the world, and the entrance is internally located from the north.
A distinctive feature of the structure is that all united building blocks are so well confused to each other, which is even now, after several thousand years, it is impossible to push between them even the thinnest blade. In addition, the researchers found that the solution that the structural elements was fastened exceeds any modern material in their strength.
Purpose Pyramids
In the pyramid of Cheops, there are no inscriptions, drawings and decorations. There are three cameras inside the structure, in the center of one of which is mounted granite sarcophag. Initially it was assumed that the structure was a tomb. Perennial research was confirmed, then refuted this assumption.
But neither the remains of Pharaoh, nor any utensils or things that, according to the tradition of that time, were buried with the deceased, were not found. True, there is a high probability that the pyramid is simply plundered. However, some details in the hypothesis about the purpose of the structure do not converge with an option about the tomb.
However, I will leave the historians and archaeologists about the origin and objectives of the construction of such an amazing complex of buildings, the entrance to which protects the large Sphinx is the largest monolithic sculpture on the planet. For us, with you the Pyramids of Giza, with which many legends are connected, remain one of the brightest and unusual examples of the flight height of engineering thought.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Babylon's hanging gardens are the second most important miracle of the world. To preleal, this amazing architectural structure did not survive to the present day, but the memory of him still remained.
The attraction is located not far from Baghdad, and today its stone ruins can impress a simple tourist except with their scale. However, history suggests that the construction was one of the most beautiful creatures of humanity.

Amazing gift spouse
The gardens were discovered by Robert Koldohem, which in 1989 spent excavations near Al-Hill. During the archaeological surveys, a branched network of trenches was discovered, and in their cuts, the scientist immediately recognized the legendary architectural monument.
Facts indicate that the hanging gardens were built at the Teling of Nebuchadnezzar II, the board of which falls on the 6th century BC. The best engineers, mathematics and interference inventors in the afternoon and night worked to satisfy the king's request for the creation of a gift for his wife Amitis.
The latter had a mussel origin, and those lands, as we know, were filled with flavors of flowering gardens and green hills. In the stuffy Babylon, the Tsaritsa had fallen, she squeezed in native land. That is why the ruler decided to break the unusual park, which at least a little reminded his wife's native home.
Spores around the Babylonian Miracle
Hanging gardens of the semi-amides were described by many historians of antiquity. But still there are some doubts about the reality of this work of engineering art. For example, Herodotus, who traveled in Mesopotamia somewhere in the V century BC, did not mention this construction. Although, apparently, it was the most majestic and beautiful in Babylon.
Even the chronicles of the city itself do not mention the gardens. However, Beros, Chaldean priest, engaged in annals at the end of the IV century BC. Very bright and clearly designated the construction in his works. It even exists that all historians, including contemporary scientists, relied on its descriptions, and they are too embellished by speculation and judgments of the author.
Some even believe that the hanging gardens of Semiramides were confused with similar parks that were created in Ninevei, located on the east coast of Tiber. But the basis of the irrigation system of this monument was the design of the archimedes screws, which was invented in the second century BC, while the construction of the gardens is dated to the VI century.
However, maybe Babylonians had already had an idea of \u200b\u200ba special thread of such a screw, although they called the device differently. And be that as it may, the mystery of the hanging gardens of Semiramids still excites the minds of scientists, archaeologists and historians.

Zeus statue in Olympia
The statue of Zeus in Olympia is the third on the meaning of the miracle of the world, the history of which began long before its creation - in 776 BC Then, for the first time in the temple, which was built in honor of the Father of the Gods, the participants of the next Olympic Games arrived.
Representatives of Malaya Asia, Syria and Sicily, Egypt and, of course, were present at the opening of the greatest in the history of the event. The first sanctuary of Zeus was built 150 km from Athens. But over time, the game acquired an increasing political weight, so Greece rulers decided to build a new temple.

Temple Zeus
Construction continued over 15 years, and in 456 BC. The world saw one of the most monumental and beautiful houses of Zeus. The project developed the most famous antique architect - Le Bon, whose creation had all the signs of the famous Greek sanctuations, but exceeded their scope.
The temple building was installed on a high rectangular platform. The roof was maintained with 13 majestic columns with a height of about 10 m and a diameter of at least 2 m, and in total there were as many as 34.
Creation Fidia
The Government of Eldlas invited Fididi into Athens, the famous sculptor, who managed to create something excellent - the statue of Zeus. The whole ancient world flew about this work on this work of art, and the masterpiece took its place in the list of miracles of the world.
Creating a statue dates back to 440th BC. The sculpture of the fathers of the gods was created mainly from the selected ivory. According to the description of eyewitnesses, who managed to find a statue in "good health", it had very impressive sizes.
Its height was at least 15 m, about 200 kg of gold was present in the design, the modern cash equivalent of which exceeds $ 8 million. Opening of the statue of Zeus Olympic falls for 435 BC.
Fate Statue Zeus
Historical sources argue that in the second half of the 4th century AD. The temple of Zeus was closed by the Roman emperor Feodosius, who was a Christian and disliked reflected in the pagan beliefs of the Greeks.
In 363, the statue was transported to Constantinople. Although some facts indicate that this architectural monument did not survive the looting and destruction of the temple, which took place at the end of the V century.
In 1875, the remains of the temple of Zeus were found, and in 1950, archaeologists discovered the workshop of Fidia. Careful research of the place where the architectural monument was found was allowed to recreate the temple itself, and the statue of the Zeus Olympic.

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
The ancient Greek Ephesus knew the period of unprecedented heyday. Founded in the XII century BC, the city was the largest center of trade and radiated wealth and prosperity. Patronized Artemis. She, as you know, was the goddess of fertility and the patroness of animals, the guardian of the fever and hunters. Holy honorable it, the townspeople decided to build a majestic temple in honor of Artemis, which, moreover, was to significantly increase the income of the city.

Construction of shrines
In the VI century BC. Harsifron arrived in Ephesifron, the famous architect. It is he who owns the idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding a building from marble. According to his plan, the temple should have gone to two rows of impressive columns. At the same time, the master, apparently, possessed an outstanding engineering mind, since the project is the most difficult and at the same time original of all that was developed at that time. Since the city was rich and could afford to build such a big and expensive building.
But there was one obstacle - there was still no deposit found, able to satisfy the appetites of the project. But soon, thanks to the occasion, a sufficient number of stone was found, and the temple was successfully built. A single place in the construction of the building deserve just monolithic marble columns. They were transported here straight from the Kamenolomen, located ten kilometers from the construction site. The foundation of the temple is the highest aerobatic of engineering thought.
The building was built on a swampy terrain, since still alive was the sad memory of the earthquakes who fell on Ellad. At the site of the future structure, a huge pitan was died, which builders filled with charcoal and wool. This and plus a very unorthodox foundation of the temple was to become a guarantee that the building would be with underground jogging of any power.
In the main hall of the temple, an amazing beauty was established by the statue of the goddess Artemis, the height of which was about 15 meters. She was very expensive because it was completely and near her inlaid with precious stones and gold. An outstanding Greek artists and sculptors took part in the decoration of the building. Rumors about the beautiful shrine rapidly spread throughout the ancient world, and later the temple of Artemis became one of the seven wonders of the world.
The fate of the temple
It should be noted that the Harsphon did not have time to bring the construction to the end. But the case continued his son, and after - the architects of Peonitis and Demetrius. And here about 450 BC. The world saw an unsurpassed temple of Artemis. It is said that if he was preserved for this day, he could eclipse any of the current masterpieces of architectural art. But, unfortunately, in 356 BC Herostrat, obsessed with the idea to become famous at all costs, arranged a fire in the building.
The building was almost completely destroyed, naturally, with the exception of those elements of the design that were made of marble. After that, the temple of Artemis was reborn several times and stopped his existence again. But in 263 BC. He was last looted by Gotami. Finally, the "marble" health of the construction was broken by the swampy soil, as well as the river Kayshthor, which took place nearby. And to restore the initial appearance of the building, scientists from all over the world needed several decades.

mausoleum in Halicarnassus
Galicarnassky Mausoleum is the same age of the second temple of Artemis. The same persons were taken part in its construction that they were restored by the shrine after a fire arranged by Herostrate. The building is Ziggurit, that is, both the tomb, and the sanctuary, and the monument. It should be noted that the name "Mausoleum" occurs on behalf of the powerful and cruel ruler of the Karia - Malsol.

Start of construction
Despite the fact that already in the 4th century BC The state was the colony of the Persian Empire, Malsol rules powerfully and stubbornly, trying not to fade under imperial pressure. His position was so strong, and the bonds are so wide that even after the suppression of the rebellion raised by him, he managed to stay on the throne. During the reign of the energetic and ambitious king, Helicarnas turned into the capital of Karya.
At the same time, the construction of the tomb, which subsequently entered the list of seven most famous attractions of the ancient world, was started long before the death of the ruler - approximately in 353 BC. The Mausoleum project was developed by Greek architects - satire and Pyfe. For the design of the construction, the sculptors Timofey, Leochar, Skas and Brixide were hired. And in total, the construction of hundreds of talented masters, whose names, unfortunately, were not preserved in history.
R okudskaya tomb for the king
The tomb was an impressive architectural complex with his own courtyard. The center of the latter was installed a stone platform. A wide staircase guarded by stone lions was led to the top. Inside the building was decorated with bas-reliefs, depicting scenes from ancient Greek legends and legends. The external walls of the mausoleum covered the sculptures of the gods and the goddesses, and in the corners of the facilities, the huge guards of the warriors squeezed out of stone.
Vastly Zigurat Marble Chariot, driven by a four massive horses. The statues of the catchers were depicted by Malsol himself and his sister-spouse Artemuscia. The height of this sculpture was about 6 meters, and the pyramidal roof of the tomb was maintained by 36,7-meter monolithic columns.
Fate Mausoleum in Galicarneas
When the Karya ruler died, the construction of the mausoleum was not yet completed, and fully finishing the premises was over only 350 BC. The tomb survived the conquest of Galicarnas Macedonian, and the attack of pirates in the early I Millennium. But at the beginning of the 15th century, Maltese at the beginning of the XV century, who finally destroyed the building, taking marble and stone slabs for the construction of the Fortress of St. Peter, which was located at the very place where the Palace of Malsol and Artemism stood. By the end of the XVI century, one base remained from the mausoleum.
Excavations of the tomb of Mausol, who led Kristian Jeplezen, were completed only in 1966-1977. According to the found bas-reliefs, statues and other elements of the situation and the design, the appearance of the Mausoleum was restored. His project served as the basis for the construction of a municipality building in Los Angeles, a memorial soldiers in Indiana, the London Church of St. George and many other architectural monuments of modernity.

The Colossus of Rhodes
Rhodes was the major economic center of the ancient world. Located on the south-west coast of Malaya Asia, he often acted as a talleled piece for the rulers of neighboring powers. So, in 357 BC. The famous king Mavlos became the new ruler of the city, and after 17 years the city fell into possession of the Persian Empire. In 322 BC Rhodes was conquered by Alexander Macedonian, but after his death, civilians began between the heirs of the Great Communion and one of them - the Antigonus - sent her son Demetrius to capture and destroyed the rebellious city.

It should be noted that a long siege did not succeed, and the commander was forced to retreat. On the shores of his warriors threw a huge siege tower, which was a real engineering miracle of that time, and enterprising immediately decided to sell it. The money was decided to build a statue of Helios - the patron of Rhodes to hurt the praise of the Sun God for saving the city from the invaders.
The beginning of the construction of a statue accounts for approximately 304 BC. The creation of a colossus was instructed by Harez, a student of the famous antique sculptor of Lisippa. It was proposed to portray Helios standing, and in his left hand he had to keep the covers with the rest of the earth, and the right to cover his eyes from the Sun. Despite the fact that such a posture did not match some canons of the sculpture of that time, the master understood that a huge statue would not hold on her legs if the colossus would point into his hand in the distance.
Three massive stone pillar served as the basis of the 36-meter sculpture. They were fastened with iron beams at the level of the shoulder of the colossus, which should have been sustainable. Construction continued for 12 years, after which the world saw the greatest statue whose head was decorated with a radiant crown.
The death of Colossus
Literally through half a century, the island was the strongest earthquake, and the legs of the colossus of Rhodes were abandoned. The statue of God fell into the sea and lay on the coast of about 1000 years. The defeated giant has become legends, but in 977 AD. He was decided to disassemble, remember and sell. In the chronicles, the data is preserved that for the bronze crossing, which the statue was finished, it took 900 camels.
Modern interpretations of the Great Statue
Colossus Rhodes entered the list of seven wonders of the world. Currently, even some measures to restore a huge statue are being taken. According to some given data, the cost of modern sculpture of Helios will be about 200 million euros. However, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating monumental sculptures according to the example of a colossus of the Rhodes was used much earlier - a statue of a woman holding a huge torch in the hands of hands is installed in the New York Bay. This monument is more famous for the world as a statue of freedom, but the basis of its creation was the image of the Rhodic masterpiece.

Alexandrian lighthouse
The story of the seventh miracle of light - Alexandrian Mayak - is related to the basis of 332 BC. Alexandria, cities, which was named after the great Roman commander Alexander Macedonsky. It should be noted that throughout his career the conqueror founded about 17 cities with similar names, but only the Egyptian project managed to live until today.

The foundation of the city into the glory of the Great Communion
Macedonian selected a place for the founding of Egyptian Alexandria very carefully. He did not like the idea of \u200b\u200bthe location in the Nile Delta, and therefore it was decided to break the first construction sites in 20 miles to the south, near Mareotis wetland. Alexandria was supposed to have two big harbors - one was intended for merchant ships coming by the Mediterranean Sea, and the second - for ships going on the Nile.
After the death of Alexander Macedonsky in 332 BC The city passed under the power of Ptolemy I Sothera - the new ruler of Egypt. During this period, Alexandria has turned into a prosperous trading port. In 290 BC Ptolemy ordered to build a huge lighthouse on the island of Faros, which would cover the way in the harbor of the city ships in the dark and in bad weather.
Construction of a lighthouse on the island of Faros
Construction of Alexandrian lighthouse dates back to the IV century BC, but the system of signaling lights appeared only in the first century BC. The creator of this masterpiece of engineering and architectural art is the Costrath, a resident of the book. The work continued a little over 20 years, and as a result, Alexandrian Lighthouse became the world's first structure in the world and the highest building of the ancient world, not counting, of course, the Gizaye pyramids.
The height of Alexandrian lighthouse was approximately 450-600 feet. At the same time, the structure was absolutely not like any of the architecture monument at that time. The building was a three-core tower, the walls of which were folded from marble plates bonded by lead mortar. The most complete description of Alexandrian lighthouse was Abu Al Andalusi - the famous Arab traveler - in 1166. He noted that the lighthouse in addition to the fulfillment of purely practical functions served as a very noticeable attraction.
Fate of the Great Lighthouse
The Faros Lighthouse covered the path of navigators for more than 1500 years. But strong underground shocks in 365, 956 and 1303 AD. The building was strongly damaged, and the most powerful earthquake of 1326 finally destroyed one of the greatest architectural structures of the world. In 1994, the remains of Alexandrian lighthouse were found by archaeologists, and later the image of the structure was more or less successfully restored using computer simulation.

New 7 Wonders of Light

The classic list of 7 miracles of the world appeared in the third century BC. It included the greatest architectural and historical and cultural monuments of the ancient world. But the years went, and all new and new wondermen appeared in the world, which today can also be considered miracles of light, that is, the most outstanding creations of a person.
And 2001 was marked by the start of the New Open World Corporation project. Its main purpose was the choice of modern miracles of the world, worthy of all in the story forever. So, the winners of the competition on July 7, 2007 were:
1. Great Wall
2. Taj Mahal
3. Colosseum
4. Machu Picchu
5. Peter
6. Chichen-ita
7. Statue of Christ-Redeemer

The great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is one of the most oldest structures preserved to the present days, which in its grandiose and greatness has no analogues even in the modern world. Her history is rooted in the V century BC, the time that was noted by the collapse of the Zhou state.
There were many small kingdoms in his place, which immediately began a bloody internecine struggle with each other for the heritage of the Great Empire. It was during this period "the warring kingdoms" and the first pitched and eldcled shafts were erected to strengthen the boundaries from aggressive neighbors.

Start of construction
And here in 221 BC. The ruler of one of the kingdoms - Qin - the Great Shea Huangdi managed to pacify the long-term blood enmity. He was proclaimed the first Chinese emperor and for 11 years of his reign created a state with an effective management and justice system. It is him that the idea of \u200b\u200bconnecting the defensive structures in the north of the Empire has already existed in the north of the Empire.
And on the orders of the mistress, his army, consisting of 300,000 soldiers, as well as about a million prisoners and slaves began to build the fortress walls. The Great Wall of China was built using a wide variety of building technologies. To protect even unfinished fortifications in the construction site area, numerous garrisons were keptically carried.
Shi Huangdi
After the death of Shi Huangdi, his successors continued - the emperors of the Han dynasty, who not only follow the maintenance of the structure in a proper order, but also engaged in lengthening the wall. The last important stage in the construction of the Great Wall of China falls on the era of the Board of the Imperial Dynasty Min, at 1368-1644.
From the middle of the XVII century, the need for disappeared, and the time and natural factors immediately took up his stone sides. But, fortunately, most of the wall has survived to this day. Moreover, the Government of China at one time has invested huge amounts in its reconstruction.
New miracle of light
Already during the reign of the Ming Dynasty, the fortifications stretched from the Fortress of Shanhaiguan, located on the shore of the Bohawan Strait, to Jiayuiguan in the north-west Gansu province. Today the length of the wall is a total of 8,851.8 kilometers, which is absolute and, most likely, an invincible record in construction.
In 1962, the Great Wall of Wall took an honorary place in the list of National Monuments of China, and in 1987 she was taken to the general list of UNESCO World Heritage Site. It should be noted that this is the only structure that can be seen from the near-earth orbit without the use of any optical devices. And in July 2007, the wall entered the list of new wonders of the world, as one of the most impressive buildings in the history of mankind.

Mausoleum Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is absolutely not in vain called architectural pearl of India. More majestic and lush buildings will not meet in the whole country. This mausoleum personifies the memory of the delicate love of the Muslim ruler of Shah Jakhan to his wife - a fabulous beauty to the woman named Mumtaz Mahal. The future king of the Great Mughal was still a young prince when at the beginning of the XVII century he took his wife a nineteen-year-old beauty. Newlyweds gently loved each other and, despite the fact that the king had a huge harem, he simply did not pay attention to other women.

Prehistory of construction
Favorite spouse gave birth to Shahu Jakhan six daughters and eight sons, but numerous births dredied the health of women, so when the fourteenth child appeared on the world, it was not. The king's grief was so great that he wasveling to reduce the scores with life. But responsibility for the state and other reasons kept the ruler in this world. Literally in the eyes of his suite, he has developed, and soon two-year-old mourning was announced throughout the state, during which there was no place for holidays, dances, music and fun.
"Indian Pearl"
Somewhat later in the capital of the Mogolskaya Empire - Agra - Grand Mausoleum was erected. The construction of the Taj Mahal lasted for more than 20 years. More than 20 thousand people worked at the construction site, including on a par with all the best Persian, Turkish, Samarkand and, of course, Indian architects and architects worked. The project was completed in 1653, and since then this amazing structure attracts millions of researchers and travelers.
Inside the Taj Mahal there are two tips - Shah and his spouses. But in fact, the burial is underground. Mausoleum is a five-populated building with a height of 74 meters. It is located on a platform with 4 minarets that are tilted away from the tomb, and adjacent to the construction of amazing beauty garden with an abundance of fountains and a swimming pool. The walls of the Taj Mahal were laid out of a translucent polished marble, which was brought to the construction site from a unique field 300 km from Agra.
The greatest monument of architecture
The Great Mausoleum has been preserved for this day. It is one of the most majestic and beautiful structures on the planet. Tens of thousands of tourists visit him daily, at the expense of which the Indian Pearl replenishes the state treasury with considerable means. During the year, Taj Mahal takes about 5 million visitors. In order to preserve the architectural monument, the road traffic in the Taj Mahala area was prohibited.
Not so long ago, cracked were found in the walls of the Taj Mahal. Scientists believe that the destruction of the building is associated with the crime of Jamna - the river flowing in close proximity to it. But, nevertheless, Taj Mahal remains one of the most unusual and majestic structures in the world. It was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and in July 2007, he took an honorable place among the new wonders of the world.

Coliseum
The Colosseum is one of the most majestic amphithers ever built by man. This famous Ancient Roman monument and this day towers in the middle of modern buildings of the Italian capital. Very long, the Colosseum played in the life of citizens and guests of Rome a very important cultural role. A huge number of people were gathered on his stands, which was craving for one - bright and exciting spectacles. It was here that there were gladiatorial battles and animal tribes, sports competitions and numbers.

Beginning of the History of Amphitheater Flaviev
The Colosseum is located on the Kolelyvsky, Palatinsky and Eskvilin hills, that is, where there used to be a pond of the Golden House of Nero. Originally, the construction was called the Amphitheater of Flaviev (in honor of his founders) of the famous imperial dynasty. Construction continued for 8 years, and approximately in 80 AD. The world saw one of the most accomplished arena.
Like any other Roman building of this type, the Colosseum has the form of an ellipse, in the center of which is the Arena, and its stands are equipped as a concentric rings. The perimeter of the outer ellipse of the Roman Arena is 524 m, the large and small axis have a length of 187.7 and 155.64 m, and the height of the amphitheater walls is approaching the mark of 50 m. The results of the simplest calculations show that the Colosseum could easily accommodate about 50 thousand. Spectators. It is the most ambitious arena in the world, not counting modern stadiums that can accommodate and over 100 thousand people.
The fate of the world's greatest arena
The Colosseum was deservedly considered a symbol of Roman greatness. The philosophers said that while he was standing, and the Great Empire would stand. Back in 264, during the reign of the Department, the Millennium of Rome was celebrated in the Amphitheater. History indicates that about 40 wild horses, more than 30 elephants, 60 lions and many other wild animals were killed in this era of the arena. In 405, the gladiatorial battles were banned by Emperor Gonenim, and the Colosseum removed the laurels of the greatest arena of the world.
Closer to the end of the XIII century, the Roman amphitheater was turned into a quarry. At the same time, 23 estates for aristocratic families were built from it. In the XIV-XV centuries from the disassembled parts of the Colosseum, the Italians erected 6 churches, and at the end of the XV century, the Office of the Pope of the Roman was built from the material of the Colosseum. In the middle of the XVI century, the architectural elements of the amphitheater served as the basis for some Roman bridges. In 1744, the Colosseum in honor of the early Christian martyrs was covered, and in the center of the Arena installed a cross.
In July 2007, the Amphitheater was adopted in the list of new wonders of the world. Today, he is the most famous historical and architectural monument of Rome, annually attracting tens of thousands of tourists from around the world.

Machu Picchu
On the territory of modern Peru there is one old mountain peak, which the Indians called Machu Picchu. It is located at an altitude of 2450 meters above sea level, opening an amazing beauty view of the Valley of the Urumamba River. It is here, at the foot of Machu-Picchu Mount, one of the oldest cities, which is often called the "city among the clouds".

The origin of the "city in heaven"
Archaeologists believe that this lost city of Incov was created as a winter residence of the ruler of this ancient people - Pachaktec - literally in a century before the Spaniards came here. In 1532, when brave conquistadors and rampant gold adventurers invaded the Empire of Inca, all the inhabitants of the city mysteriously disappeared.
Machu-Picchu was one of the three houses of Pachektec and continued the role of shrine. The city had very modest sizes and accompanied about 200 buildings. Urban buildings were built out of high-quality treated stone blocks, fitted in each other. Stolplytno that most buildings Machu Picchu have been preserved until now. An abandoned settlement was accidentally discovered only at the beginning of the 20th century by the American archaeologist High Bingham. A few decades later found the legendary trail of the Inca, leading through the Urumamba Valley straight to the city.
Sights of the Residence Ruler Incas
The highlight of the ancient city is the extensive terraces, on which the Incas were engaged in agriculture. "Decorated room", found from the western wall of the main temple, is a vivid evidence of how skillful this people was. The foundation of the room is made of two impressive stone blocks with outstretched three-dimensional vertices.
The temple of three windows is the most mysterious factor of Machu Picchu. According to the Bingham hypothesis, the trapezoidal windows overlooking the East were the symbols of the house of Pachaktec ancestors. But since the architectural style of the city refers to the late Incan period, the accuracy of such an assumption causes certain doubts from archaeologists.
The new miracle of the light Machu Picchu received the status of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, after which turned into a lively center of mass tourism. Daily city attended about 2,000 travelers. But in order to preserve the city of UNESCO demanded to reduce the number of visitors to 800 people per day. On July 7, 2007, Machu-Picchu was selected in the list of new wonders of the world, and since February 2012, it was excluded from the list of World Heritage Objects, which are threatened.

Rocky town of Peter
The ancient city of Peter is one of the most amazing memo architecture. It is carved in a solid stone rock, and around his origin is a huge amount of secrets and shortcoming. It is believed that the city was founded by nabbeans - nomadic tribes, which in the VI-IV centuries BC It was possible to subjugate a huge territory on which today is located Jordan, Syria and Israel.

Great city in the desert
Due to its advantageous location at the intersection of the wide trade routes of Peter over the years, flourished and rich. For many years, he was a real salvation for merchants and travelers from the scorching sun. However, in the IV century BC. For unknown, so far reasons were abandoned. Perhaps the inhabitants kicked out the lack of water from the cool stone shadow. But most likely the city was left due to the loss of significance of its location in the very depths of the rocky Jordanian desert.
Peter is cut in a rock from red sandstone. Externally, architectural elements, preserved to our time, resemble Roman architecture. On the territory of the city archaeologists managed to find many temples, palaces, tombs and even an antique theater. The structures of Petras were built over the centuries, so there is an incredible interweaving of the culture of various eras.
At different times, Prew owned the idumes, Nabotes, Romans, Byzantines and Arabs, and in the XII century BC. The city captured the Crusaders. After the VI century AD. Construction ceased, and gradually one of the most amazing settlements on the planet was empty. The first European, who visited the famous city is the Swiss traveler Johann Burkhardt. It is thanks to him that a detailed description of the structure of Petra has been preserved, as well as sketches of some of its attractions.
Main attractions
The main urban attraction is the treasury - a huge building with a solid facade carved from the cliff. Cause the admiration and magnificent colonnade with an amphitheater, crowded by a kilometer Canyon Sik. They are the legacy of Roman culture in the history of Petra. Also should be noted the aqueduct, which supplied water to the city. He was the most complex system of terracotta pipes, which were collected by moisture from all sources located within a radius of 25 km from the city.
Separate attention deserves Ed-Dair - a huge monastery, cut down right in the rock on the top of the highest rock in the canyon. For a while he served even the Christian temple. Conducting the excavation of the monastery, archaeologists found here the tomb of the Nabatoy king. It is possible to climb it in stone staircase consisting of 800 steps.
Center for mass tourism and a new miracle of light
Today, Peter is one of the busiest tourism centers in the world. About half a million people who wanted to see this amazing creation of hands of man with their own way every year. In July 2007, Peter, a few previously entered the UNESCO World Heritage List, became one of the new wonders of the world.

Chichen Itsa
Chichen Itza is the sacred city of Maya - located 75 miles in the eastern direction from Merida - the capital of Yucatan. Archaeologists consider the ancient settlement, which occupies the area of \u200b\u200babout 6 square miles, one of the world's greatest architectural monuments. Earlier there were several hundred structures here, but before our time most of them were not preserved. The surviving buildings, which are about 30, are of a huge interest for archaeologists, scientists and researchers.

Ancient Center for Culture and Religion
The remains of the city archaeologists are conventionally divided into two parts - in the first the buildings were built by Mayan approximately in the VI-VII centuries of AD, the second is a monument to Toltec culture, which lived in Yukotan in the X-XI centuries. Apparently, the population of Chichen-Itsi experienced a rather acute lack of water. This is evidenced by numerous seats - wells with steep smooth walls.
It was during the Mayan period that is associated with the unprecedented flowering of science and art, the city acquired the high status of the cultural and religious center. This is a bright confirmation of this construction, built in this period - a deer house, a monastery and church, Akab Djib, a house fell, the temple with three jumpers and a red house. After the Mayan civilization fell into decay, the reasons for which are still shrouded with a dense shadow of mysteries and secrets, cities like Chichen-Ice, were used for burials and carrying out some rituals.
Symbols of the city
One of the most famous buildings preserved in Chichen-Ice is the Cukulkan Pyramid, which local residents are often called El Castillo. The height of the structure is 23 m. On the day of spring and autumnal equinels, the Sun lights the western balustrade of the main staircase so that the image of 7 of the equilibrium triangles placed in a special order is formed. With attentive consideration it becomes clear that the figure that the sun's rays create is best like a huge snake crawling towards his head. And to see this exciting spectacle, annually on March 20 and September 21 thousands of tourists gather here.
Another attraction - Wuho de Pelota - is the largest playground ever created by Maya. It should be noted that there are eight eight such structures in the city, but the "big box for playing the ball" significantly exceeds them in size - its length is 135 m. Special attention is attracted by paintings cut on the walls that protect WEGO de Pelota. They depict a very cruel scene, and scientists believe that they are directly related either with the practice of sacrifice, or with the illustration of the game serving the replacement of bloody war.
Fate of the city
After 1194, Chichen Itza finally empty, and around the fact that there was a reason for the care of residents of the city, numerous rumors and legends go. It should be noted that the rigid policy of the Spaniards, fired in the XI century in America, assumed the execution of Maja's clergymen, as well as the destruction of ancient books and manuscripts. Therefore, no more and less believable information about the mysterious history of this ancient civilization has not come to this day.

Statue of Christ the Redeemer
The statue of Christ-Redeemer is installed on the top of the Corcovado mountain in Rio de Janeiro. The monument is a symbol of the city and Brazil. Every year, millions of travelers and tourists come here, so that with their own eyes to see the majestic statue of Christ, as if taking the entire modern world in their arms.

Construction of Monument
The history of the monument leaves the roots in the XVI century, when Portuguese navigators dubbed the peak of Corcovado "Mountain Temptation". In 1921 (a year before the anniversary of Brazil's independence), the well-known edition of Cruiseiro announced the collection of funds for the construction of the monument, as a result of which more than 2 million flights were collected.
The draft Statue of Christ-Redeemer developed Carlos Oswald. In 1927, the first monument models were designed, and all the necessary calculations performed the Costa Hices. The construction of the monument was attended by Pedro Vyang and Either Levi, as well as the sculptor Paul Landovsky, who modeled and made a gypsum head and the hands of the statue.
The whole army of engineers and technicians worked on the creation of the sculpture. The steel frame of the monument was decided to replace the reinforced concrete, and the outer layer of the monument was made of soap stone specially imported in Rio de Janeiro from the Swedish Lymhamn field.
Construction lasted about 9 years, and in 1931 the world saw the majestic statue of Christ-Redeemer, which for a long time was not equal in scale all over the world. The height of the monument is 38 meters, and the weight of the entire structure, taking into account the base exceeds 1100 tons. The scope of the statue of the statue is about 23 meters, and the head and the hands of Christ-the Redeemer weigh about 54 tons.
The majestic history of the statue of Christ-Redeemer
In 1965, the monument was consecrated by Pope Paul VI, and in 1981, on the day of the 50th anniversary of the monument, John Paul II was present at the solemn festival. The statue of Christ-Redeemer was renovated three times - in 1980, 1990 and 2010. In 1932 and 2000, the night lighting system of the statue was modernized, and today it is highlighted in a special way against the background of the starry sky at night.
It should be noted that the statue of Christ the Redeemer passed the strongest storm in July 2008, which destroyed several nearby Rio quarters. The monument saved the very soapy stone, which performed as a dielectric and redeemed the lightning discharge on the surface of the statue. To date, the monument is in excellent condition.
The statue of Christ-the Redeemer took an honorary place in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and on July 7, 2007, on the initiative of the New Open World Corporation, it was included in the list of new miracles of the world.

7 wonders of Russia: the greatness and beauty of the country

Seven wonders of the world knows everyone. Their history is studying scientists from the whole planet, a lot of scientific papers are written about them, they are dedicated to presentations, reports, reports, chapters in textbooks. With each of the unusual world heritage sites of Russia and UNESCO, secrets and legends are connected, there are many facts and unconfirmed information. On June 12, 2008, the world learned about the fact that 7 wonders of Russia were made public, it was quite difficult to choose these objects from a huge number of ancient, mysterious, mystical and simply beautiful places. The project aimed at identifying the most beautiful places of Russia was initiated by the newspaper "Izvestia" in the Commonwealth with a radio station "Mayak" and the Russian TV channel in 2007. In 2008, the most significant and amazing sights of the country were chosen as a result of a nationwide vote - 7 wonders of Russia.
The list of 7 wonders of Russia includes: 1. Pullets of weathering Mago Pup-Ner in the Komi Republic. 2. Peak Elbrus in Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria. 3. Lake Baikal in Buryatia. 4. Valley of geysers on the Kamchatka Peninsula. 5. Mamaev Kurgan, Motherland Monument. 6. Monument of palace and park art Peterhof, St. Petersburg. 7. Cathedral of Basil Blessed, Moscow.
Of the seven wonders of the world in Russia 4 refer to the class of natural objects, three to architectural monuments and park arts.

Lake Baikal, Buryatia
In Buryatia, where Lake Baikal is located, he is called Baigal Dalai or Baigal Nuur. The deepest lake of the world has a tectonic origin and is an object under the protection of UNESCO. Baikal included in 7 wonders of Russia is often called the sea - its sizes are really impressive: width from 24 to 80 km, length 632 km. The form of a majestic and very beautiful reservoir itself is interesting - in the form of a crescent.

Interesting to know. The crystal purity of the waters of the "Batyushka Baikal", the participant of the great seven of the wonders of Russia, is unique, to see each pebble possible at 40 meter depth, and the minimum amount of mineral salts allows the use of Baikal water as distilled.
The name "Batyushka Baikal" Object 7 wonders of Russia received due to ancient legend. Baikal had 336 sons and only one daughter - hangar. Sons constantly replenished with their waters Baikal, and Angara gave her waters to Yenisei, who loved. The angry Baikal cursed the daughter of the hangar, dropping the shaman-stone into her source.

Valley Geysers, Kamchatka Territory
The valley of geysers is harnessed in one of the volcanic gorges of the Kronotsky Reserve, it is possible to get to it only by helicopter. 250 kilometers on the way over the tundra, ridges, hillocks, the taped spices and acidic lakes - and the person falls into another world filled with fountains of whining vapors, light smells of sulfur and rain splashes that transfuse all the colors of the rainbow. Passing along a pedestrian path with wooden flooring, you can observe 30 major geysers and many small sources emitting for tens of meters up jet boiling water (+95 ° C). Hot mud boilers are preserved. Because of the well-haired soil, the slopes of the valley of the riveted greenery and trees. For the bottom of the gorge, the Geyser River flows, which never freezes.

Mamaev Kurgan and Motherland-Mother, Volgograd region

During the Great Patriotic War, Mamaev Kurgan became the arena of bloody battle. The struggle for Mamaev Kurgan, marked on military topographic maps as "height-102.0", lasted 135 days from 200 days of the Stalingrad battle. In 1959 - 1967, a memorial complex was erected at this place - "Heroes of the Stalingrad Battle". On the hill, in the fraternal grave found the eternal peace of 34,505 soldiers. From the foot of the top of the Kurgan lead 200 granite steps (by the number of days of battle). Here is the statue of "Motherland-Mother calling!". It is a figure of a woman with a height of 87 meters with a raised sword in his hands. This is one of the highest monuments in the world. (For comparison: the height of the statue of freedom in the United States reaches only 46 meters). The figure of the mother's female is an allegorical symbol of the Motherland, calling her sons to fight against the enemy.

Peterhof, St. Petersburg

Founded in the 1710th Emperor Peter I, Peterhof became a luxurious royal residence and a peculiar triumphal monument, symbolizing the successful exit of Russia to the Baltic Sea. The unified ensemble combined palaces, alleys, elegant sculptures and greenhouses with wonderful plants. But the main pride of Peterhof is his fountains. 176 fountains and 4 cascades work without a single pump. Hydrailk Engineer V. Touvolkov created a unique fountain waterwater: 20 km from here, sources are beaten, of which water due to the height difference flows across the channels and gateways to the pools, and from there on underground pipes rushes to the fountains and cascades of Peterhof.

Cathedral Vasily Blyzhenny, Moscow

The Cathedral of Basil Blessed is the same symbol of Russia and Moscow as the Eiffel Tower - for Paris and France, the Statue of Freedom - for the US and New York or Taj Mahal - for India and Agra. The Cathedral of Basil Blessed was built by Ivan Grozny in 1555-1561 as a sign of victory over Kazan Khanate. In terms of the temple is an eight-pointed star: 8 churches symbolize 8 days per day of decisive battles for Kazan. They are grouped around the 9th, central church, personifying the state idea of \u200b\u200bthe king about the united lands. The name of the cathedral was given a chapel attached in 1588 and consecrated in honor of Vasily blissful.

Wrapping pillars, komi

The top of the Many Pup-Ner Mountain crowned the remains of bizarre forms. These giant pillars with a height of 30 to 42 meters were created within 200 million years under the influence of water and wind. According to the legend, the pillars were giants who wanted to destroy the local people - Mansi. But as soon as their leader-Shaman saw the sacred mountain - Mago Pup-Ner, threw his tomb in horror, and his companions turned into stonestores.

Elbrus, Caucasus

At the border of the republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia there is a two-headed Elbrus - the highest point of Russia. The height of the Western Top of Elbrus is 5642 m, and the Eastern - 5621 m. Mountain is famous for its glaciers that feed mountain rivers, mineral springs, stretching at the foot and fascinating species. Few mountains of volcanic origin are superior to Elbrus in height: So, the highest peak of Africa - Kilimanjaro volcano - only 253 meters above the "Russian Miracle".
The summary of the lesson of the history of Russia in grade 8. Internal policy of Alexander I