Ulyanovsk stretches on the shores of two rivers - Volga and Sviyagi, carrying their waters in opposite directions. Within the city of their channel come closer to two kilometers. It is believed that thanks to this, Simbirsk-Ulyanovsk has a special energy. By the number of great Russians born here, only our capitals can be compared with the symbirsky - Moscow and St. Petersburg. How long will the swiyaga give us any other energy? About the life of the river and its problems is reflected by the environment, teacher Ulgpu Vyacheslav Mikheev.

The Sviyaga River is one of the largest rivers of the Ulyanovsk region, the right influx of the Volga, in which it falls within the Republic of Tatarstan. The total length is 375 km, on the territory of the region, its path is 216.4 km. It begins in the Tuzen district and, interestingly, it has three sources.

There are two main versions of the origin of the name of the river. According to the first, the word comes from the Turkic "SI" or "Su" - "Water" and "Aha" - "flow": that is, it is simply translated - "Current Water". According to another version, "Sviyaga" in Russian dialects of the XIV century - "wild duck". Hence the name of one of the types of ducks - "Sviyaz".

Water Sviyagi was used by indigenous peoples for drinking and domestic needs, water mills worked on the river, fishing fisheries flourished.

Within Ulyanovsk, the length of the Sviyagi is about 25 km, and the river areas from the swelling and to the village of Novoseldinsky periodically replaced with eye-shaped career expansions: new, double, black and beach, reservoir, pavement and Novoseldinsky. Near the village Herring The Sviyaga is replenished with the waters of the river herring.

In the city of the city of Sviyaga forms a picturesque extensive, very wetlable flood. On the shores - Zaroshi Yves, alder, there are a black poplar, or echoard.

Near the water - reed, Rogoz and Refami lake. A massive view of the cube was a hoody, forming large flowers with a pleasant smell on the surface of the water. This plant, however, is extaries personifies treason and deceit. In the middle of the last century, one of the most common aquatic plants was appeared in Sviaga - Elodea Canadian. Because of its ability to grow very quickly and flood the reservoir, it got the name "Water Plague".

River gives life

More than two thousand species of animals have zoologists in the floodplain of the Sviyagi, but more than one and a half thousand of them are insects. It is difficult to present a rest on the river without a mosquito stall, rapid flock of dragonflies, elegant slip on the surface of the water of the bugs-water meters. In the water, lazily crawl along the bottom of the coil, loganks, pondoviki and motionlessly fade into molluscs and toothless shells.

In the spring, after the ice drift, the swiyaga, like all the reservoirs, comes to life and begins to ring with different voices - the roll call is satisfied with amphibians and birds. Most often, the characteristic jacket of the lake and pond frogs is heard. In total, on the shores of the Sviyagi can be found seven types of amphibians. Of the three types of reptiles living here, a great good luck can be considered a meeting with the marsh turtle - the rarest species of the region. On the contrary, an ordinary and hooking lizard is typical inhabitants of the coast.

On the banks of the river within the city of Ulyanovsk there are about 150 species of birds. In the summer, the most characteristic lake seagull, river paint, organizag, river cricket, marsh and sadov swamps, gray and garden slats, ordinary lentils and many others. From waterfowl - Mallard, clumsy corrider and breeds.

Mammals associated with the river, in the city much less - 14 species.

In the cog and in her floodplain, the waterproof, the American settler - Ondatra. More rare the largest rodent area - Beaver. The European mink and the otter disappeared from the city Sviyagi for years 30 years ago, but the Yezh, a forest mouse, caress, black chorine still withstand the test of the urban environment. Closer to the outskirts of the city you can find large and cautious ungulates - boar and root.

The older generation of Ulyanovsk perfectly remembers the cogging with sandy beaches and tasty fish. And now in the reservoir there is a lot of roach, perch and bleaks. On Bystrin, chub, ordinary sand, horse, ordinary sub-generator. On calm overgrown areas, silver crucian crucia feeds, lin, pike.

Self-cleaning ability is not impossible

Unfortunately, over the past 30 years, significant changes have occurred as part of the ichthyofauna of the city river. One of the most voracious fish was penetrated in the cog - Rotan's head, which eats caviar and young fish and amphibians. The number of majority of fish species has declined significantly, some species (COM, Berch) have practically disappeared.

The main reason is the increased pollution of the river. Stocks of enterprises are taken in the cog, outdated treatment facilities do not cope with water purification. The patient is a question for the city - the absence of storm sewage, as a result of which the water from the streets of our city is freely flowing into the river.

Any water is capable of self-cleaning, but the swiyaga due to the powerful anthropogenic load and reduced water exchange, unfortunately, does not cope with this task. Moreover, the contaminated swiyaga is like a stick about two ends. The population does not use water swiyads to drink directly, but it is not necessary to forget that near Kazan she flows into the Volga (more precisely, in the Kuibyshev reservoir), which carries its waters to our glorious city. And the Volga, by the way, is the main source of drinking water supply Ulyanovsk.

Environmental services of the city are stubbornly fight for the salvation of the Sviyagi. Within Ulyanovsk, two specially protected natural areas have been created to preserve natural beauty and biodiversity: the Ecological Park "Black Lake" and the Sviyazh ecological and recreational zone. In the Ecopark "Black Lake", traditional holidays of the Earth Day and World Environmental Day, collecting hundreds of schoolchildren, students, ecologists, defenders of nature, are held in the Black Lake Ecopark.

Sviyaga - River in the European part of the Russian Federation, is the right influx of Volga. Takes its beginning on the Volga Hills, it flows almost parallel to the Volga, but in the opposite direction. She flows into the Sviyazh bay of the Kuibyshev reservoir. In some places, the river shipping. It costs the famous city of Sviyazhsk, who commanded the establishment of Ivan Grozny to create a bridgehead for a campaign to Kazan Khanate in 1552. His army also sailed along the cog.

The name of the River "Sviyaga", probably, of Finno-Ugric origin, what the linguistic system is talking about. It is unlikely that it is Turkic, although the river flows through the Tataria. As you know, in the Volga basin from ancient times, numerous threat-Finnish tribes lived, which gave the name to different places, lakes and rivers. Words over time have a property to be modified, and it is subsequently impossible to know how they sounded originally and what they mean.

There are several legends about the origin of the name of the Sviyagi. One of them says that she once lived in her shores a tribe, which was called "back." During the existence of the Volga Bulgaria, this tribe was joined to her, but Veru Bulgarian accept refused, for which the leader of him, War, was delivered to the Supreme Khan and he tried to convince the wrestle to do it. But the threats did not affect. Then Khan, waking up the courage of the leader, let him go alive as a reward for courage. And the river ordered the name "Sviyazhskaya" and the tribe did not touch the tribe.

Another legend tells that when Ivan Grozny sailed with his army along the river, he suddenly saw people who fled on her shores and shouted in her own language that the adoption of the White Tsar. Russian king disassembled only some word, sort of: "Sviyaga". "Eco Sviyaga," he said. Since then, they began to call this river Spring.

According to the researcher, Pospelova, the Sviyaga - the Russian form, formed, apparently, as a result of processing any of the national forms (Chuvash, Tatar Zia, Zia, Zeya; Marya Sui) with the empowerment - ha, which, however, Alien and Russian language (Wed Tramp, Koryaga) and is used in the hydronismic of the region (the poor, Viyaga, Terenog). The author of the etymological dictionary M. Fasmer admits the formation of the name from the Russian "to" as an indication of the sulfice of the river, i.e., the Sviyaga - "Piggy, whipping."

The river is still famous for clean water and its fish, which has not been translated to this day.

***
Peter Alexandrov
From the poem "Simbirsk"
... Major Volga, Queen River,
And casual azure, clean,
Near him laid their shores,
And the mirror is silver smooth.
Slightly will do, - One both on fire,
And the beauty is reflected in them,
And, caressing, he hugs him,
These quiet beauty rivers.
For Spring Village, and then - Meadow
In an easy space, they are lost;
Their green space broke the river
And capricious flows - wriggling ...
1898
***
Vladimir Pyrekov
Sviyaga (1; Next there)
Childhood falls in love with small rivers. Large, elevated by epics and songs, fully estimated by young people, their ripe medium, their solemn expanses, their universal thoughtfulness, their storm riot - storm for a child ... Affectionate kittens go to children a stream and robust, their rolled pasta-bells are woven into infant laughter Their Yellow Lily Cubes and January White Lilies are available for floating "seedlings", their wiggy sandboxes and rags are clogged near the boys - thread and cork - gear, their moisture, - Oh, how she is desirable in July!
I do not say that our swiyaga is a river from the category of quite tamed or unreserved, in the mouth she is shipading, there is no name, no, but it flashes suddenly in a historic textbook, but still - with all its warehouse, a property of a conspiractive nature, with green meadows and secret deposits, tortuousness and petristoiness, a swiyague - from the constellation of the small rivers of Russia. Or so it seems to us knowing her beginning, her beautiful sewing, her origins? ..
Sviyaga takes his beginning from the slopes of the surfactant cones, from where, by the way, there is a sourah, the lady, Inza ... (True, the dizard argue that a swiyaga is born in their forests). In the area of \u200b\u200bthe city heades the Volga shores - here two kilometers only separate one river from another. But the Volga is aimed at the Caspian smooth lights illuminated by the lotus, and the Sviyaga - on the Polar Star ...
***
River Sviyaga
("Materials for geography and statistics of Russia, compiled by officers of the General Staff", Sost. A.O. Lipinsky; Volume 20 "Symbirian province", Part 1; SPb, 1868)
... Sviyaga originates from the main inner ridge at the surroundings of the village of Baevka; Several streams and small rivers, coming out of the forest marshes, make up her upper designer ... From the village of Karomysov, it already takes the type of considerable river and flows in the northeast direction to Simbirsk ... Going under the symbirsky to the Volga for the distance of two miles, the Sviyaga makes west to 5 miles Empty and, turning to the north, goes along the western slopes of the coastal Volzhsky ridge ... The length of the cigarette of the Sviyagi in the Symbirian province - 210 miles ...
Simbirsk, the right bank of the Sviyagi - the crown of the Symbirian Mountain - rises above the river by almost 40 seats ... The left bank from Simbirsk is a low plain, which has a significant swampy space and fuel meadows. In the Valley of Sviyagi there are many deep lakes ...
The bottom of the river is sandy and ethers ... Therefore, the swiwow water, despite the excellent quality and softness, has a swampy taste ...
The width of the swiyagi into the interlea is insignificant ..., in Simbirsk the width reaches 12 seeded [approximately 25 m.] ... During the spill, the swiyaga leaves from the low banks and fills the lowland part of the valley ... ; In the lower current places of the verst on two.
Sviyaga with its tributaries is of great importance for the edge; It arranged a lot of factories, plants and mills from which bread goes to the Volga pier ...
***
From the symbirsk collection of 1868
... Sviyaga receives the beginning in the mountains of Sengilevsky and Karsunsky counties and flows into the Volga in the Kazan province under Sviyazhsky; It flows from the south to the north in almost parallel to the Volga ... Shipping and the Alloy on the Svioga does not exist, and the river has only the importance of mechanical strength during the device of the mill ...
The residents of Simbirsk take water mainly from the Sviyagi. Volga water only enjoy the inhabitants of Podgorny streets ... The Healthy Of Symbirian Waters: Sviyazhskaya and Volzhskaya ... Since the Volga and Svioga flow along the outskirts of the city under the mountain, the use of water, especially for the poor inland streets, is connected with great difficulties ...
***
S.T. Asksakov
From "Notes on Fish Cool", 1847.
... Twenty years ago, Sasans, first of the Sazan, first appeared in the Sasani River, followed by the Sazans, first, and later there were already a lot of small ones. I do not approve for the right, but I was told that in the upper kind of this river, some landowner had a huge pond, who did not leave the forty years, in which he divorced Sazanov (carp) in abundance, but suddenly this pond burst, Sazans went and spread All River. Of course, it was only closer to go to Sazanam from the Volga, in which the Sviyaga flows, but why didn't they come before? Be that as it may, but the appearance of Sazanov opened a new excellent tense for symbirry fishermen-hunters ...
***
P.L. Martynov (2; Further there)
... Although the mountains. Simbirsk is located on a narrow space between the two rivers, the Volga and Spring, nevertheless urban residents suffer a lack of good water for drinking ... A happy exception in this respect is southern outfit symbirsk, Sloboda tuft, located on the very coast of R. Sviyagi, where the river depth reaches The greatest sizes, why there is never a shortage of good water ...
... With the water supply device, the symbirsk residents did not get good water all the same; This is explained in part in incorrect filter device, partly an unsuccessful choice of space for the production of the water agent in R. Sviyaga, very close to the city mill dam, significantly delaying the flow of water. In 1885, the sanitary commission ... thus described the Sviyazhi pond, from which water takes water: "He represents a standing lake, which has only the top, narrow flow, meanwhile, as the most significant mass of water does not change in it, excluding the time of water pipe.
Everything that is brought from a significant part of the city during rains, all flowing from the plants (next to the water receiver, on the shore of the Sviyagi, is a distinguished plant of the merchant Sousokol and public bathing, and a slightly higher in the flow - the Brewery of the Pond merchant), remains in the pond And it does not find out from there. In addition, in the spring, all the ice, with all impurity on it, it sits on the bottom of the pond and increases the already huge layer of the sludge, forming the bottom of the pond. During the spring spill, for at least three weeks, we drink, instead of pure river water, a thick manure solution that has not had time to settle on the bottom of the pond ...
***
V. Pipov:
... Moscow street rested right in the cog, in the morning over wooden mansions sailed from the river Fresh fog, sorry to the city with Rosista, the western breeze smelled with cool flowers, a breaking of the living ladder, surprisingly a close miracle - the June River! And the water that the villages delivered to residents gave pleasant, like the child's breath, mint.
Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov recalled: "The father was abolished for the whole season a certain clock in the bathhouse of some Ruzsky. I remember that the surname of the owner of the public bathing was Koh, and so it happened, the Father, seeing the German Shtyauer teacher going to swim there, shouted to him in the form of a greeting: "The German goes to the German, and Russian to Ruzsky!" ...
Anna Ilinichna also recalled this: "We paid for two hours - morning and evening - in one private bathing, and during this time it was necessary to redeem two shifts: Father with boys and mother with girls. Two parts of the family met somewhere halfway to the cogwood - on a quiet, cropped grass slope of the Pokrovskaya Street "...
***
From the memories of E.A. Mamaeva
("Life to live", M., 1998)
... Great pleasure in the summer delivered a bathing in Sviaga. Where the river ended the Moscow street, there were a bathing and a large boat pier for Kolanya on the river above the dam. It took the money here, and all this was not available to me. I ran along the shore below the dam with my girlfriends, through a large red bridge, damaged by carts, through the village of Tut, and got into a slightly sandy shore, where the mass of the guys floundered. I quickly learned to swim, I swam up so long that I got out of the blue of blue, trembling, and put my dress on the wet body, in order to warm up, because there was no thought about the towel ...
In the spring of the river attracted us to ice driving. I strongly fled to the dam and here with pleasure watched how big and small ice floes were clogged on the dam and collapsed from it into foamy water ...
***
P.L. Martynov:
Mill on R. Sviyaga. This mill has been there for a long time, but there is no accurate information about its construction time. In 1838, she was significantly repaired and leased to the merchant Kryonov, from which he went to the merchant F.V. Krasnikov ... In 1887, the city took the city from Krasnikov in this form that only 800 rubles were offered for further renovation. What did the Duma instruct the city council to operate the mill to the economic way, but in the spring of 1887 the mill dam blocked, and its repair cost 1604 rubles. At the same time, at the initiative of the society of doctors, the question of perfect destruction of the dam of the city mill, because The existence of a pond in the speech formed as a result ... In 1893, the symbirsk management of public works built a new wooden collapsible dam, with devices for skipping ice and descending water, having spent 20,000 rubles for it, but on the occurrence of Spring Sviyagi, in 1894 year, this dam almost all broke out, and the city opened a petition for the government about issuing benefits for its correction. On December 27, I896 followed the highest permissions on the allocation of 15,000 rubles., In the manual, the city on the repair of the dam ...
***
On the cogula ... (3)
"Symbirian provincial statements", April 1895:
On April 8, on the Sviyaga River, near the Zavokolov plant, the son of the engineer Mergevsky, the son of the hereditary honorary citizen of D.Sapozhnikov and the son of the nobleman D. Machevarianov, with the goal of riding a cog in a boat ... on which we went to the dam of the city mill, where gateways were opened for the dam The descent of spring water. A real whirl is formed - water with noise and foam breaks into the spans and ... continues to be buried with a terrible force, heading into the span of the bridge arranged below the dam. When approaching the dam, the boat began to take the gateway ... At this time, the dermostants worked on the dam, which were shouted: "What are you doing?". The answer was heard from the boat: "Does not think". A few minutes did not pass, as the boat was obliged, and the swimmers fell into the water.
Merzevsky out of the water pulled the Unter-Officer of the Muchnik; Sapozhnikova - Mikhailov and Dippers. For Machevarianov, ordinary Rosenkov rushed, who saved him on the boat several times to the endless, but could not save him. The strong flow, whirlpool and irregularity of the bottom did not allow to find the corpse.
From the review of the rescue station on the Sviyaga for 1895:
Three posts were built near Simbirsk with booths for sailors: against a craft school, urban shopped and on the island against the soldiers' street. For the maintenance of the watch, 6 sailors are hired, which for days are on duty at posts. On holiday and Sundays from 6 o'clock in the evening and until 12 o'clock in the morning, a boat with two sailors towards Andreevsky Mill. Her goal is the warning of misfortunes that can happen with boating.
Volzhsky News, February 1910:
We are transmitted that water in a cog from the provincial center to Izheevka is completely unsuitable in use not only to people, but even a cattle. Going below Ishheevki did a hole for the horses for a drain, but from under the ice walked the stench, and the horses did not drink water. In early December, the hole was clogged with dead fish, the escaped peasants caught her more than 150 pounds. This, so to speak, the fruits of the Russian industry.
"Revival", August 1918:
For the "taking water" of the people of the symbirsk, disappointment occurred again. The water level rose was dropped again, and the swiyaga again raised. The long-awaited boating riding ... Ranulo in the summer, and the fishing now attracts little hunters, as the comrades of the Red Army women were very unwritten through the hand pomegranates.
From the note of the Simbirsky Giplan dated February 27, 1924:
Fish areas are operated as hit, without any system. Fisheries came to the perfect decline, and it will take a lot of time on recovery. And now no one, probably, is not able to say when the fish will appear in the cog ...
***
(1) V. Pipov "Sviyaga". "Ulyanovsky Komsomolets" of February 4, 1979, reprinted with abbreviations in the magazine "Volga", 1980, No. 4.
(2) P.L. Martynov "The city of Simbirsk for 250 years of its existence", 1898.
(3) According to the book: D.S. Caidennaya, N.G. accurate "Strokes of the Symbirian-Ulyanovsk History", Ulyanovsk, 2017.
***
End further
_______________________
Symbirsk from the Sviyagi River.
Postcards of the beginning of the twentieth century.

Symbirsk from the side of the Sviyagi. Dilver plant sucolone.
Uokm

Symbirsk. River Sviyaga.
Uokm

D.I.Arhangelsky. Sviyaga River under Symbirsky. 1924.

D.I.Arhangelsky. Bathing on a swior. 1920s.

A.Kh.zgvintsev. Dam on the Sviyaga River in Simbirsk. 1900s.
Central Theater Museum. A.A. Bakhrushina


The dam of the city mill on the cog. View from the right bank toward the equestrian suburban settlement.
S.L. Sitin "Simbirsk through the eyes of photographers and historian", Ulyanovsk, 1999.


Wooden bridge over the swiy. Photo F.A.Kaganina. 1890s.
Uokm.


On the cog
V.N. Alexseev "On the Motherland of Lenin", Giz, M.-L., 1926.


M.I.Kozmin. "On the Sviyaga River." 1945.

Natural features of the PAs:

The length of the river is 377.4 km (within the RT of 161.2 km). The area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment is 17 thousand km2. It flows on an asymmetric sublime wavy plain, strongly crossed by numerous deep (sometimes tens of meters) ravines and beams. Right-bank him is higher and difficult to relief; The left-bank is less high and more calm, takes 73% of the total area and has small outlines of the relief. The catchment is 8-16% covered with forest. River valley to p. Herland (Ulyanovsk District) is straight and to the mouth of a malicious, trapezoidal or unclearly expressed. The floodplain of the river is highly located, solid, mostly double-sided, wide (from 1-2 km on average, up to 4.5-5 km in the lower reaches), smooth, dry, places Kochetnye, swallowed in the area from p. Biryuch to r. Silenna with small sturrarbies. The channel winding, in some places branches, forming the islands (especially below to kyych). A large number of tributaries (79), 10 of which have a length of 40 to 165 km, form a river net of 0.28-0.33 km / km2. The origins of many left-sided tributaries are located in the Republic of Chuvashia. Multi-model river, the tributaries are regulated (47 ponds with a total volume of 30.9 million m3). The capital of the river is mixed, mainly snow (up to 52%). The hydrological regime is characterized by high floors and low long-term intert. Of the 18 watercase posts, leading observations of the river mode in the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan, the 4th post is currently operating (Sviyaga - Buinsk, Khheyevo, Charles - Tinghash, Ulea - Alaberdino). Distribution of flow within the year uneven. With an average layer of annual flow of 50-150 mm, 46-64 mm falls for the period of spring flood, the duration of which is about 26 days. The maximum costs were celebrated in 1979 with. Fishing (74 m3 / s), y with. Wrapped (822 m3 / s), y with. Ivashevka (1560 m3 / s). Spring Iceshop is often accompanied by steepness on the steep turns of the river. Sometimes the floodplains are charged earlier than the bulk of the ice will pass. Then the ice goes and float, sometimes it stops on the shallow and melts on the spot. Mortar is stable (13.7 m3 / s at the mouth). Underground power modules range from 0.5-5.0 to 10.0 l / s km2 (along the main channel). For the winter period, a long-lasting (140 days) stable ice station is characterized (ice thickness 90-95 cm). In the location of the groundwater, there is no sustainable icelook. The qualitative composition of the water changes along the length of the river from the hydrocarbonate-sulphate-calcium (to the r. Byrlya) to sulphate-hydrocarbonate-sodium to the mouth. Water soft spring (1.5-3.0 mM-eq / l) and moderately rigid into the interlea (3.0-6.0 mM-eq / l), increased mineralization (400-700 mg / l) during the year . 48 types of patterns are inhabited in river water (including 7 rare), 47 - branches (including 3 rare) and 28 - (incl. 3 rare) weary plankton crustaceans, 58 species of algae, 22 Views of benthic organisms, 12 species of fish.
On a high mass of the self-purification river passive. The river plays a crucial role in the economic activity of the region, is the transport mainstream of local significance, an important source of natural water supply. It has economic and cultural and domestic importance. Swiyagi pool is located on the territory of the three subjects of the Russian Federation (Ulyanovsk Region, Republic Tatarstan and Chuvashia). Water resources of the river are used to meet various sectors of the national economy. Water resources of the Sviyigi in the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan play an important role, being the only source of water supply in this region. As a result of wastewater discharges into the river network, the swiyagi water during 2004-25. He possessed a high complexity of pollution and was characterized as "dirty" (4 "a" quality class) of 10 ingredients.