Film photo. Main types of photoslinka
Today, most photos are made "in the figure", and even often not with cameras, but by phones. If someone has old film apparatus, then photographers have experience and printing points of photographs. But it was not always so. After all, the manufacture of photos was real art 
It's now - got the device, made a hundred and other pictures, and then chose the most successful shots on the computer. And then to each personnel relate to her carefully. After all, there were only 36 frames on the film. And that you with photographing, you could only see in after the film. Before you start shooting, this very film must be charged. No, not in the camera, but in the cassette. What? Film is already sold in the cassette? Well, I do not. The Soviet film was sold, packed in black light-tight paper. The cassettes had to be bought separately.
The roll was placed in a typical box with indication of photosensitivity (32, 64, 125 and 250 units) and the manufacturer (Tasma or Him). The movement itself was cooled-65. You can say a universal film for a photographer
So, in full darkness - in the bathroom or with wound up on hand, it was necessary to remove the film from the packaging and winding on a small bobbin like a thread coil, then insert a bottle into the cassette and close the lid. To learn this, first trained on the already shown films on the light. And only after the film is charged in the cassette, it could be inserted into the camera.
After the film is filmed, it must be shown. For which it is wound on a special spiral and placed inside the light-tank tank (part of which helix is). Wash the film, of course, too, it is necessary in complete darkness.
Then - already in the light - the developer should be pouring into the tank. The developer must be prepared in advance. Different photo-cocktails made developers from special chemicals, measuring them on scales. But ordinary unspoicing photoelers seems to be bought by a ready-made developer in photomagazines. By the way, the developer (as well as fixed), was with interruptions (not often, but happened). Therefore, for example, my house has always been a stock of the developer and fixing bags, the benefit was worth - a penny (recently, when cleaning in the storage room I came across the remains of stock since those years)
The developer from the bags was with different small crumbs, in connection with which after dissolution, it had to be filtered. Someone used gauze, and someone had special filters. One portion of the developer was enough for several films.
The developer filled into the tank should have been a certain temperature - from 20 to 25 degrees. In order to keep track of the temperature, each photographer had a special thermometer.
After the developer is filled into the tank, it is necessary to wait for 8-10 minutes, choking the spiral (with the help of a spiral tip look). After that, the developer is poured into a special bank (to then use it for the next film). Then in the tank poured water from under the tap (also a specific temperature) to wash the films. Then fixed fixed - the reagent for fixing the film emulsion from the effect of light (why he was often called the fixer).
In the fixes, the film lay for about 15-20 minutes, then washed again and extracted on the light of God - the most exciting moment when it was immediately visible, it turned out or not. In addition, if an adhesion occurred when the film was wrapped, then part of the film did not appear. But this happened usually only at novice photographers. Then the film should be dried. For this I used the fishing line, especially for this purpose stretched in the kitchen. After drying, the film turned into a roll, which was placed in a box in which the film was sold
Since all reagents could be used to develop several films, the question remained open: to show films immediately as photographing or save the desired number of films. The first option was fraught with the fact that it was necessary to store the reagents in the form of a liquid, which also had not a very long shelf life (less than a month). But, in general, it was the little things.
Yes, I completely forgot to say. The method of which I just told about only the black and white film. For color films, completely different reagents required, if I do not change the memory, from four different liquids
And the reagents themselves for color printing, and the color film was more expensive than black and white, and the process of development itself, and especially the print film was much more complicated. Therefore, the lion's share of photographers preferred to do black and white photos. Some exit was the use of so-called. reversible film, i.e. The films for slides, with which it was not necessary to print photos, and immediately after the manifest, it was possible to cut the film to frames, insert into a special framework (sold in photomagazines) and show friends with the help of a special slide projector. True, automatic slidesprojectors were very expensive, therefore, they usually managed manual, and even used such plastic air plastering with eye from children's diapositives (also HDRD).
Show plenty - little. We must also print with her photos. To do this, we occupy the bathroom and turn off there.
It will be desirable to learn to be there in the dark, so that all movements were intuitive and simple. We prepare our improvised laboratory in advance. First, we connect our photo exhaustor to the network (this is exactly the tool that allows you to get the size of the picture you want (limited by the opportunities of the photoveliver), with a small 35mm negative. The photo excerve is our and Bourgeoisky. Of course the second is better, but the first is cheaper
The photographer goes immediately complete with the lens (the more expensive glass, the better the quality of the picture), the lamp and rowing frame, which will allow you to adjust the size of the future imprint on the red filter on the paper.)
Connect photophone
We pour into cuvettes developer, fixing and washing solution.
We put consistently. Nearby put a forceps, a pack with a photo paper and a negative.
Begins the most interesting.
The printing process is generally quite simple. With a red light of a special lantern, a leaf of unkind photographs are stacked on a photovascular table top, emulsion up. Usually for this, each self-respecting photographer had a special cadriding frame. The cylinder with the lens climbed on the bracket for such a height, which was required for one or another scaling - the higher, the scale more. Further for some number of seconds included the inner light, the image from the film fell on the photo paper and the exposure occurred.
After all the tedious photos were printed, an exclaimed moment of glossy was assumed. To do this, it was necessary to have a glossyer - a special electrical thing.
The main details of the thing were two flexible metal sheets. With the help of a special rubber roller, laid out the emulsion on a sheet of wet photography rolled out. Then sheets with glued tight photos were inserted into a glossant, which was something like electric brazier. Under the action of high temperatures, the photos were dried, and in addition, the characteristic shine was acquired - gloss.
There was also a cutter that helped more artistically trim ready pictures.
Here, actually, and that's it.
Sources
The text is partially borrowed from
Similar games
Levels 31-60 Union Unreightened: Levels 61-90 \u003e\u003e Levels 91-120Forum Games
Union Union: Response to Level 61 From What movie This passage? Union Union: Response to level 62 At what spacecraft Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961 flew into space? 
Union unreasonable: answer to level 63 What of these songs did not perform Anna Herman? 
Union Union: Response to level 64 In what cartoon this phrase sounded? 
Union Union: answer to level 65 Who is the performer of this song? 
Union Union: Response to Level 66 Who is the author of the sculpture "worker and collective farmer"? 
Union Union: answer to level 67 How many times did Ludmila Prokofievna rolled the statement of Anatoly Efremovich? 
Union Union: Response to Level 68 What was the name of the main character in the movie "Courier"? 
Union unworthy: answer to level 69 In which year, a single passport system in the USSR was introduced? 
Union Union: Response to Level 70 Who is the author of the text of this song? 
Union Union: Response to level 71 What kind of Soviet magazine in 2011 got into the Book of Records Guinies as the publication for children with the longest life of existence? 
Union Union: Response to Level 72 Like Lyudmila's surname from the movie "Queen of Gas Station"? 
Union Union: answer to level 73 Who sings this song? 
Union Union: Response to Level 74 Who was the first world champion in chess from the USSR? 
Union Union: Response to level 75 Who in 1941 painted the poster "Mother's Mother calls"? 
Union Union: The answer to the level of 76 in which city was built the first NPP in the world? 
Union Union: The answer to the level of 77 as part of which group Alla Pugacheva won on the XI International Festival "Golden Orpheus"? 
Union Union: Response to Level 78 What kind of martial art was developed in the USSR? 
Union Union: answer to level 79 Who owns this phrase? 
Union Union: answer to level 80 What director of the Kusakov market asked to write a certificate of the chairman of the Board of the Cooperative? 
Union Union: Response to Level 81 In which magazine was first published by the poem of Joseph Brodsky in 1962? 
Union Union: answer to level 82 What city was renamed in 1940 in Molotov? 
Union Union: the answer to the level of 83 who traditionally pointed out in the credits of almost all Deliaty films, although this person did not take them in them and did not participate in the filming process? 
Union unreasonable: answer to level 84 from which Soviet movie-catastrophe This passage? 
Union Union: Response to Level 85 This person is one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, is known for his human rights activities? 
Union unworthy: answer to level 86 Which of these performers did not perform a song "I love you, life"? 
Union Union: answer to level 87 What was called the place that Xan Ksanch says? 
Union Union: answer to level 88 What was the name of the mass military-sports game of high school students, analogue of the game "Zarnitsa"? 
Union unreasonable: answer to level 89 What is the name of this song "Time Machine"? 
Union Union: Response to level 90 What is the photo film, beloved by Soviet children? 
bRANTO.ru.
Union Union - answers to levels 1-100 - Stevsky.ru
For those who love to remember the old-good USSR, a new logical game "Union Industible", the successor of the game "Remember the USSR", was released on the social network of classmates. In it, the player needs to consistently undergo levels, in each of which he is given the question and four options for answering it. Often come across and questions with audio tracks. The further pass - the more difficult questions. The game "Union of Industible" will allow relaxing and relaxing, in parallel training brains, it is advantageous to differing from many other games in social networks. At the moment the game "Union of Industible" is becoming more and more popular both among elderly and among young people.
Union unrealistic - how to play
In the game Union Unreasurable, you need to answer questions, the answers to which almost every resident knows former USSR. It is necessary to choose letters to respond from the proposed, and sometimes - and enter the missing letters on their own. The game contains questions both in the form of texts and in the form of audio recordings (songs, music of the Soviet period). All questions are strict - by each other, because this article can help those who have forgotten the answer to any of the issues proposed by the player. Well, let's start!
Answers to other levels of the game Union Independent:
Union Unbreakable Answers at Levels 101-200
Union Unbreakable Answers at Levels 201-300
Union Unbreakable Answers at Levels 301-400
Union Independent Answers at Levels 401-500
Union Unbreakable Answers to Levels 501-600
Union Independent Answers at Levels 601-700
Union Unbreakable Answers to Levels 701-800
Union Unbreakable Answers to Levels 801-900
Union Unbreakable Answers at Levels 901-1000
Union Unreal Answer game on Episode 1
Level 1 What pioneer camp was the most popular?
Answer: Artek
Level 2 What is "Triple Brezhnev"?
Answer: Kiss
Level 3 Who said this phrase: "Our people do not go to the bakery on a taxi"?
Answer: Varvara Sergeevna
Level 4 About some words (audio recording)?
Answer: Winnie the Pooh
Level 5 What actor most often voiced the heroes of Jean-field Belmondo in the Soviet holder?
Answer: N. Karachens
Level 6 How much did the seal in the waffle glass cost in the 80s?
Answer: 20 kopecks
Level 7 What shoes are also called, like the city in which it was produced?
Answer: Alexandrov
Level 9 What would the Shurik do if Ulyana Andreevna was his wife?
Answer: Hanging
Level 10 What began to symbolize for Americans this phrase Khrushcheva (I will show you Kuzkin's mother!)?
Answer: Atomic bomb
Union Independent Episode 2 in Odnoklassniki
Level 11 What kind of dance performs the lecturer while leaving the scene?
Answer: Lezginka
Level 12 Who voiced Cat Matroskin?
Answer: O.Tabakov
Level 13 What animal named Lucy was filmed in the "Caucasian Captive" and in "9 Rota"?
Answer: Oslitsa
Level 14 Who speaks (audio recording)?
Answer: Ostap Bender
Level 15 People What profession is obliged to watch this movie?
Answer: Cosmonaut
Level 16 Who, not being the head of state, was honored to congratulate the people of Happy New Year?
Answer: Zadornov
Level 17 What are the letters Mayakovsky tightened on the ring of his beloved?
Answer: Love
Level 18 What goalkeeper could become a great hockey player, but preferred football?
Answer: L.Yashin
Level 19 Which sausage was intended for "amendments of the health of persons affected by the arbitrariness of the royal regime"?
Answer: Doctoral
Level 20 Who voiced the wolf in "Well, wait!"?
Answer: A.Papanov
Answers to questions 21-30 for the game Union Unreightened
Level 21 From what movie is this song?
Answer: Guest from the Future
Level 22 What kind of Soviet actor is shown in the photo more than a child?
Answer: E.Lonov
Level 23 What Soviet cartoon was recognized as the best cartoon of all times and peoples in 2003?
Answer: Hedgehog in the fog
Level 24 From what movie is this segment?
Answer: Pokrovsky Gate
Level 25 Which of the listed leaders of the rules is less than the rest?
Answer: Chernenko
Level 26 Who was Richard Zorge?
Answer: Scout
Level 27 What is the name of this subject - the dream of the Soviet high school student?
Answer: diplomat
Level 28 What is the name of this song?
Answer: Three Tankers
Level 29 What is the hero of the song home?
Answer: By Steam
Level 30 How did mom jokingly call her daughter?
Answer: Hyazza
Passage of the game Union Indeed Episode 4
Level 31 How many boxes can you buy for one ruble?
Level 32 because of whom the baby came up?
Answer: because of the dog
Level 33 In which tractors were converted in World War II?
Answer: Tank
Level 34 What movie is this song?
Answer: Elusive Avengers
Level 35 What ministry headed the only woman in the USSR?
Answer: Culture
Level 36 What was the popular Soviet lottery aimed at the development of sports?
Answer: Sportloto
Level 37 How was the repair and construction artels who were bought from order before ordering?
Answer: Shabashniki
Level 38 What does the word "jump" mean?
Answer: Robbery
Level 39 Where did Cheburashka set the seller of the discounted goods?
Answer: Telephone booth
Level 40 Who is called "father of Soviet physics"?
Answer: Joffe A.F
Episode 5 Answers for the game Union Unbreakable
Answer: A.I. Mikoyan
Level 42 What is going to dream at night, judging by the text of the song?
Answer: Tale
Level 43 What is the initial name of the car "Victory" did not like Stalin?
Answer: Motherland
Level 44 Which load should be delivered by the "Nezhin" ship in the film "Pirates of the twentieth century"?
Answer: Opium
Level 45 Which Russian city in the 1920s lived immediately in two time zones?
Answer: Novosibirsk
Level 46 What kind of sport was the first Soviet winner of the title "World Champion"?
Answer: Heavy Athletics
Level 47 What is your song?
Answer: Motherland
The level of 48 of what writer Khrushchev called the Hero to the name-patronymic of his story?
Answer: A.I. Solzhenitsyn
Level 49 What did the cowle asked at the Balbes?
Answer: How many degrees
Level 50 What scares the world in the cartoon "Octopus"?
Answer: Fish fat
Union Unbreakable Answers for 6 Episode
Level 51 How many were the republics in the USSR at the time of decay?
Level 52 Who, according to the head of the camp, was the main hooligan in "Welcome or a foreign entrance is prohibited"?
Answer: Kostya Inochn
Level 53 Where does this phrase come from?
Answer: Inch
Level 54 at what address was Zhenya Lukashin lived?
Answer: 3rd builders street, 25
Level 55 How many times did the USSR occupy the 1st place in the summer Olympics?
Level 56 How many percent of the salary amounted to a tax on childlessness?
Level 57 What is this bag?
Answer: Avoska
Level 58 Who works this man from the movie "By Smrem Union"?
Answer: speech therapist
Level 59 When was the subway for the first time in the USSR?
Level 60 What was the first mass TV in the USSR called?
Answer: KVN-49
Union Unbreakable Answers to 7 Episode Games
Level 61 from what movie This passage?
Answer: Moscow does not believe in tears
Answer: East-1
Level 63 What of these songs did not perform Anna Herman?
Answer: Forest Deer
Level 64 In which cartoon this phrase sounded?
Answer: Three from Prostokvashino
Level 65 Who is the performer of this song?
Answer: Leonid Rockov
Answer: Vera Mukhina
Level 67 How many times did Lyudmila Prokofievna rolled the statement of Anatoly Efremovich?
Level 68 What was the name of the main character in the movie "Courier"?
Answer: Ivan Miroshnikov
Level 69 In which year a single passport system in the USSR was introduced?
Answer: m. Tanic
Answers to 71-80 APROSS Game Union Unbreakable
Level 71 What kind of Soviet magazine in 2011 got into the Book of Records Guinies, as a publication for children with the longest existence?
Answer: Murzilka
Level 72 Like Lyudmila's surname from the movie "Queen of the benzokolontka"?
Answer: GoodWecer
Level 73 Who sings this song?
Answer: Joe Dasssen
Level 74 Who was the first world champion in chess from the USSR?
Answer: Mikhail Botvinnik
Level 75 Who in 1941 painted the poster "Motherland name calling"?
Answer: Irakli Tidze
Level 76 In which city was the first NPP in the world?
Answer: Obninsk
Level 77 As part of which group Alla Pugacheva won on the XI International Festival "Golden Orpheus"?
Answer: VIA " Funny boys»
Level 78 What kind of martial art was developed in the USSR?
Answer: Samboy
Level 79 Who owns this phrase?
Answer: Arkady Raykin
Level 80 What director of the Kusakov market asked to write a certificate of the Chairman of the Board of the Cooperative?
Answer: That she spent the night at the meeting
Union Independent Answers 9 Episode
Answer: Bonfire
Level 82 What city was renamed in 1940 in Molotov?
Answer: Perm.
Level 83.
Who traditionally pointed out in the credits of almost all Deliaty's films, although this person did not take them in them and did not participate in the filming process?
Answer: Rene Hobua
Level 84 from which Soviet movie-catastrophe This passage?
Answer: Ekipazh
Level 85 This person is one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, is known for his human rights activities?
Answer: A.D. Sakharov
Level 86 Which of these performers did not perform the song "I love you, life"?
Answer: Love Orlova
Level 87 How did the place that Xan Ksanch says? Kamchatka
Level 88 What was the name of the massive military-sports game of high school students, analogue of the game "Zarnitsa"?
Answer: Orlenok
Level 89 What is the name of this song "Time Machine"?
Answer: Puppets
Level 90 What is the photo shirt, favorite Soviet children?
Answer: Diafristm
Union Unbreakable Answers for 10 Game Episode
Level 91 How much was the glass of carbonated water with syrup?
Level 92 Who was the first of Western performers in the USSR?
Answer: Cliff Richard
Level 93 How many physicists of the USSR received the Nobel Prize?
Level 94 Why does Mr. Banks have stress?
Answer: I burst the bank with his contribution
Level 95 What is the name of small multi-colored lollipops?
Answer: Monpace
Level 96 What is the name of the song "Modern Toking", which was recorded with the leading vocal Dieter sick, and not Thomas Anders?
Answer: There "S Tooo Much Blue in Missing You
Level 97 Which of these games was not in the series of electronics?
Answer: Mighty Chapaev
Level 98 What is the name of the brand of tobacco products, thanks to which the name "bull" appeared?
Answer: Whiteorcanal
Level 99 What part of all scientists in the 1970s worked in the USSR?
Level 100 What is the name of the doctor from the "Treasure Island"?
Answer: Livci.
Subsequent answers to the game: Union Independent Answers at Levels 101-200
Video passage of the game Union Independent levels 10-30
New materials on this subject:
Old materials on this subject:
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In our era of pragmatism and technical progress, when even kids easily cope with iPhones, in the bike about the "undressing" films or a cruise for a coin, albeit the anniversary, even the most naive teenager will not believe. But the Soviet schoolchildren seriously perceived such myths. Some dried mosquitoes and blades in the gum of what was worth ...
The blade in the rhuming gum of imported production was for the first time to try the lucky ones who took part in 1957 at the VI Festival of Youth and Students. In the 80s, the ghost in the children's environment became the subject of bargaining and "speculation". The wrapper owner from Turbo, which appeared in the late 80s, automatically "rose" in the eyes of the peers. What to say about those who could effectively remove the packaging of chewing and offer her friends. At this time, rumors were rumored among schoolchildren that they still do not dormant "enemies" invent all new damage to the Soviet pioneers, for which the blades are placed in some chewing. Many children "penetrated" with these stories so "penetrated", which, being already adults, continued to break the rhuming plate for two halves. 
The car for the ruble of 1965 in the Soviet Union with a circulation of 60 million units was minted by the first anniversary ruble. By itself, the amount of one ruble was already for the Soviet child wealth, what to talk about an unusual anniversary coin. In the 80s, Soviet children were told to parents that there is a certain secret state organization, which willingly change the anniversary ruble to the real car. The reasons for unheard of generosity seemed very transparent: the iron ruble was allegedly made from the wonderful metal, followed by the Japanese and Americans tirelessly. The metal was so secret that nobody knew his exact name, as, however, the names of the organization that exchanged rubles per cars. 
The red film of adolescents of the 80s existed a myth that if you charge the mysterious red film into the camera, then people in the photo will turn out without clothes. Such a film, naturally, no one ever seen, but everyone dreamed of getting. Schoolchildren who were lucky enough to get a camera, photographed classmates with a cry: "Now you are on the red film" than the last to hysterics. True, compromising photos, of course, no one ever seen. 
The winning of the 80s in the USSR appeared one of the first electronic games. Thousands of Soviet schoolchildren watched the wolf on a black and white screen catches eggs. Apparently, trying to somehow justify his foolishness, while peers are crying around the city in search of scrap metal and waste, the owners of the game told that if you manage to type a certain number of points, the secret series "Well, wait!" (Options: The hare runs out on the screen and gives the wolf a bouquet of flowers or will play a prompt ringtone). Not advanced in terms of computers The older generation believed that it was possible. In fact, after the player scored 999 + 1 point, 3 short signals sounded, and the game began to re-with 0 points and at high speed. 
Dried bloodstrokes, how much mosquito weighs, it seems, even scientists do not think. But the Soviet schoolchildren in the 80s often prevented how many bloodsowing insects need to kill to collect "herbarium" weighing in a kilogram. The reason for the solution of solving such an unusual task was the legend, according to which the kilogram of the dried mosquitoes was given something "Super". What exactly - no one knew. Sometimes it was about a very large amount of money. The main problem, according to the young naturalists, was that there was no less than a kilogram, and the whole life could go to the collection of the entomological collection of the specified weight. To the question "So how much is it - 1 kg of mosquitoes?" I tried to answer Dkryuchkov. It turned out to be all-nothing :) only 1500-2000 boxes and 1 kg of dried mosquitoes are ready. 
Like Jackie Changpik's popularity of karate in the Soviet Union, also came to the 1980s, despite numerous prohibitions. The boys willingly imitated fighters who won the crowd of opponents with almost bare hands. Dark "Kiya!" And almost every schoolboy knew the traditional Rack of Karateist. Sometimes "self-taught" "honed skill" at the expense of the "People's Training System". For example, if for a long time, rub the edge of the palm with a pencil from the pencil for a long time, then you can also easily twist bricks. There were two conditions that needed to be observed. The first: pencil must be Chinese. Second: it was necessary to spend the whole stylograph. Is it worth saying that it was not quite easy to get imported products in the 80s, and there were also not many patience for the execution of "exercise". The most purposeful, however, they brought the matter to the end, and often turned out to be in the hospital with fractures of fingers or wrists. 
The magic of the Nizhensky bike brand "Orlenok" for many Soviet schoolchildren was only a dream. So the myth was born, which promised a "fairy tale to make it." If you collect mysterious figures that are not clear why they were placed on one of the Cosmos cigarette packs of cigarettes, then you can become a happy owner of your own vehicle. There was a huge number of variations of this legend: the numbers could be seen not only in the packs of "space", but in other cigarettes, and for a complete combination, it was not a bike, but a pneumatic gun. Whether someone was able to collect all the numbers from 1 to 15, and where a miracle exchange occurred - a story about it is silent, but the fact that the father's packs of cigarettes were controlled and mercilessly ignored in search of magical numbers. 
The SSD excited the consciousness of the Soviet children of myth-horror stroke about the Black Toned Bus (or Volga) to the USSR. Allegedly in him, under different pretexts, children lured and hid in an unknown direction. For what purposes - the story is silent. You could learn the "destroyed millions" the bus was very easy: two "C" and "D" were present in its license plate, which was not otherwise described as "Death Soviet children!" An instructive story once and forever beat off the obedient children a hunt to talk with strangers and even more so to get into the car. 
The killer-killer toys of this many parents intimidated their children with stories about killer toys that could be found on the street. At home, the toy "activated" and roared not only small owners, but also whole families. It is strictly forbidden to bring such finds.
So lived 
Based on: Russian seven
aquatek-filips.livejournal.com
Compiled a list of the brightest things of Soviet childhood.Generation of the 70-80s is dedicated.
Boiled jeans
To change ordinary jeans that have become much more affordable, jeans came from the widowed fabric. The degree of apartment was different, cooking recipes and the name of the necessary chemicals were transmitted in secret. The most brave digested blue jeans to the limit turning them into white. White jeans were riding a jungle.
Phalks and inserts
Amazingly the wrappers appearing in children and the chewaker's liners turned into a fetish. And ordinary collecting was not limited. In parallel with the collecting, the game on the liner was entered. Sleeping palm on the liner was necessary to turn it with the opposite side. Surprisingly, this game was erected into the rank of gambling, players in schools were caught, collected materials were selected and strictly punished up to the challenge to the parents school.
The game "Monopoly".
To get such a game was almost not real. I was brought to me from Yugoslavia. By virtue of the ignorance of Serbian, we invented our rules that, as I suspect, had little in common with the original. And the real rules have been explained to us. And, nevertheless, the game "Monopoly" was amazingly exciting and gambling (in the best sense of the word).
Paper cars.
The type of liner game. With the difference with the difference that the gamewriters were made with their own hands from paper and painted with colored ink. Two players blew in the cars that came across. If someone else's machine turned over, she got to the enemy.
Electronic Marine Boy
Amazing game, with sound and light effects. About any polyphony, of course, it was not about. Sripping sound imitated an explosion from the torpedo.
At some point among girls, the tights of tights were included in the fashion, which immediately got the name of Losin (by the name of the same stockings, which men were worn in the Middle Ages and which were made of enean skin). It was a mandatory attribute of sexuality. The standard was leggings, suitable for minibe or under an extended sweater. No one embarrassed that in Europe, leggings - work wear prostitutes. Another (later) name "Dolts" (so usually called colored leggings), apparently, it was rooted in the name of the company Dolce and Gabbana.
Powers
Special leather sweatshirts for weightlifters It was customary to decorate metal rivets and spikes. As a result, a person's attribute was obtained, which positioned himself as "Metalist", that is, the fan of the music of the appropriate direction. However, after some time, the brutal swelling began to wear all the others. It looked extremely frightening.
Electronic games of the Zelenograd plant.
It is now difficult to surprise anyone with a portable gaming prefix. But then it was the limit of dreams. And no one embarrassed that played everything in one game on a small monochrome display (the illusion of the colors was created by attacking the drawings over the display). The game cost 25 rubles, which corresponded to the value of some bicycle models. Initially, it was "Well, wait," then the "cheerful baker", "the secrets of the ocean" and others appeared. We had a rumor that when set thousands of glasses, the device shows a cartoon. Apparently, the myth had the idea of \u200b\u200bthe idea that it was simply impossible to dial such points. Personally, I was frustrated, when after a set, such a figure, I did not see any cartoon.
Bicycles.
Personal vehicle has always been a dream of boys, regardless of the era. In my childhood, the main models were "Eagleok" (the most democratic at the price, with a horizontal frame, on which it was possible to carry the second passenger), "Salute" (considered by the record holder in speed due to the size of the wheel), and gave him speed, but Winning on the passability and maneuverability "Kama". From children's models, I would noted by the "friendship" and "Butterfly" - an extra pair of wheels was attracted to them, helped to keep the equilibrium. The standard bike tuning was additional cataphoths and cracks, installed on the wheels to give an additional noise effect.
Wind guns.
A simple design from a wooden zevaya, plastic tube and gum, allowing shooting plasticine balls. Reflection of the boy's passion for arms. Called "samostrola"
Table hockey.
With all the screaming the primitivism of this game, it was one of the most popular and sought-after. It was divided into hockey with flat metal players (they were made in the form of characters of the famous cartoon "washer, washer!" And more modern - with plastic, surround players. My classmates even conducted entire tournaments. We had to win, of course, the USSR team.
Springs.
I do not know, from where, but the fashion was taken to watering each other with water with springs and disposable syringes. The designs of the springs were the most different. As a rule, a plastic bottle (then it was a big deficit - as a rule, a bottle was used from under household chemicals), with the ballpoint pen inserted into it. However, the syringe made it possible to provide much higher accuracy of hitting. Moreover, the syringe, even "charged" was really to rush to school in the pocket of the form unnoticed.
Sneakers Adidas.
Status indicator. The ability to buy such sneakers was a distinctive feature of a secured person with capabilities. These sneakers were a terrible deficit. And this despite the fact that they sewed in Moscow at the factory, located in Bescordnikovo. Amazing business - sports shoes has become a footwear from the parade, "on the output."
Ping pong
There was any deficit for this game. Rackets, balls, tables, grid. The most affordable racket is "tear". The most honorable is "soft" (it could be "twist", and its quality was checked by conducting a plane by hair). Fashioned was to paint the surface of the "soft" racket names of favorite musical groups. The simplest balls are domestic, "wooden". The most progressive are Chinese.
Painted bangs
The blow of a new culture, which is accepted to call a "new wave", was so strong that he was able to overcome the "iron curtain". People, no idea what Duran Duran is, with the help of hydrogen peroxide, a bang has launched itself as well as members of this group. It provided almost one hundred percent success among the girls around him. The girls were responsible for "standing bangs", to create a significant amount of hair varnish.
Jeans pyramid.
Amazing the type of denim trousers in its shape, won incredible popularity. The clothing ensemble from the "Pyramids", together with moccasins, white socks and branded t-shirt or a white shirt, was called up to signal that a person knows a lot about fashion.
Photos of rock bands.
Images of members of KISS groups and photocopies of Iron Maiden album covers were sold at a price of 50 kopecks to the ruble in the toilet of any school. The popularity of such photos is still a mystery to me.
Tape recorder "Electronics 302"
The main musical fetish of my generation. Surprisingly the survivile, resistant to destruction from frequent drops, is simple as an automatic PPS, it has always been the main participants in all companies and parties. With its help, it was possible to quite organize a compact disco. The tape recorder was put on the floor, and those who wanted to dance became around him. The main criterion for the quality of the record was its volume. Often, the record was carried out directly - from the dynamics of one tape recorder into the microphone of the other. The main technological problem of the interface of this device was the non-fixed rewind buttons. To solve this problem, a screwdriver was used, which the button was recorded. The most valuable was extremely deficient batteries, which (in the presence of a special "battery" power supply) allowed the device to be mobile. The tape recorder was perfectly lying in the arm bent in the elbow. Special chic were walking companies with a tape recorder.
Audio cassettes
At first, they were a terrible deficit, despite the fact that the price for one cassette was 10 rubles. The cassettes were divided into domestic and imported, and in time of the sound - 30 minutes, 90 and 120 (the latter were the most capricious - the film was thin and perishable from frequent listening). Then the tents began to come together in large quantities, where it was possible to buy a cassette with a record. It was also possible to pass his cassette so that you would be recorded on her the desired artist (lists of performers with albums were hanging on the wall of the tent). It was true that the risk that Denon's decent cassette was taken out a tape mechanism with a film and instead they will shovel a tape from the domestic cassette. Then the Polish cassettes appeared with the record, the distinctive feature of which was the design of "under the native". Printing, which was drawn picture from the official cassette, was terrible, but it was cool. If there was no socket for a tape recorder nearby, the rewind of the cassette was carried out with a pencil - the hole of the ribbon mechanism was perfect for it. This allowed to save extremely deficient batteries in the tape recorder.
Frames from films
Also a rather strange passion - collecting frames from the movie "Guest from the Future". Somehow was a film that was cut into frames. They could then look through the film projector. Somehow I was lucky to find a cache in which I lay a huge package with pieces of film with frames. It was a true happiness.
The ability to charge to the tape recorder with a film with the film that you want to look at the moment, worried about the minds of everyone. That is, now you were independent of official media resources, it was not necessary to wait when they show you what you want to watch now. Not to mention the fact that most of the movies wait for TV almost impossible. Perhaps it was the strongest blow to the formal media. In fact, the device itself could not be banned. They could only fall asleep to the films that were viewed on it. The favorite tacty of the police struggling with the viewing of the prohibited film production was the unexpected turning off of electricity to the entrance (to get the cassette of their video recorder without current was impossible). After that, the fighters for morality were watched in the apartment and made a cassette withdrawal. And the mountain was the owners of the device, if there was something included in this cassette included in the list of forbidden movies. At a later time, "video galleons" began to organize, in which Western films could be viewed - from 50 kopecks to one and a half rubles for viewing. Films "with erotic elements" used special interest. The salon was a room with chairs that were in a row, in front of which the TV stood more or less decent diagonally with a connected video recorder.
At some point in the tents and on the trays began to sell icons with images of kinoheroev, musical idols and cheerful sayings. The most popular phrase "Kui Iron so far Gorbachev". No one saw anything bad that all your clothes were soaked with such icons.
Personal portable music source - it was something that could be sold the soul. The opportunity to listen to your favorite music in any atmosphere - in the subway, at the lesson, at home, on the street - it was the limit of dreams. The ability to extract normal Walkman appeared not immediately. At first, it was necessary to enjoy the products of domestic industries. The thing was heavy and stupid. Headphones were something frightening. The housing was made of metal. But the function of this device was performed.
Officially, in the USSR, it was possible to buy four types of chews: mint, orange (with a small packing), the raspberry and the most nasty - "coffee aroma". Unofficially, the chewing joined the exit from foreign trips (it was the best souvenir). Chewing was surprisingly sacred meaning. In fact, it was not important that you are chewing (the craftsmen were created by a homemade chewing from toothpaste, baking it on the usual heating battery). The fact of chewing symbolized your involvement in modern culture and fashion. Chewing was fashionable. No conversations about the harmfulness of this action for the stomach and comparison with ruminants could not be discarded to chew wishes. Bezhechka itself (especially imported) was a universal currency, which could be replaced by anything.
Beer in banks
That was really cool. Awareness that normal beer cannot be stored in tin, it has come later. The very fact of the absorption of beer from tin cans - it was a reason to visit the illusions about the beautiful life, which he saw only on video. There all drank only from cans. And it was also customary to arrange collections from tin cans from under beer in the kitchen, on a special shelf.
Computer micro
A man who born after 2000 will be very difficult to prove that the computer games can be downloaded by tape recorder. Honestly, for me it is still a mystery, like this scripting-squeezing cacophony from the dynamics of the tape recorder turned into a primitive (according to current concepts) a computer game on a monochrome TV, which served as a monitor. For the ability to play such primitives in special "computer centers", considerable money was paid.
Pepsi Cola was quite actually buying in the store, although it cost one much more expensive than a domestic lemonade - 45 kopecks for pepsies against 18 kopecks for the same, for example, orange flora. But Bottles with Coca-Cola came up much less often, and therefore appreciated much higher. There were people who, in full, declared that they feel the taste difference between these drinks.
Set "Young Chemist".
An excellent opportunity to feel like an alchemist, mixing anything with it is not clear than. The instruction, of course, was lost first. The process of mixing substances in test tubes, flasks and retorts was much more exciting than some kind of instruction there. As a result - a chipped T-shirt and the first homemade powder for lemonade.
Full-length cartoons
They were quite a bit, and they all used incredible success. "The Lord of Time" personally, I personally looked at 12 times in the cinema, and every time I intercepted my breath on my last frames. In addition to them, there were "King and Bird" and "Lisenok Vuk", and the more rare cartoon "The ghost ship" was made to retell at night as a "terrible story."
Then he was not perceived as a domestic alternative to Coca-coland and was sold to spill from a tent or mobile tank. I could never refuse the pleasure of drinking a big (beer) mug for 6 kopecks. And very sorry when the kvass tents were disappeared from the streets of Moscow. Kvass was fresh, not pasteurized. And the okroshka from it was the most delicious.
Autosimulator "Driving"
Magnet control in the form of a car, which moves in a circle, delivered indescribable pleasure. Special chic was considered the ability to slip through a small portion of the road, not intended for movement (who played, he should remember). This required a filigree possession of the wheel and a sense of moment.
Arab cigarettes
I can not even imagine who in the head came to deliver the cigarette market from Arab countries to our market, but I know for sure that they were wildly popular among young people. The reason for this was a bright bundle (black or dark blue), giving a complete feeling that you smoke "firm", that is, scarce import cigarettes. The charm of imported cigarettes was then very strong.
TV channel 2x2.
It was a real breakthrough. A completely new approach to setting information. Now it was not necessary to catch cartoons and musical programs in the broadcast grid. They were twisted all day. It was almost a dream. The first music rollers showed on this channel. Savage, Duran Duran, Sabrina, Alphaville, Bachelor Party - the first of these rollers showed exactly 2x2. The rotating channel emblem under vigorous classical music produced almost a magnetic effect.
Skateboard.
They were brought as an expensive gift from somewhere from the Baltic States. Few people skid them, but to have a "skate" was a dream of any boy. From the modern, he was distinguished in the same way as "Zhiguli" differ from Mercedes. Empochared in the cult picture "Courier" Karen Shakhnazarov. It is on this that Ivan with basin ride there.
New Year's candy set
As a rule, packaged in the box in the form of one of the Kremlin turrets. Contained a variety of candy - from banal Irisok "Kis-Kis" to the most honorable - lollipops. The contents of the candy dialing have always been a subject for exchange, depending on the taste of the owner. There were such as Irisky loved.
Programmable tank
Caused delight not so much the tank itself, how much the ability to program its actions. A whole performance was invented with his participation - movement, shooting, backing sounds.
Snow scatters
At first it was a classic "Chuk and Gek", but soon a more futuristic "Argamak" joined him, with almost a car wheel. It was much cooler than simple sledges. For the sharpness of the sensations of a snow scooter could be tied to the vehicle bumper.
Digital Watch
Have a clock - always had a dream of any boy. However, the age of progress has come, and to have ordinary hours was not so honorable. Dream steel electronic clock. Their design still remains a reason for the random of modern designers, but then the evaluation criteria were completely different. In hours I had to have sound support. Quality was estimated by the number of melodies installed in hours.
Ice cream
Treaty for all times. Perhaps the most brilliant of everything invented by humanity. The choice was small - the filling "for 48 kopecks", a popsicle, dairy in a waffle cup and fruit in paper, as well as the most uncomfortable for eating on the go - "Lander" and a waffle briquette. It was considered that the most delicious ice cream was sold at the corner of the GUM (from time to time the cart went with aunty). This ice cream had a meaningful minus - it was imposed in a cup with a ball. And under it there was an empty space. That is, the cup was not filled to the end. And the most unusual - ice cream "Flying" in the restaurant of the hotel "Russia".
Magic screen.
One of the most unusual ways to identify drawing talent. Draw on plain paper and in coloring books was boring. But led two manipulators, forcing the mechanism hidden from the eye to draw the line on the silver sand, which stuck the screen - it was extremely fashionable.
Books of Writer Volkova.
Against the background of the universal book deficit of the Book of Volkov on the adventures of Urphine Jus, Eli, the Totoshki and their derivatives stood a mansion. "Urfin Juice and his wooden soldiers", "Yellow Fog" could still be discussed, but the last book (addressed for the author of the author by the artist's book) "The Mystery of the Abandoned Castle" was extremely deficient. I, by the way, did not have time to find and read. She was given for one night and strictly followed the return. Many mastty authors could envy the popularity of this book series.
Puzzle Snake
A great way to kill the time and development of fantasy. Which figures did not have to fold out of it ...
Flasks for juice.
Almost any universame was a department where the juices and dairy cocktails were poured. Juice poured from special cones. It was ordinary juice, but the fact of pouring it from such an unusual packaging turned into something mysterious.
bosonogoe.ru.
First film camera and first photopile
In foreign literature in the photo it is indicated that the film photographic and celluloid photographic film was first created by the company "Kodak" in 1889.
None in any book that has come abroad, does not say that the world's first film photographic apparatus with roller cassettes for brominebry collodium tape was created in Russia in 1877 by the Polish inventor L. V. Warnerko (Vladislav Malakhovsky), who lived and worked Then in St. Petersburg. This device in those years was widely known abroad and became a sample for copying. Only 11 years after that, in 1888, in the United States, the camera "Kodak" was released with paper, and in 1889 with a celluloid tape.
L. V. Warnerko (1837-1900). Photo Breeding.
In the same way, in foreign books in photographs, it was reported that the combustible celluloid photographic film was applied by D. Carbutt, Gudkpno, D. Eastman and W. X. Welker in the United States in 1884-1889, but it is not mentioned that non-flaggy "Smelted", photographic film was first invented in Russia in 1878-1881 I. V. Boldyrev.
Although in 1856, the English chemist Alexander Parker received a celluloid from nitrocellulose and camphor, and in 1861, the John Wesley High and Isaac Smith Hight for the first time applied a celluloid for the manufacture of billiard balls and in 1869 they were issued an American patent for it, but only in 1884 John Carbutt began to manufacture a celluloid film with a photographic layer. In 1887, Pastor Gunnibal Goodwin received an American patent for the use of a celluloid film in the quality of the substrate for the photographic layer. And only in 1888, George Eastman and William Hall Welhor applied paper tape in the camera, and in 1889 - a celluloid tape.
However, in 1878-1881, the St. Petersburg photographer I. V. Boldyrev invented the non-flammable, "transparent and elastic" film. In 1882, he demonstrated his invention at the All-Russian industrial and art exhibition in Moscow. Its "Smelted" film on its density and transparency corresponded to ordinary glass.
L. V. Warnerke (V. Malakhovsky) is an outstanding inventor in the field of photography. His exceptional merit is the introduction in Russia in the late 70s of the XIX century new in those years of a dry bromo-salary process. His photographic laboratory produced dry bromo-salary plates and high quality films.
It is characteristic that in the "Svetovka" application to the magazine "Svt" (1878, No. 5) a article "Sensitive negative fabric L. Warnerke" was printed, which said:
"The main merit of G. Warnerke in the development of photography is to prepare dry plates or, more correctly, films, performing replacing negative glass plates. These films were prepared from the same emulsion. The layer was poured on paper covered with sulfate baritus and representing a completely even, smooth surface. The emulsion is poured and immediately merges, so it remains a very thin layer, then the same thin layer of rubber dissolved in gasoline is poured, then again the emulsion layer, and this procedure is repeated up to seven times. All these seven films represent one extremely thin piercing plate, a completely transparent, colorless, always remaining smooth, flexible and easily separated from paper. "
The founder of the photograph in Russia S. L. Levitsky PA of the first meeting of the V photographic department of the Russian Technical Society on April 28, 1878 "Recognized to the members of the department on the perfection with which he owns the G. Warnerke with an emulsion process. With his demonstrations, he, as it were, joking, playing performed all the manipulation and caused a photographic image. " ("Lighting", annex to Light magazine, 1878, No. 6, p. 27).
Soon L. V. Winec opened a photographic laboratory and in London. This fact suggests that the technical level of equipping his photo laboratory in St. Petersburg was so high that it successfully competed with the best Western European photo laboratories. L. V. Warnerke, according to an outstanding German historian Photos of Joseph Marna Eder, in 1881 he received a royal photographic society medal in London.
The world's first film camera with roller cassettes for brominebery colodium tape, invented by L. V. Warnerke in 1877.
L. V. Warnerke, besides the world's first film photograph, invented in 1880 the world's first sensitometer in the world for a quantitative measurement of photosensitivity.
Sensitometer Warnerke consisted of a glass plate having 25 square fields with gradually increasing density. In the quality of the standard light source, a phosphorescent plate of sulfur calcium was used, in front of which a 2.5-cm magnesium tape was burned. Exposure was made after 1 min. After burning magnesium and continued 1 min. The plate with graded layers was brought into contact with the phosphorescent plate after the excitation on one side and the test photographic material on the other.
The actual data on the life and activities of L. V. Warnerke until recently was so insufficiently assembled and few studied that the German historian of the photo I. M. Eder in his capital labor "Photo History" wrote that Warnerke was born but then in Russia, That in Hungary.
The role of inventions L. V. Warnerke in the field of photography is still underestimated. Only in 1949-1950 in the Soviet Union was for the first time, the importance of its work for the invention of cinema was first realized.
Back in 1906, a brief mention is found in the Polish photographic press that Warnerke was Pole. In the meeting of the meetings of the Warsaw Photographic Society, printed in Fotografi Warszawski (1906, No. 4) said: "... then Kovalsky showed and explained the congratulated photometer, the invention of our countryman Varek ..."
Cezhanovsky, wrote that L. V. Warnerke - from Vladislav Malakhovsky, a member of Rada to Vilna, who, after defeating the uprising in Lithuania, fled to St. Petersburg, and then to London. For the head of the Malakhovsky ant, the granola appointed a reward in 10,000 rubles.
A significant part of the life and activities of this outstanding Polish inventor was held in Russia, in St. Petersburg. From the letters that came to us, Warnerke shows that he owned by the Russian language as Russian, and not as a foreigner.
L. V. Warnerke was an active member of the V photographic department of the Russian Technical Society. The editorial office of the "Photographer" magazine, produced by this department, was proud of his cooperation and wrote about him in all announcements with large letters. In October 1880, Warnerke reported Russian technical society about the device of his sensitometer. In 1882, he set a sensitometer, actinometer, dry bromo-salary plates and samples made on these plates, - photos of L. I. Emerg, S. L. Levitsky, Bergamasco, etc., in 1882.
It is curious that the English historians of photographs that were little known about the early and main periods of life and activities of L. V. Warnerke, considered him ... an English inventor.
From the author: "Making a picture by a digital camera, I remembered how we were engaged in photograph (photo model) during the USSR in the 70s 80 years."
After all, before the camera was impossible to see the finished frame, took a picture of you, but still photographed with pleasure and enormous interest. In each Soviet family there was some kind of camera and filmed what was ...
A wave of mass hobby photography in the USSR fell on post-war time. The comparative availability of photographic equipment was played here. I was on this hobby "set up" in the 5th grade of a family friend - photojournalist. He bought the first camera in my life. The camera was called "shift-8m" and was something like modern "soaps" ...
It cost "shift-8m" 15 rubles. Not that expensive, but still it was believed that this is not for children. "Kony", "Change", "FED" are popular marks of cameras, and if you have "Zenit" or "Kiev", it was already "cool." 
In photo-stores it was possible to buy everything you need for a photo model, such as: photographer, photo tank, film, different kinds Photographic paper, baths, developer, fixture and do not forget about the red lantern. In the dark room at the light of the red lantern, shots were born from the life of the Soviet man.
Photographing, without seeing the finished frame on the display of the device, is not so easy. First of all, it was necessary to put the correct excerpt on the camera, the quality of the captured film (negative) depended. In this case, many have enjoyed photo exponsers (paper with inscriptions - cheap, with a photocell - it is more expensive, but more specifically), because the quality of future photos depended on high-quality negative (films). There was only 36 frames on the film and it was necessary to try to extract them with high quality.
Together with the camera, a friend of the family bought me two special cuvettes for reagents from transparent colored plastic (orange for the developer and white for fixing) and a black charging tank, at the same time explaining how to use it. After that, I was twisted in the next business trip. And I started mastering this difficult case. 
Probably, most readers do not really represent how the patriarchal process of working with photographs, at least due to the fact that they were not interested in it or did not find the era of black and white films. Therefore, I want to tell about the method of making photos at that, already distant Soviet times ...
Before starting shooting, the film must be charged. No, not in the camera, but in the cassette. What? Film is already sold in the cassette? Well, I do not. The Soviet film was sold, packed in black light-tight paper. The cassettes had to be bought separately. 
The roll was placed in a typical box with indication of photosensitivity (32, 64, 130 and 250 units) and the manufacturer (Tasma or Co.). The movement itself was coarse-65, therefore (let the defenders of light images forgue me), this film was not always on sale.
Most often Tasma was sold. But since the lovers of photographs in the USSR were significantly less than fans of sausages, such cases so that there was no film in the store at all, I do not remember. But Hama-65 exactly happened to interruptions. 
So, in full darkness - in the bathroom or with wound up on hand, it was necessary to remove the film from the packaging and winding on a small bobbin like a thread coil, then insert a bottle into the cassette and close the lid.
To learn this, first trained on the already shown films on the light. And only after the film is charged in the cassette, it could be inserted into the camera. 
After the film is filmed, it must be shown. For which it is wound on a special spiral and placed inside the light-tank tank (part of which helix is). Wash the film, of course, too, it is necessary in complete darkness. 
Then - already in the light - the developer should be pouring into the tank. The developer must be prepared in advance. Different photo-cocktails made developers from special chemicals, measuring them on scales. But ordinary unspoicing photoelers seems to be bought by a ready-made developer in photomagazines.
By the way, the developer (as well as fixed), was also with interruptions. Therefore, for example, personally, I immediately gained a mooring of the scribe of developers and fixing, the benefit was worth - a penny. 
The developer from the bags was with different small crumbs, in connection with which after dissolution, it had to be filtered. For these purposes, any photographer used "what God will give." Personally, I filtered through a four layer-folded gauze. One portion of the developer was enough for several films.
The developer filled into the tank should have been a certain temperature - from 20 to 25 degrees. In order to monitor the temperature, each photographer had a special thermometer (I still have somewhere lying around). 
After the developer is filled into the tank, it is necessary to wait for 8-10 minutes, choking the spiral (with the help of a spiral tip look). After that, the developer is poured into a special bank (to then use it for the next film).
Then in the tank poured water from under the tap (also a specific temperature) to wash the films. Then fixed fixed - the reagent for fixing the film emulsion from the effect of light (why he was often called the fixer). 
In the fixes, the film lay for about 15-20 minutes, then washed again and extracted on the light of God - the most exciting moment when it was immediately visible, it turned out or not. In addition, if an adhesion occurred when the film was wrapped, then part of the film did not appear. But this happened usually only at novice photographers.
Then the film should be dried. For this I used the fishing line, especially for this purpose stretched in the kitchen. After drying, the film turned into a roll, which was placed in a box in which the film was sold. 
Since all reagents could be used to develop several films, the question remained open: to show films immediately as photographing or save the desired number of films.
The first option was fraught with the fact that it was necessary to store the reagents in the form of a liquid, which also had not a very long shelf life (less than a month). But, in general, it was the little things. 
The way I told about which I only concerns the black and white film. For color films, completely different reagents were required, if it does not change the memory, from four different liquids.
In Moscow, in general, it was generally difficult to acquire colored reagents from the ORWO GDR company - they were sold in a specialized store "Jupiter" on Kalininsky Prospect. But outside of Moscow with colored reactors was not so chocolate. Simply put, they were a deficit. 
And the reagents themselves for color printing, and the color film was more expensive than black and white, and the process of development itself, and especially the print film was much more complicated. Therefore, the lion's share of photographers preferred to do black and white photos.
Some exit was the use of so-called. reversible film, i.e. The films for slides, with which it was not necessary to print photos, and immediately after the manifest, it was possible to cut the film to frames, insert into a special framework (sold in photomagazines) and show friends with the help of a special slide projector. 
True, automatic slidesprojectors were very expensive, therefore, they usually managed manual, and even used such plastic air plastering with eye from children's diapositives (also HDRD).
Show plenty - little. We must also print with her photos. For these purposes, special Bandura is needed, called the photo fee. 
The photovoller, simplified, is a light-tight capacity of the type of cylinder or a ball inside which the light is installed.
On the one side of the cylinder - the one that is drawn down - there is a lens, about the same as in the camera (albeit simpler). Between the light bulb and the lens in a special groove the film was laid. 
The cylinder itself is fixed on a special bracket and can slide up and down. The bracket is mounted in a special rectangular countertops closer to the edge. 
The printing process is generally quite simple. With a red light of a special lantern, a leaf of unkind photographs are stacked on a photovascular table top, emulsion up. Usually for this, each self-respecting photographer had a special cadriding frame.
The cylinder with the lens climbed on the bracket for such a height, which was required for one or another scaling - the higher, the scale more. Further for some number of seconds included the inner light, the image from the film fell on the photo paper and the exposure occurred. 
The most responsible moment. We remove the red glass, we consider to ten. Once, two ... 
… Ten. We close the lens, carefully take a piece of paper and throw in a bath with a developer. 
The picture on the photo-paper appeared, wait until it becomes quite clear. The main thing is not to reap, but it will deteriorate and it will be too dark. Everything further into fixes ... 
We will wait for a while, rinse in a basin with clean water and hang to context. 
While the fluid flows from the pictures, get the glossyer. This is a heater with mirror surfaces that dries and makes our pictures glossy. 
The main details of the glossyer were two flexible mirror metal sheets. 
With the help of a special rubber roller, laid out the emulsion on a sheet of wet photography rolled out. 
Then shelves with glued photographs were inserted into the glossant, which was something like electric brazier. Under the action of high temperatures, the photos were dried, and in addition, the characteristic shine was acquired - gloss. Here, actually, and that's it. 
There is nothing to say that the photo shower, and the glossyer was also sold not every day. Of course they were not so terrible deficit, but still.
For example, I took a magnifier for a long time (there was such a wonderful rental on Gogol Boulevard). And only a few years after the start of the photobuitious career, I accidentally bought a normal photo ending in Jupiter. 
Paper was diverse. "Bromorporate", "Photobrum", "Unibroad" and something else - I don't remember the exact names. High-quality photobum also used not always. However, in the USSR, everything was not always qualitative.
The main tool of the photographer is, of course, the camera. The most popular camera was a mirror "Zenit-E" (speech about the late 70s - early 80s). He cost not cheap, but still available - about 100 rubles. 
From time to time, Zenit-E was sold in Jupiter and the queue was immediately lit up. But usually "Zenit-E" was sold with some kind of ugly lens (I don't remember the name), but I wanted to the lens "Helios". In general, in the end, the mother bought me in the Blat "Zenit-E" with the lens "Industar of 61 Lz", which looked no worse than "helios".
On the other hand, almost at any time it was possible to buy a photograph of Zenit-TTL. But he was roads - 240 rubles; And with a special design (all black) - even more expensive. In general, the Zenit-TTL could only be dreaming. 
Also quite freely sold widespread mirror "Kiev". But he was also expensive. There were no foreign cameras on sale. Rather, there were in a commission store but at a price from a thousand rubles and higher. So on all sorts of there, Pentaxa or Nikon could only be licking on foreigners.
I remember, year so in 1981, the international exhibition "Cinema-photo-body" happened in Sokolniki. As usual, Muscovites and guests of the capital in the weekend battle took this exhibition. I went to her several times (for which I ran from lessons), for a long time having silent from stands with foreign photographic.
At Minolta's booth, some kind of computing Japanese gave us a few pretty detailed color prospectuses of Minolta cameras, where the principles of work were described in detail, the pictures were brought to see how the photographer saw through the viewfinder (it was something!). And the color themselves, printed with unprecedented quality for the USSR, on the coated paper avenues, and those cameras that I saw there, made an indelible impression on me. For life. 
MINOLTA XG-M, 1981
From the very moment I dreamed of Minolt, of course realizing that I would never have it. But dreamed. And the children's dream was carried out only in 2003. I myself do not know why I bought myself a semi-professional film camera Minolta. In principle, only the money threw out, because everything was already switched to the figure. But a children's dream is such a dream for which money is not sorry.
As follows from all of the above, photobility was not cheap fun. And on the money and in time costs (manifest, printing) - it was a bit of trouble. Therefore, there was no such magnitude possession of cameras from the population. For example, we have cameras in the classroom (personal), had 4-5 people. 
Photographed usually typical things: joint gatherings, hiking, etc. There were little genre photos from photographers. Yes, it is clear - there are no big cameras of the past with you every day.
Not that today - every schoolboy with its mobile phone can make the "sea" of the pictures and dropping them to their "comp", print photos on the printer. How simple and convenient - I saw something interesting, took out a mobile phone and - click. No, in those days, it was necessary to make specially assembled on PhotoTududi.
We are with a school comrade, in high schools fell ill with passion to photograph the church. I myself do not know where we come from, Komsomol members, such a desire awoke. But we have allocated all Moscow, looking for the church. And then in fact, sometimes it was sometimes necessary to look (for most of the churches were warehouses or offices).
And that's what I regret - the churches we photographed, and take a picture of the usual Moscow streets, ordinary people, I somehow did not come to mind. That is, it seemed to us as uninteresting and unshakable to us that tell us that in 20 years there would be nothing to do it - they would not believe in life ...
However, it does not have a relation to the photo.
In this article we will tell about the various types of photoslets of their characteristics and features.
Before getting one of the various types of photoslets, let's try to figure out how the black and white negative film is trying to figure out how an analog photographic image is obtained.
The structure of the black and white negative film and negative process
The photosensitive layer of black and white photoplint is called a photoemult. It is on it that the image is formed. The photoemulsia consists of gelatin in which halogen silver (ionic crystals, in the nodes of the crystal lattice, which are a positively charged silver ions, and negatively charged halogen ions are distributed in the form of crystallines of submicron-micron sizes. Halogen silver by 94-99% consists of silver bromide and 1-6% of iodide silver. A homogeneous photoemulsia consists of separate grain separated by gelatin. The photoemalcia is applied to a celluloid film with a substrate from gelatin, covered with a protective layer. The anti-theft layer is added (it also prevents the filth curls).
The photographic process of obtaining black and white negative consists of three stages
Exposure: At the time of opening the shutter under the action of light in the photoemulsia, a hidden image is created, since the interaction of photons with crystallines of halogen silver on the surface of the latter is formed by neutral silver atoms, cease to be a structural part of the ion crystalline. The structure of the emulsion layer changes. The more light goes to the portion of the photoemulsia, the darker it will be on the film.
The film is filmed (exhibited), but two more processing stages are waiting for it.
Manifestation: The process of gaining a hidden image. At this stage, due to the chemical reaction, the crystalline of halogen silver, which were irradiated with light, are restored to crystals of metallic silver, opaque for visible light (in contrast to ionic crystals of halogen silver, which are analogues of the cooking salt). As a result of the manifestation, a negative image is formed, in which the most bright places of the removed object correspond to the most dark places of the film film.
Fixing (or securing): From the photoemulsia, uncompanied crystals of halogen silver are removed, which makes manifested and fixed by photoselae insensitive to further irradiation.
As a result, we have ready-made black and white negative. To get the final positive image, it is necessary to actually repeat the three stages above, but already with the photo paper. But we will not run forward. In detail about the practice of manifestations of film and press photos - later.
So, the photo film, as already mentioned above, it happens three main species:
- black and white negative
- color negative
- color trading (diapositive, slide).
Of course, there is still a black and white slide, which was previously a rare phenomenon, and today it disappears at all from the counters. As far as I know, only the Czech company Foma still keeps and produces black and white positive Fomapan R 100.
Black and white traded film of the Czech company Foma. Disappearing
Before deliberately in particular different types Flops, deal with the main, universal for all types of characteristics.
Main characteristics of photople
The main characteristic of any film (no matter is black and white it or color, negative or positive) - light sensitivity. It is the light sensitivity that determines the exposure parameters of the shooting, and it is from her that the final quality of photograph depends.
The fact is that the growth of photosensitivity directly affects the structure of the photoemulsion. As a rule, the higher the sensitivity, the larger the grain, the lower the photographic latitude of the film, the worse there is sharp characteristics.
It's time to deal with new terms. Grain is the visualization of what the crystals of halogen silver are formed after exposure and manifestation. If we consider the negative under a big magnification, you will see that the image on the film is created by dots of different values \u200b\u200band density. This is referred to as grain. As a rule, the lower the sensitivity and higher quality of the photoemulsion - the less grain, the higher the sharpness, the more halftone remains on the negative. The film's ability to record the halftone range is called photographic latitude: the higher the photographic latitude, the lower the contrast, the more precisely the halftone is transmitted in the range between absolutely bright and dark objects in the picture.
With quality is understandable - the lower the sensitivity, the better. But why then need highly sensitive film?
The fact is that low sensitivity film requires more light when exposed. And this means, either the excerpt must be longer or the diaphragm is open more. And although we can still increase the exposure thanks to the tripod (although there are limitations here), but the fully fixed object of shooting is a rarity, if it is not a studio still life.
And if we want to capture the rapid movement? Alas, you will have to compromise and use highly sensitive film: it is not by chance that the English name of such films - High Speed \u200b\u200bFilm, which implies the photo of objects moving at high speed. True, it is worth noting that modern highly sensitive photography possess very good photographic latter and sustainable characteristics in combination with moderate grain.
Kodak T-MAX 3200 Professional - Professional black and white negative film, which can be used in a wide range of sensitivity. This film can be used in the range of sensitivity from 3200 to 25,000 units (when using forced processing). The film combines extremely high sensitivity and fine grain. Indispensable when shooting fast-moving objects, poorly lit objects (when you cannot use the flash), objects that require high depth of field simultaneously with short excerpts, as well as when shooting tele-lesions from the hands of rapid movement with dim lighting.
The photosensitivity is indicated by the generally accepted international ISO units, a standard range of values \u200b\u200b- 50/100/200/400/800/1600/3200 ISO. In fact, the modern international standard ISO is a mechanical connection of the ASA units previously adopted in the United States and the corresponding values \u200b\u200bin DIN degrees (old German standard), for example, 100/21 °, but the "degree" component is already practically not used and usually lowered. (By the way, before January 1, 1987, the USSR had its own scale of GOST units, close to ASA, but still special; it is 100/21 ° ISO for it. 90 units of GOST. Perestroika equated the Soviet GOST to world standards.) Sensitivity value, As a rule, it is put in the name of the film: for example, Ilford Pan F Plus 50.
If you are shooting on the figure, the sensitivity values \u200b\u200bare, of course, are well acquainted, only here in the analog photo, it will not be possible to change sensitivity depending on each frame. If you have already charged the film 50 ISO, then all the plots will have to shoot with this sensitivity until the film is over.
So, going to the shooting, the film photographer should take care not only by the number of films, but also to think what kind of film a film to take (not to mention that you first need to decide what film to take - color or black and white!).
To save the photographer from this headache, films with variable sensitivity were created. This does not mean that one film can be exhibited with different sensitivity values, no: if you have chosen 800 ISO, you will have to exhibit the entire film taking into account this value. Just such films are better adapted to push processes (when the time or temperature or temperature of the manifestation increases for increasing the value of the photosensitivity). But there is also the same dependence - the higher the sensitivity, the lower the quality.
Examples of modern black and white films with variable sensitivity.
Ilford XP 2 Super - Nominal sensitivity 400/27 °ISO.. It has an exceptionally small grain inherent, as a rule, less sensitive films. XP 2 Super is a film that allows you to get a negative with the finest detail in both the shadows and in the lights. It has an extraordinary latitude of exposure - it can be exhibited in the range of exposition indices (EI) from 50/18 ° to 800/30 °. XP 2 Super is processed by reagents for color films according to the C-41 process: it can be shown along with color negative films.
Ilford Delta 3200. - ultrahigh sensitivity film, allowing to receive photos of the highest quality in the most difficult lighting conditions. The photosala is made on the basis of a four-layer emulsion that allows you to optimize the use of unique technology of Ilford with flat crystals. Emulsion provides excellent tonal transmission. The film allows the photographer to control sensitivity and grainability with right choice Developer and developmental modes, providing many opportunities for creativity. With the correct manifestation of the DELTA 3200 Pro film, shows the best results when exposed in the range of Exhibitation indices (EI) from 1600/33 ° to 6400/39 °.
Of course, there is always the opportunity to exhibit any low sensitivity film to a step-other higher, but then you will have to change the process of creating a film (increasing time or increasing temperature). And, again, the quality in this case will be lower (contrast grows, grain increases).
Usually the optimal sensitivity for shooting the day on the street is 100 ISO. For shooting indoors or twilight day - 400 ISO. These are the most popular sensitivity of the films.
Storage of analog photographic materials
If there is no special problems with the storage of the memory card, the analog photographic materials require more reverent and attentive circulation. Photoplinka (as well as photo paper) has a limited expiration date. It is usually indicated on the package. Store the film is best in the refrigerator, on a separate shelf product. There's dark and cool - ideal conditions.
When I just started my professional path of the photographer in the regional newspaper, a special refrigerator was stood in the editorial photo laboratory: even with a total shortage of household appliances, the management of newspapers with understanding belonged to the technical needs of photographers, and this is despite the fact that the second refrigerator in the editorial office was only chief editor.
About 30 years ago, with a passage of the airport inspection area, there was a risk to light up the photo film in the scanners. Today the technologies have changed, and you can safely install the CAFR with equipment and film on the tape of such a scanner: it is completely safe for the film.
Based on the personal experience of numerous flights and transplants, I can only confirm the assurances of airport security services: even multiple scans of the coffer with film and equipment have not been reflected in any way or on an exhibited film of all kinds and formats. If you are still manically concerned about the preservation of the film - buy special containers or packages.
What happens with an overdue film? Usually, if it was stored in good conditionsWith a little delay, nothing terrible happens (especially with black and white materials). Well, except that the sensitivity is barely declining. But here, as you understand, everyone decides for himself. The risk of "locking" shooting, especially with overdue color (and even more than those trading) photographic materials, is very large. So do not be caught by the photoplinka of the future, if you are not sure that you will follow it until the end of the storage period. Try to use the film maximum "freshness"!
Black and White Negative Fillet
Let's start with the basics. It is black and white (abbreviated - b / b or B & W) a negative film is obliged to her existence. The history of photography (and the history of the twentieth century) is actually captured on the black and white negative. Most of the well-known photographic masterpieces are made on the B / W Negative.
Without going into historical excursions, I note that a negative film in its modern form has existed for more than 100 years and, it seems, it is not going to go on peace.
The materials of the celluloid substrate, the quality of the photoemulsia, decreased grain, the new layers were added, the photosensitivity grew, appeared and went into non-existence new formats, but the fundamentally black and white film did not change. We recognize the obvious fact: black and white negative - classic photography.
Depending on the spectral sensitivity, black-and-white films are divided into panchromatic (isopanchromatic), orthromatic and nonsenselized. Panchromatic (isopanchromatic) films have spectral sensitivity close to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye, so they are used in the classic photo. But it is important to note that the individual colors of the film fixes, distorting their tone, the usual eye. For example, bright red lips can almost disappear in the portrait; Or the clouds, so noticeable in real life against the background of the blue sky, on the manifested negative suddenly go somewhere. To achieve the right (or even necessary) transmission of the tones, color filters are used, the use of which we will talk in the section of the analog shooting.
Production of photoplading (not only b / b) with the arrival of the number, naturally, decreased. Moreover, not all even famous companies that stood at the origins of photography were able to preserve the profitability of the film. But let's talk about those who today happy with excellent photographic materials.
Kodak T-Max 400 - Highly sensitive universal film. It has good structurally sustainable characteristics. Price: 244 p.
Ilford Pan F Plus 50 - Super farm film. It has great sharpness. In addition to the ultrafine grain, the PAN F Plus film grain has an extremely high resolution, sharpness and contrast on the edges of the contours and excellent exposure latter. Allows you to get exclusive brightness prints with a wide tonal range. Price: 250 r.
Fujifilm Neopan 400. - Black and white negative film with high sensitivity. It has excellent image clarity and excellent accurate shades. Despite the high sensitivity, the film provides impressive penprints with a small graininess, with detailed images and a high-quality fine-grained structure. Price: 295 p.
The domestic market contains black and white photography and chemistry of companies Ilford, Kodak, Fujifilm, Foma, Efke, Lucky, Kentmere, Rollei. In their assortment, you can find everything you want a film photographer: from high-quality films and photographic paper to the necessary chemical solutions and accessories.
What film to choose? Personally, I prefer low-sensitive materials ilford. But it is impossible to give an unequivocal advice here. Each photographer chooses a film according to tasks, preferences and experience.
Manifest of black and white films
For the manifests of black and white photography, there are a great many developers (about the diversity and peculiar features we will talk separately). Nothing prevents you from creating a recipe for your personal developer, but the standard has become the process called D-76.
Here is the time to mention another kind of black and white film, which appeared relatively recently - monochrome films. These films can (more precisely, it is necessary) to show C-41 in a color negative process. The manifested monochrome film looks like a black and white negative on a color substrate. The only convenience of such a film is the possibility of a quick development in any automated laboratory. But the quality, in comparison with the classic Ch / B film, will be noticeably worse.
Color film
The color film is two main types: color negative and color-trading (diapositive, slide). From the point of view of the practice of shooting, they have a lot in common, so first we will look at the main differences between color films from the black and white, and then we will analyze the differences in the negative from the slide.
History The appearance of color photography is a topic for a good book, therefore, without going into the details of the history of the color photoccessibility, we mention that the color film (and negative, and addressed) appeared in the mid-1930s of the last century in the United States and Germany, and even even Films were filmed, but there were no speech about the massive use. Color photo has become available to the wide masses of professional photographers only in the second half of the last century.
By the way, in the Soviet Union, the country, the first person in space, could not establish the production of high-quality color photographic materials: what could be obtained using the color negative CND-32 was a pathetic sight. Soviet photoelers only saved ORWO and FOMA color films from GDR and Czechoslovakia (there were such socialist countries on the map of Europe), and the Hungarian Forte. The materials of Kodak, Fuji or Agfa had access to a limited number of photographers approached by foreign trade organizations and, of course, reporters of central publishing houses and magazines. To remove the achievements of socialism accounted for a photoplinet created at the factory in capitalist states.
Color photographic process is essential more difficult than black and white (both in the process of shooting and in processing). It contains more stages of manifestation, capricious to temperature, but, most importantly, in comparison with the black and white color printing much more time. Manual printing format color photos requires very expensive equipment and materials, and the printing process itself and the manifests of the picture also does not differ simplicity.
Photo ender for color printing is distinguished by an important and very elevable detail - a blossom mixer.
But the creation in the 1970s mini-laboratories, which allowed to show a color negative and print a photographs of 10 × 15 cm made a color photo incredibly affordable and truly mass. True, the Minilabs appeared in the USSR only in the late 80s, and this photobusiness widely unfolded in Russia only in the 1990s. One way or another, it is not difficult to create a color photo today. Of course, if there is a good laboratory nearby.
The color photocillion is inherent in the same main characteristics as black and white: sensitivity, graininess, photographic latitude, quality dependence on photosensitivity (by the way, in color films grain, as a rule, more than that of the same sensitivity). But the color films have another important dependence - from color temperature.
Without climbing into the near-teaching debris, let's say that the usual color film completely transmits color in daylight. But! You should start shooting in the shade or in the evening, you will see that all the colors begin to pretty blue. If you shoot on the color film with incandescent lamps, the colors will be significantly yellowing. And if you remove with evening lighting, for example, the fire of the fire, the color imbalance of the picture will be complete. True, for some reason, such color pictures often look very impressive.
In order to somehow control the preparation of the desired result, the professional photographer even appeared a special device to accurately determine the color temperature - a colors. Color temperature can be adjusted with special color filters, but they force to increase the exposure.
Important moment: color film, unlike ch / w negative, does not tolerate gross errors in exposure. Incorrectly exhibited color slide can be bolder. Print a snapshot from an underestimated or over-off color negative may be possible, but there will be no accurate color transmission on it. By the way, exposure, especially long, can also be significantly distorted. But sometimes it turns out very beautifully.
Color handling film, balanced under the light of incandescent lamps. One of the few, which can still be purchased.
To shoot in the studios, a film was created, balanced under the light of incandescent lamps (yes, studio flashes ousted sofa only in the 80s). Colored film with a symbol "T" (Tungsten, which implies incandescent bulbs with tungsten thread) has low sensitivity, small grain and has limited studio applications. But with the advent of studio flashes it became possible to shoot in the studio and on the daily film (the color of the flashes is as close as possible to daylight).
Color. Negative or diaposition?
Now about the characteristics of the negative and the diaposition. The difference as you guess is that removing and showing the negative, we never see the final image (we are still waiting for the process of photo printing), but after the manifestation of the slide can already enjoy our masterpieces. True, the size of the masterpieces on the slide (even 6x9 format) is such that without a magnifying glass, not to consider them and do not hang on the wall. So why do they need, so small?
Of course, today we can easily scan that slide that negative, and print photos on the printer. But, you see, this is no longer analog photo. So why then need a slide, and what to do with him?
We remember that the main practical use of the slide - printing: everything is clear here. Well, or you can admire the slides, projecting them on the wall with the help of a diaprotector. Or consider the slide inserted into the stupid plastic ball with a magnifying glass: Oh! It was a serious business at the resorts of the USSR.
But if you are not removed not for the press or printing, you most likely need an imprint. Before the appearance of digital printing, Cibachrome has existed (Ilford technology) that allowed printing pictures from the slide. Compared to prints from the negative, the photos on Cibachrome looked incredibly saturated and bright. But the price for this pleasure was very high. Today, the process is called ilfordchrome, but finding a laboratory that works with this process is not easy.
Carousel type projector to demonstrate slides.
The color diapositive process seems much easier than negative: removed, showed and - ready! But! Let's start with the fact that the price of the final slide is higher than the negative. Analog direct printing from the slide today is practically impossible that does not cancel the printing digital, but we gathered to engage in analog, film photo. In addition, we remember that the slide is extremely capricious to the exposure errors: it is impossible to correct anything. So, choosing a material for shooting a handicraft film, think about what you take off, and what's next you will do with this slide.
From the point of view of the practicality of the color negative looks much more attractive. It makes it possible to make a mistake with the exposure, you can refine much with it when photo printing, the cost of negative and the photo report from it is significantly lower. For modern printing, you can scan both raw negative, and the analog photo series has come to perfection. The quality of the color negative high sensitivity is higher than the same slide. From color negativity you can make a print on a black and white photo paper. There is a reason to think, is it not true?
The manifest of color films
To develop a color negative photo film, the C-41 process is the standard, and the E-6 process is used to develop positive films.
It's time to mention the cross-process technology. If the trading photography show the negative process of C-41, we will get a contrast colored negative with distorted color reproduction. Prints with such negative are distinguished by high contrast and fair color saturation. The cross process is often used by professional photographers as a creative reception.
You can also show color film yourself (especially according to the E-6 process). A professional studio, as a rule, had an exploratory minilab's equipment among other equipment, a significantly simplified process of manifestation of all types of films.
But think twice, does it make sense to mess with color processes yourself, if this is not your passion or a creative experiment? Faster and reliable to pass the color photography for the development to the proven laboratory that professionals trust.
The production of color photography with the arrival of the figure decreased quite significantly. Its assortment is even smaller than the black and white film.
Fujifilm Pro 400h. - Color negative professional quality film, high sensitivity, with small grain, for shooting in daylight, containing the fourth color layer, patented Fujifilm. Suitable for wedding, portrait and fashionable photography. Provides latitude of exposures from underspinated to overexposed images, excellent bodily shades with a continuous smooth transition from lights to shadows, high-precision color reproduction. The emulsion of the new generation allows you to achieve optimal scan quality. Price: 370 p.
Fujifilm Reala 100. - High-quality emulsion ensures exceptional color reproduction accuracy. Small, smooth grain and the best sharpness. Excellent detail even with a large magnification. Saturated balance from bright areas to shadows. Price: 270 p.
Kodak Professional Portra 160 - Provides exclusively smooth and natural reproduction of skin shades and low contrast. Exceptionally low grain. Improved characteristics for scanning and photographer. Ideal for promotional, portrait photos. Price: 310 p.
In the domestic market today you can buy a color film (and negative, and slide) Kodak, Fujifilm and Rollei.
What to choose? There is no definite answer. It all depends on the conditions of shooting and specific tasks. Only your experience can help. The fact is that the films of different companies, and the items, have their own color. Some warmer, others are colder, alone perfectly transmit skin color and good for portrait shooting, others will give you the color of the "Eye". The only thing that can be advised is to prefer professional films: even though they are more expensive than amateur (bright representatives - Kodak Gold and Fuji Superia), but the result will be guaranteed better.
Fujifilm Velvia 50. - Color-handled film with sensitivity of 50 ISO, super farm, with very high resolution and saturated colors for shooting in daylight. Price: 572 p.
Fujifilm Provia 100f. - Color handling film for shooting with natural lighting. Different with small graininess, bright colors, verified gray balance. Great fine graininess (RMS value - 8) and high clarity allows you to display parts with stunning clarity together with a wide gradation, bright and most natural color reproduction and the optimal balance of shades. Price: 554 p.
Before you charge the color film in the camera, you want to warn digital photographers. The deepest misconception think that the analog color photo is as simple as the digital one. Believe me, you know nothing about color photography. Even after many years of working with color film, hundreds of publications in gloss and several personal exhibitions I have a language will not turn to call yourself an expert in the field of color photography.
Your "Right" digital color snapshots are the merit of decades of work of engineers who have developed matrices and color image processing algorithms. They did everything so that we, without thinking about anything, received the right pictures. I say this so that you do not be upset at the first failures. And I strongly recommend not in a hurry to shoot on color film. Start with black and white, you are waiting for a lot of surprises.
In the following publications, we will just turn to the practice of shooting a film based on a black and white negative process. Remember: If you want to figure it out, you need to start with the basics.
To be continued..
Today, the camera is almost every person - these are mirror cameras, amateur soapons, or just built into the mobile phone chambers for several megapixels ...
Today it is not necessary to show films, run to the store for photochemicals and photographic paper .... We shoot thousands of pictures, sharing the footage in your blogs, putting them in contact or simply by sending them by e-mail.
But even recently it was far from this.
In Soviet times, too, many were fond of photography, but then everything was a little different. Remember how we captured our most memorable moments on the camera, closed in the bathroom, including a red light bulb to show the film, and then did photos, hanging them immediately ...
For someone it was difficult, but for gourmets of this case - it was a pleasure. For those who did not want to mess around with all this, there were photo studios, where it was possible to give a film on the developing and to print photos there.
Each photo was very valuable for the Soviet man - after all, in these pictures, our memory with you was captured.
in many homes in home albums, these expensive hearts and memory pictures are still stored.
In the assortment of each fascinating photo in the USSR, it was supposed to be a mandatory set in addition to the camera itself - various films, a photographer, a photographer, and a photo fighter, a photographer, as well as photo paper and photochemicals.
And then the process itself!
First, the film had to be shifted, to carry out an intermediate flushing, fix, rinse finally and dried.
After that, the photos themselves were printed - the image on the photograph exposed photobum was projected with the photographic email. Black and white pictures were made with a special red light, colored - with a special green. Stages of processing photographic paper for pictures are similar to the stages of film processing. At the very end, the photographs were neatly hung on drying in the same room. 
Some models of popular cameras in the USSR
Zenit-4.- Soviet single-object mirror camera with a central shutter, developed at the Krasnogorsk Mechanical Plant (CMZ) and produced serially from 1964 to 1968. The basic model of the family, which also included the devices "Zenit-5", Zenit-6 and Zenit-11 (first under this index, non-relocated). The first CMZ serial camera with a built-in exposure meter.
Zenit-6. - From Zenita-4 differed only with a complete set: sold with the lens "Rubin-1t" with a variable focal length (for the first time in the USSR). In 1964-1968 8,930 pcs were released.
In Cinecomedy E. Ryazanov Zigzag Good luck "Zenit-6" - the dream of the chief hero, a photographer Oreshnikov. He looks at the camera showcase with a price tag - 400 rubles. 
Zenit-E is the most massive Soviet single-leeble mirror camera, developed at the Krasnogorsk Mechanical Plant (CMZ) and produced serial in 1965-1982. On KMZ and since 1973 (according to other data, from 1975) to 1986 at the Opto-Mechanical Plant in Vileyka (Belarus) of the Belarusian Opto-Mechanical Association (Belo). Released in the amount of more than 8 million pieces. (Of them on KMZ - 3334540 pcs.) - The world record for single lens, mirror cameras. The index "E" was assigned to a camera in honor of the KMZ director from 1953 to 1965 N. M. Egorova.
The camera was sold complete with one of the two lenses: "Helios-44-2" (focal length 58 mm, the relative hole 1: 2) or "Industre-50-2" 3.5 / 50.
Retail price "Zenita-E" in 1980. With the lens "Helios-44-2" was 100 rubles, with Olympic symbolism 110 rubles, with the lens "Industar-50-2" - 77 rubles.
If it was possible to choose, buyers preferred cameras manufactured by KMZ, and not white, not without reason considering them better (this was also related to other models produced at two enterprises).
Outside the USSR "Zenit-E" was sold both under the original name (in Latin writing - "Zenit-E") and under the brands "Revueflex-E" (Germany), "Phokina", "PHOTOKINA-XE" (France) , KALIMAR-SR200, KALIMAR-SR300, PRINZFLEX-500E, SPIRAFLEX, CAMBRON-SE (USA), "MEPROZENIT-E" (Japan), "Diramic-RF100" (Canada). 
Zenit is - Modernization of the "Zenit-E" cameras, had a nonstaffined exposure head, focusing screen with microasterrome and other improvements. The White Plant's Watercraft produced this model in many embodiments, including with a pressure diaphragm drive, without an exposure meter, etc. Released - CMZ - 1981-1988, 61099 pcs., And the Wilsh Plant - from 1982 to the mid-90s about 3 million pieces. 
Zenit-11. - Single lens, mirror photographic, intended for a wide range of photographers.
The camera was sold complete with one of the lenses: Helios-44m, MS Helios-44m, Helios-44M-4, MS Helios-44m-4. A total of 1,481,022 copies were released. It is an advanced apparatus "Zenit-E" (added the mechanism of the pressure diaphragm, the unwilling outsturation head, the hot shoe for the flash, the focusing screen with the microasterrome, made other minor changes). 
Lomo-135 - Lomo Cabliament Cabinet Camera. Since 1975, 85,902 copies were released. The model with marking "M" differed only with symbols. The latter was produced 89,500 copies. Lens "Industar-73" (2.8 / 40). Focus on the distance scale. 
Lomo-compact machine (LKA, LCA) - The first Soviet pocket camera equipped with a wide-range automatic electronic shutter controlled by an electronic exposter device. The camera is distinguished by a robust case, easy and compactness, as well as ease of use. 
Change-8, 8m - The scale of the Soviet camera produced by the Lomo Association since 1970. Shima-8 and "Shift-8M" was total issued in the amount of 21 041 191 (in 1995 inclusive). "Change-8m" began to be called "shift-9", but in a modified building, and was distinguished by the fact that the tip to sharpness could be carried out not only on the distance scale, but also on the scale of symbols. The lens is "triplet" T-43 4/40 (3 lenses in 3 components), unmerered, enlightened. The angular field of lens is 55 °. Irisova diaphragm 
Change-35. - Solution Soviet camera produced by the Lomo Association since 1990. The camera was a restyled version of "Change-8M" in a new building with a central syncontact. The lens is "triplet" T-43 4/40 (3 lenses in 3 components), unmerered, enlightened. The angular field of lens is 55 °. Irisova diaphragm 
Sokol-2. - A rare rangeflifted film camera, produced in the early 80s. Lens "Industre-702 F \u003d 50 mm 1: 2.8. The camera worked in two modes: manual and automatic. Automation takes into account all installed filters And nozzles. 
Vilia, Vilia-Auto - Soviet scale cameras. Produced in 1973-1985, the production of white. Advanced options were produced under the names "Silhouette-electro" (1976 - 1981) and "Orion-It" (1978-1983) (the initial names of "Vilia-Electro" and "Vilia-it", respectively). Lens "Triplet-69-3" 4/40 (3 lenses in 3 components), a flexible, thread under the light filter M46 × 0.75. Focus on the distance scale (symbols). Focus limits from 0.8 m to infinity. A four-fledged diaphragm is located outside the optical block of the lens, behind the shutter.
"Vilia-Auto" is a basic model, "Vilia" - a simplified model without exposability and an exposometer. 
Zorki-4.. The Soviet camera from the family of range finding photographic apparatus "Pokyky". Produced by the Krasnogorsk Mechanical Plant (KMZ) in the city of Krasnogorsk in the Moscow region in 1956-1973. It is an improved photo camera "Zorky-3C". The most massive and technically perfect model among the cameras "Kony". Total released 1715677 pcs.
"Zorky-4" was sold complete with one of the two lenses - "Jupiter-8" 2/50 (more expensive) or "Industar-50" 3.5 / 50. There is information that a small number of devices was equipped with an "Jupiter-17" 2/50 lens. Allows the use of replaceable lenses.
On the basis of Zorky-4, cameras were also released:
"Peace" is a cheapest device that differs from the basic model with a simplified design: automatic shutters only from 1/500 to 1/30 s, the mechanism of long exposure is absent. Probably, the "worlds" were used valves made for "Zorki-4", but those who were rejected due to the flaring testing of excerpts 1/1000 s. Lens - "Industre-50", less commonly "Jupiter-8" or "Industar-26m" 2.8 / 50. In 1959-1961 156229 pcs.;
"Zorky-4K" with a slurry smuggling mechanism and a visible intake coil. Lens - "Industar-50" or "Jupiter-8". In 1972-1978 and 1980 524646 pcs released.
azloe photoregistrators for use in scientific and military equipment. Equipped with a special attachment node to the optical channel of the appropriate instrument. Did not have unnecessary viewfinder, rangefinder, flash shoe. Foreign collectors call similar chambers "Labo" 
Kiev-4, 4a. Dalit Grid Cameras "Kiev" are based on the designs of German devices CONTAX II and III. Documentation, technological equipment and details for CONTAX cameras were exported to the USSR from Germany to reparations after the Great Patriotic War from Zeiss IKON factories. The first batch of Cameras "Kiev-2" and "Kiev-3" was actually intended contained CONTAX devices. From its prototype of the Camera "Kiev" inherited a very complex design of existing mechanisms, focusing and rangefinder. Cameras Kiev-4 and Kiev 4 - and differed in the presence and absence of a built-in exposure meter and were produced from 1958 to 1985. 
Kiev-60 TTL - A mirror camera with a frame format 6x6 cm The TTL system was designed for amateur filming and was produced since 1984. The camera is designed to use the coil non-perforated photofill with a width of 60 mm (type 120). When using this film it turns out 12 frames 
Amateur 166. - Soviet average format two-beeble-sensitive mirror photograph oriented on photographers. The body of the apparatus is plastic. Rims of lenses, a mine viewfinder and mechanisms - metal. Built on the basis of the camera "Amateur-2". Produced in different modifications from 1976 to 1990. 
Moscow-2. - Soviet rangefall camera from the Moscow family. From 1947 to 1956 by the Krasnogorsk Plant in the city of Krasnogorsk in the Moscow region. In total released 197640 pieces. The prototype served the German camera Zeiss Super Ikonta C. Folding Camera, the lens is connected to the camera leather fur, extends on the lever system automatically when opening the front cover. The housing is metallic with a folding rear cover. Lens "Industar-23". 
Moscow-5. - Further improvement of the second option "Moscow-2". It has a more durable and hard case, an lens is installed greater luminosity with a shorter focal length. It was the last serial model in the family of scale of walked and ranking devices "Moscow". It was produced from 1956 to 1960 by the Krasnogorsk Plant in the city of Krasnogorsk of the Moscow Region. A total of 216457 pieces were released. 
Photographer №1. (also "Photographer-1", often - simply "photograph") - Soviet plate folding camera of the 1930-1940s. He was a universal rectangular 9 × 12 cm format chamber with a disconnected front wall and a double-stretch of fur. The first Soviet mass camera - for 11 years of production (from 1930 to 1941 inclusive) more than 1 million copies were issued. 
FED-1.or simply FED - Soviet rangefall camera. Was produced by the Kharkov Production Machine-Building Association "FED" from 1934 to 1955
Most questions causes a numbering system (or rather, a lack of understandable system) "FED" cameras of the first years of release. Currently, the generally accepted version in the circle of collectors is the one that "chromium", "zinc", "nickel plated", etc. "FED" s had different numbering lines.
He was produced from 1934 to the mid-50s, when "FED-2" came to replace him. Under the name "FED" (exactly the first model) produced countless options and upgrades of this chamber. It is well known that the "FED" was a copy of Leica II, produced by Kharkov labor. Had a curtain-shell shutter from the plated rubberized shutters with excerpts: b (or z), 20, 30, 40, 60, 100, 250, 500. The rangefinder and the viewfinder (such as "Alba") had different ways to sight; The viewfinder had an increase of 0.44x, the range finder had a base of 38 mm and an increase of 1.0. To charge the camera opened the bottom cover. Syncontact and self-timer was not. Published lens "FED" (later "Industar-10", "Industar-22") 3.5 / 50 in a retractable tube with the following steps of the diaphragm: 3.5, 4.5, 6.3, 9, 12.5, 18 (The first experienced party lenses was produced at the ward, and was designed for GOI). Fastening threaded lenses - M39. 
FED-2.Was produced by the Kharkov Production Machine-Building Association "FED" from 1955 to 1970. was completed with an enlightened lens "Industar-26m" 2.8 / 50; The shutter had an excerpt of B, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500. The excerpt could be installed only after the shutter of the shutter (in 1956, the exposure head was reworked, as a result of which it became possible to set excerpts before the lightening of the shutter), the exposure head rotating. The viewfinder is combined in one field of view with a 67 mm rangefinder and an increase in 0.75x. The cell provides a diopter amendment. For charging the camera, the rear wall opened. It was used both standard single-cylinder cassettes and two-cylinders, which, when closing the castle of the back cover, opened and formed a wide slot, which significantly reduced the possibility of damage to the film surface during its promotion. In subsequent models, syncontact appeared (1956).
In 1958, a self-timer with a work time of 9-15 seconds appeared on the camera, in the same year a new GOST introduced to a number of excerpts - 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, since 1957 Complied with the lens "Industar-26m", since 1963 - "Industar-61l / d" 2.8 / 52 with lanthanne optics ("FED-2l"). Since 1969, a lever platoon has been introduced with a non-dwelling lock mechanism, and a new hull with a reduced rangefinder base. Total models called "FED-2" was issued 1632600 pieces. 
FED-3.. It was produced by the Kharkov Production Machine-Building Association "FED" from 1961 to 1979. Compared to the previous model, the excerpt range was expanded, added 15, 8, 4. 2, and 1 second, and therefore the vertical size of the chamber increased. It was also equipped with the lens "Industar 61 2.8 / 52". The rangefinder base is reduced to 41 mm, an increase in 0.75x viewfinder with a diopter correction +/- 2 DPT. Options have differed in the form of the viewfinder window, the presence of a platoon head or lever platform, and the inscription "FED-3". Since 1966, he was released with a lever platoon, since 1970, a mechanism for blocking the short-range smoke is introduced.
Total released 2086825 pcs. In the supply abroad, the camera was called Revue-3 (specifically for Foto-Quelle). 
FED-4.it was produced from 1964 to 1980 the main difference of this model from FED-3 - the presence of a selenium exposure meter. Several types of cameras were produced, characterized by design features. The export version of the camera was called Revue-4. 
FED-5V. It was produced by the Kharkov Production Machine-Building Association "FED" from 1975 to 1990. The camera differs from previous models in the absence of an exposure meter and a luminous frame with parallact marks. The presence of a curtain-slot shutter provides extension of excerpts from 1 to 1/500 s. The camera is completely mechanical. The exposure measurement is performed only using an external exposure meter. The eyepiece of the viewfinder allows focusing in small limits, depending on vision. 
FED micron-2 It was produced by the Kharkov Production Machine-Building Association "FED" from 1978 to 1986, about 35 thousand pieces were released.
The camera was intended for amateur and professional shooting on a standard black and white and color photo film type 135 with a frame format 24 × 36 mm. The "Industar-81" existed lens provided focus limits from 1 m to infinity. 
Seagull ("Seagull", "Seagull-2", "Seagull-2m", "Chaika-3") - Series of Soviet scale semi-format cameras.
Named in honor of Valentina Tereshkova (her call sign during the space flight - "Seagull").
Produced in 1965-1974 at the Belarusian Opto-Mechanical Association (Belo), the Minsk Mechanical Plant named after S. I. Vavilov.
Lens - "Industar-69" 2.8 / 28. Starting from the "Seagull-2" model, the lens is removable, the connecting thread - M39 × 1, like the rangefall FED and "dressed", but the working segment of another (27.5 mm), therefore lenses from the rangefinder chambers to "seagulls" (and On the contrary) are not suitable. 
Etude- The simplest average format camera produced in the USSR to the Association of the White.
The lens is a single-axis plastic 9/75 mm (11/60 mm) mounted on the hyperfocal distance. 
Things that are essential to the Soviet photographer
Tank for processing 35mm film carbette 
Personal frame 
Cassette for film 
Photoplens 
Positive photopile 
Lamp for photo flash 
Set of chemicals for processing color photo paper 
lens Jupiter-21 
Industare-50 
Oslabel, 1983 
Developer, 1988 
Fixed, 1985 
Cutter for trimming photos 
Time relay for photo printing silhouette, 1985. 
PHOTELEL TRV-1 
Cable for photoApprants for smooth descending button 
Photovolik. It was used to smooth wet photo on a glossy 
Photobumaga 
Photo list Norma1 
Photo list SEF-3M. 
Photo list electronics 
Stock extending Leningrad 4. 
Photo excerve Leningrad 6U. 
Tavory photo excerve 
UPA-3 photographer 
PhotoExponometers 
Instructions from a set of chemicals for processing color photo paper 
Instructions for film. 
Photo trips for photo album 
It was 9 release from the cycle