Adjectives and adverbs in many languages \u200b\u200bof the world have the degree of comparison. In English, it is Positive Degree, Comparative Degree and Superlative Degree, in Polish - Rywny, Wyńszy, Najwyńszy, in French - Le Positif, Le Comparatif, Le Superlatif. It was not an exception and Russian, it has a positive, comparative and excellent degree of adjectives. What do they differ and what are their forms?

Comparison degrees: Types, table

The ability to form comparison degrees has adjectives and adjectives from them.

There are three of them:

• Positive.
• Comparative.
• Excellent.

Each of them expresses a different level of possession by the subject or a special specific quality.

For example: Favorite boy ( positive), however, he may be resourceful ( comparative), and in a certain life situation and at all become the most resourceful ( excellent).

From which adjectives you can form comparison degrees

As you know, all adjectives of the Russian language are divided into several discharges.

• Qualitative - mean signs that the subject or living creature can possess in different degrees: sweet, sweeter, the sweetest.
• Relative - call signs of the subject or living creature by their attitude towards circumstances, actions or other personalities, things: phone call, wooden building.
• Press - testify to the belonging of something to someone: Pushkin Strochet, fatherly farewell.

Only from the first discharge can form a comparative and excellent degree of adjectives (charming - charming, the most charming), since it cannot be said: "A more wooden building" or "the most Pushkin Strochet".

Also to form comparison degrees can adverbs who came from the qualitative discharge of adjectives: cheerful - cheerful (more cheerful).

Comparative degree of adjectives in Russian

Before proceeding with a comparative consideration, it is worth a little mentioned about positive. This is called the initial degree of comparison (boring). In fact, it is considered only formally considered a degree of comparison. But the next is the comparative degree of adjective (boring, more boring). It serves in order to show that a certain subject or in the individual, this quality is present in a greater / smaller quantity than someone else has something else. For example: "This tea is stronger (stronger) than the one that we drank yesterday."

Information on the forms of comparative degree

In the example above, it can be noted that the comparative degree in Russian can be formed in such ways: with the help of suffixes or by adding an additional word (in this example it is more). It turns out, you can select 2 forms of the comparative degree of adjectives in Russian: a simple and composite or as it is sometimes called it is complicated.

Methods for formation of a simple form

There are several ways to form it.

• With the help of suffixes, they, -e, -sh, added to the base: Bodry - cheer. However, it is worth remembering that if the suffixes of the comparative degree of adjectives are used, it can happen alternation of consonants in the root of the word, and suffixes -k, it can be abolished in general. For example: Narrow - already, ringing - calling.
• Sometimes simple form It may be formed by adding all the same, ", -e, -sh, as well as the prefix. For example: Soon - quickly, quickly - quickly. Adjectives formed in this way, as a rule, are a lot of colloquial speech.
• Sometimes the comparative degree of adjectives in Russian is formed using a different basis of the word: bad - worse.

It is worth remembering that a simple form can be formed not from every qualitative adjective. So historically it happened that some words simply cannot be formed. For example, from such adjectives as "tall" or "business". After all, it is impossible to say: "Rossel" or "business".

Unlike a positive, simple comparative degree has no end and does not change. For example, the adjective "light" varies by childbirth and the numbers: "bright", "light", "bright", etc. In addition, it is inclined by pades. But the comparative degree of adjective is "lighter", unchanged.

In this form, the word, as a rule, perform the syntactic role of the tame: "The words of love - sweeter of honey", and in some cases - definitions: "weld the jam of the message."

Complex form

Unlike simple, it is formed not by the help of suffixes or prefixes, but by the way to add to the adjective to the positive degree of words "more" or "less". For example: "Rembrandt was a more ingenious artist, rather than most of his contemporaries, but he really appreciated him after his death."

Adjectives in a complex form are inclined by cases, change in numbers and, accordingly, according to childbirth, at that time, "more" and "less" remain unchanged. For example: more powerful (powerful, powerful, powerful).

Both in a simple form and in a composite, adaptable degree in the proposal, the role of the lesions or definitions: "their relationships were closer and sublime, rather than anyone from others."

Having considered information on a comparative degree, now it is worth moving to the study of excellent. And it will help not to forget how the comparative degree of adjectives is formed - the table.

It briefly describes all information about simple and complex forms and their education.

A brief information about the excellent degree of comparison

It serves to demonstrate that a certain object or a living being absolutely exceeds any other on a certain quality, which is presented in their highest.

For example: "The house of the third piglet was the most durable and wolf could not destroy it."

A little about the forms of excellent degree

To deal with this topic will help knowledge about how simple and complex comparative degree of adjectives are formed. In the case of a superb degree of both its shapes, similar names are similar: simple and composite (complex) and are formed according to the relevant principle.

They are formed by the same principle:

• Easy is formed by adding suffixes -Ech, -Yesh to the base: caring - caring. Similarly, with a comparative, superfixes can also fall out the basis of the base. - Software: Low, Nearby. The word formed by the simple form of an excellent degree is inclined by cases and varies in numbers and childbirth. While the comparative degree of adjective in simple form is deprived of this property. For example: "light". As mentioned above, in comparative form it is invariably - "lighter". But in an excellent degree - "the light", it can change: "light", "lightly".
• Composite (complex) form is formed by adding the words "most", "the least" or "most" ("most", "most", "most") to the adjective to a positive degree. For example: the brightest, the least busy, most funny. In some cases, the formation may also participate the comparative degree of adjective plus the word "all". For example: "This girl quickly coped with the task in the class." As in the case of a composite form of a comparative degree, adjective in excellent changes according to the same categories. And additional words: "most" or "least" remain unchanged: "The wolf ran the most short dear to the grandmother's house and ahead of the Red Hat." However, the "most" also changes: "The wolf ran the shortest way to the grandmother's house and beat the Red Hat."

As for the syntactic role, the adjective to this extent, as a rule, act as the faugible: "An amazing journey." More easily - definitions: "It was the story of an amazing journey." And in difficult form, they most often fulfill the role of definitions: "He was smarter than everyone in school."

Excellent and comparative degrees of adjectives: Exercises for consolidating knowledge

To better remember the entire outlined material, it is worth practicing while performing some pretty simple exercises.

By itself, the topic of comparative degrees of adjectives is pretty easy. However, in order to prevent errors to remember the basic rules, especially since most European adjectives also have 3 degrees of comparison. Therefore, sobering what they are in Russian can be safely taken for the study of grammar of foreign languages.

Here
Adjectives may have comparison degrees: comparative and excellent.

The comparative degree of adjective indicates that the characteristic feature is manifested in it to a greater or lesser extent than in another subject or subjects:

Your briefcase is harder than mine.
Your briefcase is more severe than mine.

An excellent degree indicates that this subject is superior to any other items:

Yerevan is the most ancient city of the world.

The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms:
simple and composite.

Simple form of a comparative degree of adjective
it is formed by the addition of suffixes (s), -e,, - initial form Adjective:
good - kinder (s), young - younger, thin - thinner.

Sufifix adjectives -K- (-Ob, -Ek-) may fall out if simple
the form of a comparative degree is formed with the help of suffixes -E, -sh.
In this case, there are also alternation of consonants at the root:
low - below, high - above, thin - thinner.

Some adjective names are of the form of a comparative degree with the other basis:

good - better, bad - worse, small - less.

To the form of a comparative degree, on -y (s), -e, it can join the prefix that enhances or softens the degree of manifestation of a trait in one of the items:

subsequent (s), softer, fond.

These forms, as well as the form of the type of bles, are characteristic of conversational speech:

By night, the wind became more accurate. Nights became warm.

A simple form of comparative degree is immutable,
has no endings, and in the sentence acts as a faithful
or (less often) Definition:
Good words are better than a soft cake. Jump coat warmer.

A simple form of a comparative degree can be formed not from all adjectives (timid, tall, business, etc.).

The composite form of a comparative degree is formed by adding words more, less than the initial form of adjective:

fast - faster, loud - less loud.

The second word is composite form of a comparative degree varies by childbirth, cases and numbers:

deep snow, deeper river, at deeper rivers.

The adjectives in the composite form of a comparative degree in the proposal are subject to the definitions:
Our arguments are thinner and deep. No one could bring more convincing arguments.

In the formation of composite form of a comparative degree
avoid type errors more beautiful.

An excellent adjective degree has two forms:
simple and composite.

A simple form of an excellent degree of adjectives is formed by the addition of suffixes -Ex- (-Ash-) to the basis of the initial form of adjective:
the modest one is modest, the great one is the greatest.

Before timing, there is an alternation of consonants:
strict - strictest, quiet - silent.

Sufifixes can fall out -K-: Close - Nearest.

A simple form of excellent degree varies by childbirth, numbers,
pades. The proposal is a predicate or (less often) by definition:
Travel is the most interesting. It was a story about the most interesting journey.

A simple form of excellent degree is most often used in the book speech.

Adjectives (adjectives) are words that express qualities, signs of items. They answer the question what?. In the proposal, they tend to determine the noun. IN english language They do not change in no fees, nor by numbers, nor by cases:

a Little Girl - Little Girl

a Little Boy - Little Boy

little Children - Little Children

With a little boy - with a small boy.

Adjectives change only in comparison degrees (DEGREES OF COMPARISON). There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives: positive (Positive degree), comparative (Comparative Degree), excellent (superlative degree).

Rules for the formation of degrees comparing adjectives.

The adjectives are positive have no endings, for example: Quick (fast), Slow (slow), Old (old), new (new). Comparative and excellent degrees are formed using suffix -er and -est or by adding words more (more) and MOST (most). The choice of method depends on the initial form of the adjective.

Sneakers and some double adjectives form a comparative degree with a suffix -er, and an excellent degree with suffix -est. Using suffix -er, -est form comparison comparison comparison adjectives, ending on -er, -ow, -y, -le (Clever, Narrow, Early, Simple).

We give examples:

Single and double adjectives

The letter must comply with certain rules of spelling.

1. If the adjective has a brief vowel and ends on one consonant, then in a comparative degree and in excellent degree this consonant doubles:

big - Bigger - Biggest

big - more - the greatest, the largest

Fat - Fatter - Fattest

thick, fat - thicker - the fattest

WET - WETTER - WETTEST

wet, wet - more wet - the most wet

SAD - Sadder - Saddest

sad, sad - more sad - the saddest

thin - Thinner - Thinnest

thin, thin - thinner - the thinnest

2. If the adjective ends with the letter -y with preceding consonant, then in comparative and excellent degrees of the letter y. Changing on i.:

Easy - Easier - Easiest

easy - easier - the smartest, the easiest

early - Earlier - Earliest

early - earlier - the earliest

dry - DRIER - DRIEST

dry, dry - more dry - the most dry

But the word shy (shy, gravily) does not obey this rule and forms the degree of comparison as follows:

shy - Shyer - Shyest.

3. If the adjective ends with the letter -E. , then in comparative and excellent degrees is added -R, -ST.:

wide - Wider - Widest

wide - wider - widest, the widest

late - Later - Latest

late - later - the latest

fine - Finer - Finest

good, beautiful - better - the most good

simple - Simpler - Simplest

simple - easier - the easiest

Multiple adjectives, i.e. Adjectives consisting of three or more syllables form a comparison with the help of words More for a comparative degree and Most for an excellent degree. Consider the following examples:

Multiple adjectives

In the same way, i.e. Using words more for comparative degree and Most for excellent degree, form comparison of some double words that end on -ed and -

Qualitative adjectives have the degree of comparison: positive (source), comparative(com pars) I. excellent(Superlative). Grammatical category degrees of comparison It acts as a grammarized core of the functional-semantic category of graduality, the value of which is implemented by multi-level linguistic means. The value of the degree of comparison is that the comparative degree transmits the intensity of the feature in comparison with the same feature in another subject .

Scientific discussion

Starting from Aristotle to the present, words transmitting gradual value (measures, degrees, the values \u200b\u200bof the trait, process, phenomena, subject), There were an object of studying many researchers 3. M. V. Lomonosov in his "Russian grammar" considered the degree of comparing category subjective assessment . Russian grammar XIX century. These aspects are brought together. Two categories of quality qualities were established - multicolute(old, old, older) and relative(the oldest of ..., one other older) .

Do not call the present phenomena by the term graduality This uses modern scientists, linguists described a number of language phenomena corresponding to the very essence of graduality. All theories and descriptions of various quality Degrees S. The historical point of view was an important perspective in the study of graduality. Starting from the XV century. In Russian, there are all sorts of forms with a graded value.

Signs, procedural, object in a certain way (to a greater or lesser extent) correlate with the concepts degree, measure. Most of the words of the modern Russian language expresses variable and measurable ( qualitative) Sign: degree of comparison (adjectives); Education with suffixes of magnifying and decreasing (nouns names); Ways of verbal action with a measure of measure; gradual oppositions in the lexical system of the language; graded syntactic structures; Using gradation as a stylistic method. As graduated and graduated Units are considered such words that, by virtue of their semantic-grammatical features, are able to express one or another (measure) of the manifestation of the feature: "in the everyday language" compare "- it means to express your attitude," evaluate "," measure ", guided by our feelings and Our passions. "

Graduality - Functional and semantic category with value measures, degree of manifestation Symptom, process, phenomena, states expressed by multi-level linguistic means. Comparative degree comparative) Indicates such a variable sign that can manifest itself in the subject to a greater or lesser extent than in another subject. Wed: This question more difficultprevious one. – This question more difficult,than previous one. Excellent degree superlative) Indicates such a variable sign, which manifests itself in the subject in the largest or less subject than in the other subject: it easythe question of the topic is studied. - It the most difficultthe question of the topic is studied.

Forms of comparative and excellent degrees can be simple (synthetic) and complicated (analytical).

Simple the form comparative degrees have indicators - suffixes - Oh (s), -e: high – easye.(alternation with // Sh In the root of the word + truncation of the base - suffix -Ob-), Syl – silnher (Siln-to her) etc. From the names of adjectives good, bad, small Supplement forms of comparative degree are formed: good - better, bad - worse etc. A simple excellent degree is formed by attaching suffixes - -, - aysh-: highayshiy, Siln.eysh.iY et al. for example: Lion Tolstoy - Genialeysh.iY ofwriters XX century.

Complex the form comparative degree formed by additional words more / less + Positive degree: more (less)high (kind).

Complex the form excellent The degree is formed in several ways:

• a) with the help of an additional (auxiliary) word (particles) is the most difficult, the highest etc.;
• b) with additional (auxiliary) words most, least: the least complex etc.;
• c) a combination "Simple form of comparative degree + pronoun in the parental case total (or all) ": the most difficult (all) and etc.;
• d) combination "amplifier particle everything + simple form of comparative degree ": The pain in the heart became everythinghote. (M. Sholokhov).

In the suggestion, the simple form usually performs the function faithful And the composite can be like beyond so I. definition. Wed: She is it was more beautifulwhat he imagined her (L. Tolstoy).

The complex form of comparative and excellent degrees is formed almost from all qualitative names of adjectives. A simple form has limitations.

There are no forms of a simple comparative degree from the names of adjectives:

• - with absolute qualitative meaning: bald, blind, chrome, mute, bass, deaf etc.;
• - with the basis for [ sh"], [j.]: beggar, dozha and etc.;
• - with suffix -Sh-: friendlysC.iy, enemysC.iY etc.;
• - from some ungalled adjectives with suffix -K-: Padtoiy, movetoiy, Shat.toiY etc.;
• - with suffix -On - / - Ev-: troubleoVboleVoh etc.;
• - with suffix -L-: unawl.things, mouthl.oh etc.;
• - from the individual names of the adjectives standing by the mansion for the reasons of historical nature, for example proud, young and etc.

There are no forms of a simple excellent degree from the names of adjectives:

• - with suffix -Sh-: friendlysC.iy, tragicsC.iy, enemysC.iY etc.;
• - with suffix -K-: Gad.toiy, thundertoiy, ringingtoiY etc.;
• - with suffix -OV - / - EU-: rowoVoh, stationeVoh, boeVoh and etc.;
• - from the names of adjectives proud, young etc.

Excellent The degree has two varieties of importance:

• 1) manifestation of a sign in high degree Compared to other objects ( superlative): oldestworkers etc.;
• 2) Expression limit degree manifestations of signs whatever to other subjects (irrelevantly a sign of a sign - elative): Got into stupidposition is rareyhappening etc.

IN grammatical The relationship is complex comparative and excellent degrees are no different from positive (source) degree. Simple forms of comparative degree are immutable, Wed: House (at home) (pine-a (s), building-e (s)) above,than...

Syntax (syntagmatic) conditions The use of morphological varieties in Russian is characterized by the following features.

1. Expressing relative degree of availability of a sign The name of adjective B. comparative or excellent degree used as a gradual syntactic member - predicate or definitions. Wed:

So, arguing, Selifan wishes finally in the most remoteabstract. Maybe she prompted him othermore significant reason more serious, nearto the heart ... But about all this, the reader will know gradually and in due time, if only it will have a patience to read the proposed story, very long, having after it is widely and more spacious as it approaches the end, crowned business (N. Gogol).

These are complex, analytical education. In the role of an indicator of degree more (comparative degree) and words most or most (in excellent degree). Excellent degree rate most stylistically neutral, and the word most It is book. Wed:

Mosttypical cases; mostsimple question. - Bar View the prudent cooler of the castle, he sought to create the most unexpected, the most bizarrethe ratio of figures (V. Nabokov).

2. Names adjectives in comparative degrees acting as definitions can express the result of a subjective assessment.

Analysis of subjective assessment can be conveyed by lexical means, for example: elderly man (unlike old). In conjunction with the word more The adjective name is used both in full and in brief form: this question is more important.: important (composite form); this question is more important: the most important (Simple form). Brief form more important transmits a state thought in time: currently this question more important.

Typical for the Russian language is a simple (synthetic) form of a comparative degree on - Oh, -eh. It is ionymis in the form of a comparative degree of adverbs. Wed: he behaves modestly (NARCH.); his requirements are modest (arr.).

Excellent The degree of the adjective, acting in the function of the nominal facility, has three forms similar to the forms of comparative degree: this question is very (important): most (important): more importantly (total). If an excellent degree expresses quality In an inanimate or animated object, then preference is given to the forms "most + full form of adjective":

This suitcase the heaviest;His job the best.- Vronsky is one of the sons of Cyril Ivanovich Vronsky and one of the bestsamples of gilded youth (L. Tolstoy).

• 3. Comparative degree in function predicate-tame It is used in special compparative structures in which the comparison object is expressed so either otherwise. It is formed in two ways:
• 1) Connection of a simple form of a comparative degree with a genitive comparison: Wilson is more important than other birds (V. Mayakovsky);
• 2) compound compound form of a comparative degree consisting of a word more and a brief form of a positive degree and the Union what: Wilson is more important than the other bird.

The most common should be considered the first method, because the use of "forms of comparative degree is not limited to simple morphological rules. The types of education and the functioning of degrees of comparison in Russian should be studied and digestively with the syntactic and semantic conditions of their use."

All qualitative and estimated and most qualitative names of adjectives form comparison degrees expressing different degrees of quality. But in some cases they do not have degrees of comparison due to their semantics: adjectives some, barefoot etc. denote absolute quality And logically do not allow a comparative or excellent degree. It is important to note that comparative and excellent degree designate different values in contrast positive degrees:

"One at two meetings immediately ..."

(V. Mayakovsky)

Forms of comparative degree with the prefix in addition to it, cheaper etc.), acting as a faith, acquire a shade "relaxed" comparative degree: He is a not one; He will be smarter than all of us. -

And he was a guys wondering

He was started on the Medreedih,

He saved her horns

what higher pup lower liver

• (in the "slightly higher / lower" value).
• (A. Pushkin)

Forms of adjectives on - it, -e, -sh With the prefix by- Indicate the predominance of some quality in one of the compared items: (book) more interesting; (boy) inximate etc.

In combination with the parent case of determination pronoun total or all (which, but essence, became formants, excellent degree rates) the comparative degree acquires the value of excellent. Such stable combinations carry the value of the highest degree of quality by comparative opposition any other subjects in the aggregate and not from the same category. This is a complex form of an elative that does not combine with forms on -Yesh-, -yis. For example:

Most of all I was struck by the fact that from Monday he will be a nuddle (V. Nabokov); And shouting geese, / in the sky disappearing, / which is most expensive / side of the native ... (M. Isakovsky).

All three degrees are a gradation series: rough: Rough: rude; rough: Rouga: the coolestetc.

In russian language comparative The degree is often used in value. excellent. Diffuses such use pEITIVE case of the second element With a comparative degree. It can also be used at excellent degree: best of all, richer than all. In some cases, you can notice the "limited" value of excellent degree - it is better (...) all others, except for one (two ...).

Relying on the system of degrees of comparison Otto Esperesen, excluding an excellent degree as a kind of comparative, to highlight the graduation steps:

• 1. Superiority (>) more dangerous (better) than ...
• 2. Equality(\u003d) with only dangerous (good), like ...
• 3. Lower degree (less dangerous (good) than ... etc.

It's obvious that first and third steps tightly connected because

in both cases is expressed inequality. Two ways of expression with the opposite value are distinguished, which make it possible to change the ratio of the first and third steps to the inverse: worse than = less good than. Based on this, you can set the following equality: older than = less young than. Wed:

Levin himself did not remember his mother, and his only sister was older than himSo, in the house of Shcherbatsky, he for the first time he saw that very environment of the old noble, educated and honest family, which he was deprived of the death of his father and mother (L. Tolstoy).

Comparison Sister Levin older than him does not mean that Sister is old and comparative degree there may mean smaller degree than positive in expression Sister Stara. Similar to Proposal Sister older than levin says nothing about Old Town Levin; by old age Levin will be implied if you attach the adverb yet: Sister is even older than Levin. We see that such use of the word yet Not self-evident.

When denial of steps superiority (1) Sister is not as old as Levin We get the value either equality (2) or lower degree (3). When denial of steps equality (2) We get the value lower degree (3): less old than; younger than. Wed: As well as old as V. An objection for this statement will be the following: Oh, no, not as old as B, but much older.

There are structures proportional conformity In which the deterministic element represents a period of time, but does not have an explicit expression. The following values \u200b\u200band features of their expression are detected in such proposals:

a) Repeat the form of a comparative degree:

Become all darker and darker (\u003d than longerit has continued, especially darkerbecame). He became more and moreimpatient; Heartache everything became hot(M. Sholokhov);

b) Formant everything In the aggregate of S. comparative degree Forms an excellent degree: He said all inadvertent.

V. V. Vinogradov pointed out the names of adjectives on -Yeshe / - She May have three meanings in modern Russian:

1) whatever big measure (limit degree) Symptom (Elative value):

He is the smartest man; Wonderful weather. - He began to pass off the leaves and flowers and swept away from the smallest dust (V. Nabokov).

Some forms of excellent degree are separated from the paradigm and perform in the value of the elative, i.e. In the meaning of absolutely greater degree of quality: the greatest scientist (does not mean the greatest) ,

• 2) excellent degrees: verpery of friends, the greatest poet,
• 3) comparative degree (value, almost lost in modern Russian, but leaving traces in phraseology): under the clue.

The most common is the use of forms on -Yest / -Eeis in elative value. Such forms in free combinations are evaluative. Wed:

I got into a stupid position; This is the rarest case, etc. - It the clearer, decent and talented man (N. Gogol); Nothing happened on nothing, he listened to calmly, and when the father was picking attacle, attractive (\u003d "Evaluation Character") Details, said, by the way, that, as an adult, will call on the last name, the son blushed, blinked, leaning back at the pillow, opening his mouth and winding his head ... (V. Nabokov).

Gradually appreciable value of the excellent degree of form on -Yest / -Eeis implemented by a combination with a pretext of:genius (musicians), the oldest (workers) etc. For example:

And as in my wagon ... with the clothes and linen there was a bed, then I read myself in my misfortunes happieged outmortals (A. Pushkin).

Elective significance is very close to the category of subjective assessment. Elative forms express gradual significance and serve to express the ultimate degree of quality without specifying attitudes towards other subjects: In the air wearing the smallest dust; Found a rarest copy.

Consequently, the formal means of expressing values \u200b\u200bof measure and degree (graduality) in the field of qualitative names of adjectives (and high-quality adventures) is morphological The level relating to the properties of morphemes and cases of analytical education. As a grammarized kernel graduality acts corresponding to it category degrees of comparison - comparative, superlative andelative.

• Cm.: Kolesnikova S. M. Semantics of graduality and ways to express her expression in modern Russian. M., 1998; Her. Functional and semantic category of graduality in modern Russian. M., 2010. P. 78-86.
• See Extra: Falev I. A. On the question of comparison degrees in modern Russian // Language and thinking. Vol. 9. m.; L. 1940; Nikulin A. S. The degree of comparison in modern Russian. M.; L., 1937; Knyazev Yu. P. On semantics degrees comparing adjectives // Scientists of the Tartu State. un-ta. T. 524: Problems of the Instrument Functional Description of the Language. Tartu, 1980; Kolesnikova S. M. The degree of comparison of the adjectives and the intensity expressed intensity // Russian in school. 1998. No. 5.
• Wed: Galich G. The gradual characteristics of the qualitative adjectives, verbs and nouns of the modern German language: author. Disbox .... Cand. Philol. science L., 1981; Chariter Z. A. Turansky I. I. Semantic category of intensity in modern English. M., 1990; Novikov L. A. Antonymy in Russian. M., 1973; Arutyunova N. D. Language and world of man. M., 1999; Apresian Yu. D. Lexic semantics. Synonymic language of language. M., 1974; Wolf E. M. Functional semantics evaluation. M., 1985; Killed I. I. Lexical means of expression of intensity (on the material of Russian and English): Author. Disbox .... Cand. Philol. science M., 1974; Turansky I. I. Semantic category intensity in English. M., 1990; Collars Yu. L. The degree of quality in modern Russian. M., 1999; Norman V. Yu. Graduation in Russian // Qnantitat Und Graduieierungals Kognitiv-Semantische Kategorien. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlg, 2001. C. 381-403. Sepir E. Graduation: Semantic Study // New in Foreign Linguistics. M., 1986. P. 43; Khalina N. V. Category of graduality in the word and text. Barnaul, 1993; Krzhizkova E. Quantitative determination of adjectives in Russian (lexico-syntax + analysis) // Syntax and norm. M., 1974. P. 122-144; Bolinger D. DEGREE WORDS. Paris: Mouton, 1972; Studia Gramatyezne Bulgarsko-Polskie. T. 3: Ilosc, Gradaeja, Osoba. Wroclaw, 1989; Kolesnikova S. M. Graduated: Linguistic description (on the material of the Russian language) // Akademiai Kiado. Budapest, 2011; Rubashi D., Shax On graduality in a comparative aspect // MGOU Bulletin. Ser. "Russian philology". Vol. 5. M., 2010. P. 110-117; Kolesnikova S. M. Functional and semantic category of graduality in modern Russian // Modern Nyelvoktatas: And Magyar Alkalmazott Nyelveszek es Nyelvtanarok EgyesFiletenek Folyoirata. XVI. 2010. S. 116-118; SJOSTROM S. Spatial Relations: Towards A Theory of Spatial Verbs, Prepositions, A Pronominal Adverbs in Swedish. Goteborg: Dept, Of Linguistics, 1990.
• Cartsevsky S. O. Comparison // Questions of Linguistics. 1976. No. 1. P. 112.
• Isachenko A. V. Grammar stroke of the Russian language in comparison with Slovak. Bratislava, 1965. S. 201.
• Cm.: Esperesen O. Grammar philosophy: Per. from English M., 1958.

Adjectives in Russian. They are indispens when it is necessary to compare one characteristic of the subject or phenomenon on the other. Let's try to figure out the subtleties of this topic.

Adjective

Before starting the study of the topic "The degree of comparison of adjectives in Russian", it is necessary to know how this part of the speech differs from all others. And it really has a lot of features. It is difficult to imagine our speech without this colorful, elegant group. With the help of adjectives, we describe appearance (low, pretty, non-zeys), character (kind, grimy, complex), age (young, old). However, not only human qualities, but much more can be represented with their help. For example, no artistic work costs without the use of adjectives. And the lyrics and is suppressed. Thanks to this part of the speech stories, poems, the stories acquire expressiveness and imagery.

Helps to form artistic means like epithets (dazzling beauty, wonderful morning), stone heart metaphors), comparisons (looks like the happiest; sky, like azure watercolor).

A distinctive feature of the names of adjectives is their ability to form brief forms. The latter always play in the proposal the role of the believer, which gives this part of the speech another advantage - to give any text to any text.

What is the degree?

With this question, anyone who studies Russian is facing. The degree of comparison of adjectives is a characteristic that helps compare one object with another.

For example, we have two goals. They are absolutely the same, only one of them is slightly different in size. We need to compare them among themselves and conclude: one ball more Other. We can approach this issue on the other hand and note that one ball lessthan the second. And in fact, and in another case, we used a word that characterizes the degree of comparison of these items.

Now we put another same as the same, but much greater. We need to highlight it among others. How will we do it? Of course, use a comparison. Only now you need to specify that the third ball differs from the first and second immediately. In this case, we say that he the largest among them.

It is for this that we need about each of their form we will describe in detail further.

comparative

When us is the name of the adjective, which no one compares with anything, it is characterized by a positive degree. But if one item must be compared with the other, then we will use the comparative degree of the adjective name.

She has two subspecies. The first is called simple, or suffix. This means that the word used to this extent has a characteristic suffix for it.

For example: this table chic. Neighbor gormer ours.

In the first case, adjective is worth a positive degree. In the second, the suffix "It" added to him and with the help of this compared one table with another.

The second species is a composite degree. As it follows from the name, its formation does not occur with the help of morpheme, but using special words.

For example: this project is very successful. The past project was more successful.

The word "more" helps us compare one project with another.

Another example: we got valuable information. The previous one was less valuable.

Now, with the help of the word "less", we indicated a sign that manifested itself to a lesser extent.

It is worth remembering that the degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian, regardless of varieties, are formed only from either attracted, nor relatives do not possess this ability.

Excellent degree

In some situations, we need not just to compare one item or a phenomenon with another, but to highlight it from all to it. And here we will also come to help the degree of comparison of adjectives in Russian. This degree of comparison is called excellent, which already implies the highest limit.

As comparative, it has two varieties.

Using suffixes, a simple degree is formed.

For example: Ivanov stronger Of all athletes in the team.

The word "strong" with the suffix - and- formed and allocated an athlete of Ivanov among other members of the national team.

Next example: new tulle the most beautiful From those that I saw.

In this case, the auxiliary word "most" gave this proposal the same meaning as in the previous example. This form is called composite.

Sometimes it can be accompanied by the prefix is \u200b\u200bthe highest: the largest.

Features

In some cases, the forms of degrees comparing adjectives have exceptions.

These include the words "good" and "bad". When we begin to compare it with their help, it will face some difficulties.

For example: we spent good evening. Let's try to form a comparison degrees chain.

In simple comparative, we will see that the words "good" does not happen. It comes to the replacement "better". And by the word "bad" we will select "worse". Such a phenomenon in Russian is called Supptivism basics. This means that the Word needs to radically change to form a comparative degree.

Conclusion

Thus, we managed to find out not only the foundations, but also some nuances on the topic "degree of comparison of adjectives in Russian."

Now this rule will not cause you no difficulty, since it is completely simple.