In the modern world, almost every state has its own parliament, which is necessary to express the interests of different layers of society. This system of one of the first appeared in medieval England.

Fighting kings and feudal

In the XIII century, the island kingdom often suffered from civil wars and conflicts. One of the reasons for such a disagreement was the struggle between the royal power and the feudal estate. Barons and Lords wanted to strengthen their influence on the state to take part in the management of the country.

In the King of John the landless (rules in 1199-1216), in 1215, the great Charter of Valibilities appeared. This document was compiled with the participation of barons who wanted to receive new legal rights and protect their own privileges. The date of the English Parliament is closely connected with the Charter, which was only the "first swallow" in the long strengthening process in the state of the feudal system.

Heinrich III.

The son of John, Heinrich III, took the throne in 1216 in childhood. For him, the Rent Regency Council. Moldov, Henry began to lead a tough policy aimed at strengthening royal power. Barons and other faeodals, accustomed to the order of things enshrined by the Charter of Valibia, were extremely unhappy with the behavior of the monarch.

In addition, Heinrich III surrounded himself by foreigners, including the French, who did not tolerate in London. Such behavior led to the deterioration of relations between him and his own eats. The only arbiter in this conflict could be Pope - the spiritual father of all Christians. With his cooperation, Heinrich promised to baron that he would comply with the conditions for the great charter of his father, and also agreed to establish a parliament, where the representatives of the aristocracy would meet. So, in 1258, Oxford agreements were concluded.

According to this document, the formation of the English Parliament was to occur. The date of this event did not specify in writing, but the king promised that the representative body would appear in the very near future. But very soon Pope freed the monarch from promises. Heinrich needed money in order to lead wars against France and Wales. Therefore, he began to raise taxes by violating his promises, the data according to the Great Charter.

Baron uprising

In 1263, the barons, dissatisfied with the solutions of the king, declared war. This group was headed by Simon de Montor. After the battle at Lewis Heinrich III, together with his son, Edward was in captivity. The winning aristocrats in 1265 convened a representative body. This was the date of the emergence of the English Parliament. The meetings were held in the Westminster Palace.

The date of the English Parliament was marked by the fact that deputies from a variety of estates were gathered in a new representative body: not only the highest clergy and knights, but also the urban population. The deputies were divided into the territorial principle. When the date of the English Parliament came, representatives of all cities of the country went to the Westminster Palace. At the same time, London and five more important ports had four representatives. Other cities sent two people. This system, adopted in the XIII century, was the embryo of the modern chamber of communities.

Appearance of parliament

Simon de Montfor came to power in the country. It was he who became the person, thanks to which the occurrence of the English parliament was possible. The date of this event coincided with the time to strengthen its influence in the state. However, in the spring of 1265, the legal heir to Eduard fled from captivity. He collected a loyal army around him, with whom he tried to return the throne to his father Henry III. Because of this, the beginning of the process of the emergence of the English parliament was in the shadow of a new internecine war.

On August 4, in the battle of Yvesh, the reserved barons were defeated, and Simon de Monor died. Gerich III came to power again. However, the process of the occurrence of the English Parliament has already ended, and the monarch decided not to give up this authority. At the same time, the king and his son he did not imagine the threat to the rule of the dynasty.

The meaning of parliament

The emergence of the English Parliament (date - 1265) played an important role in the history of England. Now the inhabitants of various cities sent their representatives to the capital, which could directly inform the supreme power on the problems of ordinary people. Therefore, in the UK, every citizen knows when the English Parliament arose. The date of this event is celebrated annually in the country.

In 1295, the parliament began to gather under the new rules that practically did not change to the present day. Now representatives from each county appeared in the ward. The date of the occurrence of the English Parliament (year 1265th) has become one of their dates, thanks to which civil society has been able to recognize their rights by the Supreme Royal Power.

Functions of parliament

The most important feature of this assembly was the definition of tax sizes. In addition, his deputies could send petitions to the name of the king. All this became possible only after these innovations occurred (the date of the English Parliament was previously indicated in the text). The history of this institution is very saturated. Deputies in different epochs became expressed by public discontent with power.

From the XV century, parliament acquired the right to accept the laws, which should also approve the king. The interaction of these two branches of power made it possible to get the balance of interests, thanks to which today in the UK there is one of the most sustainable political systems in the world. It was in parliament that a new form of lawmaking - Billy appeared. They were compiled by deputies who agreed the interests of different layers of English society.

The English Parliament is one of the first to-representative institutions of Western Europe, which turned out to be the most viable of them. A number of features of British history contributed to the process of gradually strengthening the power of the parliament, becoming it as a body reflecting the interests of the nation as a whole.

After the Norman conquest of 1066

The English state has no longer known political fragmentation. Separatism was characterized by an English noble, however, due to a number of reasons (the incompatibility of feudal possessions, the need to resist the conquered population, the island location of the state, etc.) he was expressed in the desire of the magnates not to align the central government, but to capture it. In the XII century England has survived long-term interference. As a result of a long political struggle, the rights of the Platagenets dynasty prevailed, and its representative was Herrich IF by the king. His younger son John176, who replaced the King of Richard's King, in 1199. The Lion's Heart1, was not successful in either external or internal politics. In an unsuccessful war, he lost extensive possessions that the English crown had in France. Then he followed his quarrel with the Roman dad Innocent III177, as a result of which the king was forced to make a recognition of the Roman Pope with a vassal, extremely humiliating to England. Contemporaries this king was nunted landless.

Permanent wars, the content of the army and the growing bureaucratic apparatus required money. Considering the subjects to pay many times the expenses of the state, the king violated all established norms and customs in relation to both cities and to know. Especially painfully perceived violation by the king of the norms of vassal relations, tied him with the class of feudal.

Some features that distinguished the length structure of the English society were noted: the spread of the dental rights of the king on all feudalists (in England, the classical principle of feudalism "Vassal of My Vassal was not my vassal") and the implinedness of the "noble" class, which could be included by any land supplier, Having had an annual income from 20 (20th. XIII century) to 40 (from the beginning of the XIV century) pounds1. There was a special social group in the country, which occupied an intermediate position between feudals and a wealthy peasantry. This group, active both in economic and political attitudes, has sought to expand its influence in the English state; Over time, its number and meaning increased.

The situation of the 10th anniversary of the XIII century. Combined all the dissatisfied royal arbitrariness and failures in foreign policy. The opposition performance of the barons was supported by knights and citizens. The opponents of John the landless united the desire to limit the royal arbitrariness, to force the king to rule in accordance with centuries-old traditions. The result of the internal political struggle was the movement of the magnates, which actually pursues the purpose of the establishment of the "oligarchy of the barons".

The Opposition Requirements Program was formulated in a document playing an important role in the development of a representative monarchy in England - the Great Charter of Wolnities1. Magnates demanded that the king guarantees respect for the rights and privileges of the nobility (a number of articles reflected the interests of knighthood and cities), and above all compliance with an important principle: senors cannot be attributed to cash collects without their consent.

The role of the Charter in English history is ambiguous.

On the one hand, the full realization of the requirements contained in it would lead to the celebration of the feudal oligarchy, focusing the entire completeness of power in the hands of the baron group. On the other hand, the universality of the wording in a number of articles allowed to use them to protect the rights of the individual not only by the barons, but also other categories of the free population of England.

The king signed the Great Charter on June 15, 1215, but after a few months refused to observe it. Roman dad also condemned this document.

In 1216, John the landless died, the authorities nominally moved to the young henrich III178 - and there for some time the public administration system came into line with the requirements of the baron top. However, reaching the age of majority, Heinrich III actually continued the policies of the Father. He was involved in new wars, and the necessary funds tried to get from subjects by shames and oppression. In addition, the king willingly took the service of foreigners (not the last role, the wishes of his wife, French princess played here. The behavior of Heinrich III annoyed English to know, but also in other estates, opposition moods increased. The broad coalition of the dissatisfied regime was made up of magnates, knights, part of the free peasantry, townspeople, students. The dominant role belonged to Baronam: "Conflicts between the baronia and the king between 1232 to 1258, as a rule, revolved around the issue of power, again and again reviving the plans of the Baron control over the king, nominated in 1215. 179. In the 5060s. XIII century England was covered by feudal anarchy. The armed troops of the magnate fought with the troops of the king, and sometimes among themselves. The struggle for power was accompanied by the issuance of legal documents in which new state administration structures were established - representative bodies designed to limit royal power.

In 1258, Henry III was forced to take the so-called "Oxford provisions" (requirements) containing the mention of the "Parliament" 2. This term was designated advice for nobility who had to regularly convene to participate in the country management: "We need to remember that ... Three Parliaments will be in the year ... Selected King's advisers will come to these three parliaments, even if they are not invited to consider The state of the kingdom and to interpret the common causes of the kingdom, as well as the king. And to other times in the same way when there is a need for the leading of the king. "

Researchers note the presence of two currents in the movement of the Baron opposition of the middle of the XIII century. One sought to establish the regime of Magnates All-Russian regime, the other was sought to take into account the interests of their allies, and, therefore, objectively reflected the interests of the knighthood and the middle layers of the urban population1.

In the events of the Civil War 1258-1267 Simon de Montfor, Graf Leistersky2 played a significant role. In 1265, at the height of confrontation with the king on the initiative of Monfora, a meeting was convened, which other than the nobility was invited, representatives of influential social groups were invited: two knights from each county and two deputies from the most significant cities. Thus, ambitious politicians sought to strengthen the social base of his "Party", to legitimate the activities carried out by it to establish a baron guardianship over the monarch.

So, the origin of the National Clarification in England is closely related to the struggle for power, the desire of feudal nobility to find new methods for limiting the power of the actual king. But hardly the parliament would be viable if it was a matter of this and limited. The Parliament Institute has opened the possibility of political participation of cities and chivalry, and participation at a high, national level. It was implemented in the form of extended meetings at the king, consultations on topical issues (primarily due to taxes and other fees).

King John Unnecessary signs the great charter of libeles

"Guttova E. V. The emergence of the English Parliament (from the history of English society and the state of the XIII century.). - M., 1960. - P. 318.

2 Simond Monfor, Leistendsky graph (approx. 1208-1265) is one of the leaders of the Baron opposition to King Heinrich III. Native Provence (South France). Participated in the compilation of Oxford provisions. On May 14, 1264, in the battle of Lewis (south of London) defeated by the royal troops. Then for 15 months actually dictator (Formally Seneshyal England). In 1265, the first English parliament was convened on his initiative. August 4, 1265 died in battle.

Initially, the parliament was imposed by the kings of the feudal oligarchy, but the monarchs realized the possibility of using this structure in their own interests. Sometimes they put up with the oppositionality of deputies, manifested in the legal, "parliamentary" forms.

In 1265, the royal authorities managed to restore the position seemed to be lost as a result of the speech of Monfor. The rebellious graph was defeated and died in battle. But already in 1267, Henry III again convened parliament from the "most intimate people from the kingdom, great and small" 180, and with the new King - Eduard I-, when the consequences of feudal troubles were finally overcome, the so-called "exemplary parliament gathered "1295 - one of the most representative in all its medieval history.

In the late XIII - early XIV century. Parliament took a central place in the process of the gradual formation of new principles of organizing relations between royal authorities and society; The Institute of Parliament contributed to the fact that these relationships acquired more "legal" character.

The presence of a supreme representative structure answered the interests of all participants in the political process. With the formation of parliament, the king has received a new one and, that is essential, a legitimate tool to achieve its goals: first of all for the receipt of cash subsidies.

Parliament was adopted by a majority of magnates. Barons supported the idea of \u200b\u200brepresentation in him knighthoods, cities - a kind of "middle class" of feudal society. This is explained by the close relationship of all classes on the basis of the generality of economic interests. Excessive financial claims of the monarch dropped the city and "communities", which could not not be reflected on the welfare of senors. Lords have positively perceived the innovation, which allowed the funds of the royal administration's monetary expenses, limit the arbitrariness of the king in relation to the tax assembly, and, thus, to introduce the practice of control over the activities of the authorities.

In addition, the average and partly the lower groups of the population received the opportunity to submit their requests through deputies and could count on what they will be heard.

As a legal basis for a similar order of relationships between the authorities and the subjects, Maxim Roman law was used: "QUOD Omnes Tangit, Omnibus Tractari et Approbari Debet" - "As for everyone, it should be considered and approved by everyone." In "Digests of Justinian", this legal formula defined the procedure for the actions of the group of guardians in the process of ordered by property. In the XII-XIII centuries. On its basis, in church law, the theory of restrictions imposed on the sole acts of church and secular rulers, undertaken without discussing and the consent of their advisers and the main subordinates. With regard to the organization of the parliamentary representation, this Maxim was raised to the level of constitutional principle181.

The formation of a new political and legal ideology - the ideology of parliamentarism is reflected not only in the monuments of the rights of the XIII century., But also in secular literature. The events of 1265. The poem "Battle for Lewis" is devoted. In it, the author leads an imaginary dialogue between the king and baron. The king is inspiring the idea that if he really loves his people, he must report everything to his advisers and advise everything with them, no matter how wise it is 172. The poem substantiated the need for the Company's participation in the process of forming the circle of royal advisers: "The king cannot choose himself advisors. If he becomes choosing them alone, it will easily be mistaken. Therefore, he needs to consult from the Kingdom community and find out what all the society thinks about that ... People who arrived from the areas, not such idiots, so that it is better not to know the morals of their country left the ancestors to the descendants "183.

1295 became the initial point of reference of regular and ordered parliamentary sessions. By the middle of the XIV century. There was a division of parliament into two chambers - upper and lower. In the XVI century The names of the House of Lords began to use the names of the House of Lords (The House of Commons) for the top of the Lords Chamber.

The Upper Chamber included representatives of the secular and church of the nobility, which was part of the XIII century. In the Big Royal Council. These were the Kingdom Pears, "Great Barons" and the Higher Officials of the King, Church Hierarchs (Archbishops, Bishops, Abstract and Priors of Monasteries).

All members of the upper chamber received registered challenges at the signature of the king. In the theory, the monarch could not invite one or another tycoon; In reality, the cases where the heads of noble name were not invited to parliament, steel by the XV century. rarity. The precedent law system of the case law in England gave Lord, who received such an invitation once, the reason to consider itself a permanent member of the Upper Chamber. The number of persons involved, by virtue of their socio-legal status, to the activities of the Chamber, was small. The number of lords in the XIII - XIV centuries. Sumped from 54 in Parliament 1297 to 206 people in Parliament 1306.184 in the XIV-XV centuries. The number of lords is stabilized; During this period, it did not exceed 100 people, in addition, not all invited arrived at the session.

At the initial stage of the existence of Parliament, it was the collection of magnates as an authoritative institution capable of influencing the kings, to achieve the adoption of the necessary solutions from them: "If the parliament and had the opportunity to acquire a number of powers, this happened due to the fact that during normal time the main role in It belonged to the ward of the lords "" 1.

Session of the House of Lords of the English Parliament in the times of Edward I (Miniature of the beginning of the XVI century)

The traditional idea of \u200b\u200bthe English Parliament as a "two-bed" meeting appeared at a later time. Initially, the parliament has performed as a unified institution, but includes structures discharged by the status, social composition, principles of formation, put forward by the requirements. As we have seen above, in the first Parliament of Monfora, in addition to the group of magnates (Lords), there were representatives of counties (two "knights" from each county), cities (two representatives from the most significant settlements), as well as church districts (by Two "proctors" - a priest deputy1).

Representation of counties was initially recognized as barone and kings. It was more difficult with deputies from cities. Their constant participation in parliament is observed only from 1297.

In the XIII century. The structure of the parliament was a non-permanent character, it was the process of its formation. In some cases, all persons invited to participate in parliament met together. Then the practice of a separate meeting of deputies began to develop - on the "Chambers": Magnatov, representatives of the Church, "Knights", citizens (for example, in 1283, the citizens amounted to a separate meeting). "Knights" met both with magnates and with citizens. "Chambers" could be collected not only in different places, but at different times.

In the first centuries, the parliament did not have a permanent place of meetings. The king could convene it in any city; As a rule, he was going in the place where the king and his courtyard was located at this time. As an example, we indicate the location of the dislocation of some parliaments of the late XIII - the beginning of the XIV C.: York - 1283, 1298, Shrewsbury - 1283, Westminster - 1295, Lincoln - 1301, Carlel - 1307, London - 1300, 1305, 1306

In the XV century Permanent residence, a place where the sessions of the Parliament chambers are held, the complex of buildings of Westminster Abbey.

The frequency of parliaments also depended on the solutions emanating from the king. Under Eduard I, 21 representative assembly were convened, attended by the deputies of the communities; At the end of the board of this king, parliaments were collected almost annually. Under Eduard III, the Parliament convened 70 times. Meetings, minus the time of moving, holidays and other interruptions, continued on average from two to five weeks.

At the beginning of the XIV century. We often had cases when several parliaments were collected in a year - depending on the political situation. However, in the future, up to the end of the XVII century. The frequency of parliamentary sessions was not fixed in legal norms.

Throughout the XIV-XV centuries, the main features of the organization of the activities of the Parliament, its procedures and political traditions were gradually developed.

A separate meeting of chambers predetermined the presence of individual premises in which the meetings of the Lords and the "communities" were held. Meetings of the House of Lords were held in the White Hall of the Westminster Palace. The House of Commons worked in the Hall of the Chapter of Westminster Abbey. Both Chambers united only to participate in the opening ceremony of the parliamentary session, the main act of which was the performance of the king before the participants of the parliamentarians; Members of the Lower Chamber listened to speech standing behind the barrier.

But despite the separation of the chambers in space, "three estates - the nobility, clergy and burgherness, were rather united than those separated from each other, in contrast to the way it was in continental countries, which, of course, made it difficult to manipulate them with King's side and encounter them between themselves "1.

The process of constitution of the House of Commons as a separate parliamentary structure lasted over the second half of the XIV - early XV century.

The term "House of Commons" comes from the concept of "Commons" - communities. In the XIV century It indicated a special social group, a certain "average" estate, including knighthood and citizens. The "communities" began to be called the part of the public population, which had complete rights, defined by definite and good name. Representatives of this "medium" class gradually acquired the right to elect and be elected to the lower chamber of Parliament (today we call such rights to political). The awareness of its significance actively formed during the XIV-XV centuries, sometimes determined the position of the Chamber in relation to Lordam and even to the king.

In the XIV-XV centuries. 37 English counties delegated two representatives to parliament. In the XVI century their deputies began to send the county of Monmut and Palatinate Cheshire to Parliament; From 1673 - Palatina Daram. Representation of counties has significantly expanded in the XVIII century: 30 deputies were replenished with the House of Commons after Uania with Scotland, another 64 deputies were elected in the counties of Ireland.

The number of "parliamentary" cities and "towns" also increased over time; Accordingly, the total number of members of the Lower House of Parliament grew. If in the middle of the XIV century. It was about two hundred people, then at the beginning of the XVIII century. They were already more than five hundred, precisely thanks to the strengthening of the representation of cities and the "towns".

Many members of the Lower Chamber were repeatedly elected to parliament; They brought them closer to the community of interests and similar social status. A significant part of the representatives of the communities had a fairly high level of education (including legal). All this contributed to the gradual turning of the lower chamber into a capable, actually a professional organization.

At the end of the XIV century, the position of the speaker appeared), which was actually a public official designed to conduct the meeting of the Chamber, to represent the community chamber in its daily activities, at negotiations with Lords and King, but not leading this collective assembly. When opening the next session, the candidacy of the speaker was introduced by Lord Chancellor on behalf of the king. According to the tradition, the deputy on whom this high choice fell should be demonstratively abandoning the post, pronouncing a pre-prepared speech.

The language of parliamentary documentation, primarily the protocols of joint meetings of the chambers, was French. Some records, mostly service or related church, were conducted in Latin. In the oral parliamentary speech, French was also mainly used, but since 1363, the speeches of deputies were sometimes uttered in English.

One of the important problems of the formation of a parliamentary representation was the material support of members of the Lower Chamber. Communities and cities, as a rule, provided their deputies with money contents: Knights in four shillings, hundreds of two shillings for each day of the session. But often the remuneration was "committed" only on paper and parliamentarians had to fight for ensuring that these payments were part of the legal tradition.

At the same time, there were regulations (1382 and 1515), according to which the deputy who did not appear at the session without good reasons was subjected to a cash fine.

The most important of them was to participate in decision-making on taxation issues. The fiscal system of the state was still formed, and most taxes, primarily direct, was emergency. Note that in England, taxes paid all subjects, and not just the "third class", as it was, for example, in France. Such a circumstance eliminated one of the possible causes of confrontation between the estates. In 1297, the Parliament acquired the right to allow the king of direct taxes from movable property. From the 20th year. XIV. He agrees to collect extraordinary, and by the end of the XIV century - and indirect taxes. Soon the House of Communities has achieved the same right regarding customs duties.

Thus, the main part of financial income was obtained with the consent of the Lower Chamber (officially - in the form of her "gift"), speaking here on behalf of those who had these taxes to contribute. The strong positions of the House of Commons in such an important issue for the kingdom as finance, allowed it to expand their participation in other areas of parliamentary activities. According to the artistic historian E. Freeman, the Chamber, the Lower name, gradually became the top in reality186.

Significant success, parliament achieved in the field of legislation. Long before its occurrence in England, the practice of filing the king and his advice of private petitions - individual or collective statures. With the emergence of the Petition Parliament began to address this representative assembly. Numerous letters came to Parliament, reflecting a variety of needs of both individuals and cities, counties, trade and craft corporations, etc. On the basis of these requests, the parliament in general or certain groups of its members, developed their own appeals to the king - " Parliamentary "petition. These appeals usually concerned important issues of the general state policy, and the answer to them should have had any national events187.

Already in the XIV century. Parliament had the opportunity to influence the king, in order to adopt the laws reflecting the interests of large and medium-sized landowners, merchant tops. In 1322, a law was adopted, which was adopted that all the cases "concerning the situation of the senory of our king ... and ... The provisions of the state and the people should be discussed, to obtain consent and be accepted in the parliament of our Mr. King and with the consent of the prelates, counts, Baron and Communities of the Kingdom "188. In 1348, the Parliament demanded that his requests were performed before taxes. "

In the future, the development of the Institute of Parliamentary Petitions led to the emergence of a new procedure for adopting legislation. Initially, the Parliament identified a problem that requires the publication of the Royal Law - Ordonance or Statute189. In many cases, statutes and ordinances have not adequately reflected the wishes of Parliament (especially the House of Commons). The consequence of this was the desire of parliament to fix in its regulations those legal norms whose adoption they achieved. In Henrich VI, the practice of consideration in the Parliament of the bill - Bill. After three readings and editing in each chamber, Bill, approved by both chambers, was sent for the assertion of the king; After his signature, he became a statute.

Over time, the formulation of the adoption or deviation of Bill has acquired a strictly defined view. Positive resolution read: "It's pleasing", negative: "The king will think about it" 1.

The development of the rights of parliament in the field of legislation reflected both legal terminology. In the statuts of the XIV century. It was said that they were published by the king "on the Council and with the consent (Par Conseil et par assentment) of lords and communities." In 1433, first it was said that the law was published "power" (by The Authority) of Lords and communities, and from 1485, a similar formula became constant.

The participation of parliament in the political process was not limited to its legislative activities. For example, Parliament was actively used by the king or opposing groups of nobility to eliminate the highest officials. In this case, parliamentarians performed with the exposure of persons suspected of violations of legislation, abuses, non-residential deeds. Parliament was not entitled to remove the dignitaries from the power, but had the opportunity to accuse individuals in offenses. Against the background of "social criticism", the struggle for power acquired a more reasonable character. In some cases, in the walls of the House of Commons, speeches were uttered, in which the actions of the kings were accused. In 1376, with a statement, sharply criticizing the activities of King Eduard III, speaker Chamber of Peter De La Map.

During the fight for the royal throne and feudal internecake, the Parliament acted as a body that loaks the change of kings in the English throne. Thus, the lowland of Eduard II (1327), Richard II (1399) and the subsequent coronation of Heinrich IV Lancaster was sanction

The judicial functions of parliament were very significant. They were within the competence of his upper chamber. By the end of the XIV century. She acquired the powers of the trial of the peers and the Supreme Court of the Kingdom, which considered the most serious political and criminal offenses, as well as appeals. The House of Commons could act as a guided parties and to represent Lordam and the King of its legislative proposals for

The value and role of parliament were unequal at different stages

From the second half of the XV century. For him began difficult times. In the years of feudal interdiscructures - Wars, Aloi and White Rose (1455-1485), parliamentary methods for solving state issues were changed by force. At the end of the XV century. Political life in the kingdom stabilized. In 1485, a new dynasty came to power - the dynasty of Tudorov, whose representatives ruled by England until 1603 years of the reign of Tudorov were noted by a significant strengthening of royal power. With Henrich VIII, in 1534, the English monarch was proclaimed the head of the National Church.

The following principles have established the following principles in the relationship between the royal yard and parliament. The monarchs sought to use the authority of the assembly in their own interests. They published flattering declarations, emphasized their respect for the Institute of Parliament. At the same time, the impact of the latter on the supreme power and the possibility of implementing independent political initiatives was reduced to a minimum.

The composition of the House of Commons was formed with the active, interested participation of the Royal Administration. The nature of parliamentary elections in medieval England was significantly different from what was observed in the newest time. The modern author believes: "To say that the manipulations with the elections were born simultaneously with the election themselves, not enough. It is better to say that the elections were born only because with them possible manipulation "1. The electoral process was almost always under the influence of influential persons; The candidate of the future chosen is most often determined not so much by sheriffs or urban tips, how many influential magnates or directly the king.

The structures that are subordinate to the king (for example, the Secret Council) carried out control over the activities of parliamentarians, the progress of debate, the process of consideration of draft laws. It should be noted that in Tudorah, parliaments were rarely convened and irregularly191.

Queen Elizabeth I in Parliament

Nevertheless, the Parliament occupied a fairly important place in the system of the English statehood of the era of absolutism. He not only argued the order of the crown, but also actively participated in state legislative activities192. Chambers a lot and fruitfully worked on bills regulating various spheres of the socio-economic life of England (foreign trade, customs rules and duties, unification of measures and scales, wagon issues, regulation of prices for goods produced in the country). For example, in 1597 Elizabeth I approved 43 bills accepted by Parliament; In addition, 48 billows were made on her initiative.

Under Henrich VIII and its successors, the participation of Parliament was noticeable in the reform of the religion and in addressing the issues of the Preconsession.

Even in the new historical conditions, the parliament not only continued to function, but also maintained a fairly high authority, in contrast to the specific institutions of many European countries, which during the establishment of absolutism, as a rule, ceased to be collected.

Parliament was viable primarily because the representatives of different social groups meet in it could work together. With all the complexity of the relationship and the difference between interests, they were capable of cooperation. As a head of state and parliament, being the initiator of the convening of sessions and the ultimate instance of all parliamentary powers and decisions, the king associated itself with this organization the most closely. Parliament did not exist without the king, but the monarch was limited in actions without the support of Parliament. The reflection of this feature of the English political device was the formula "King in Parliament", symbolizing state power in its entirety.

It should be noted that it was in the era of Tudorov that the trend of acquiring special "political" rights and freedoms, originating at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, was developed. In the XVI century The members of both chambers have acquired a number of iconic legal privileges, the so-called "parliamentary freedoms" - the sketches of future democratic personal rights. Since the parliament was the highest political meeting of the kingdom, speeches, pronounced during the meetings of his chambers, should inevitably acquire a certain legal "immunity", since many deputies understood their mission as the most accurate presentation of those opinions that they arrived to defend. The earliest fixed case of the claims of the House of Commons for some privileges occurred in 1397, when, on the initiative of the hexi deputy (Nachuu), it was decided to reduce the cost of maintaining the Royal Court. Lords accused deputies in treason, and he was sentenced to death, but then pardon. In connection with this incident, the Lower Chamber adopted a decree, indicating that the deputy was persecuted "against the right and order, which was common in parliament, in violation of the customs of the House of Commons" 193.

1523. The Speaker of the House of Communities Thomas Moz194 created a precedent, having argued from the King Henry VIII the right to speak out in parliament, without fears of harassment for his words195, and with Elizabeth I, this privilege was legalized (although it was often violated in practice).

The problem of "freedom of speech" is partly connected with a broader concept of deputy inviolability. In antiquity, in England, there was a custom of the so-called "royal world" ("King" s Peace "): Each person sent to hemotes or returned from him was on the road under the royal patronage. But this patronage did not act in the event that If the subjects himself committed a crime, violated the "world".

The incident mentioned above showed the importance of the problem of the legal immunity of the election deputy "1 during its activities as a parliamentarian. Hexi was accused of treason - one of the most serious crimes, but the House of Commons believed that this was contrary to its rights and customs. Consequently, Already at the end of the XIV century. Parliament, as a corporation, was aware of the need to protect freedom of its members from political and other persecution. In the XVI century. The incident occurred, which showed that the House of Commons considered an unacceptable arrest of parliamentarian. In 1543, Deputy J. Ferrers (Georg Ferrers) was arrested for debts during the session. The House requested London's sheriffs about the release of Ferrers, but received a rude refusal. Then, by the sentence of the House of Commons, officials who were detained by the deputy were arrested. In the current legal conflict, King Heinrich VIII issued a decree Privileges of the members of the House of Commons: their identity and property were recognized by the arrest during the parliament session.

Members of the Chamber could lose immunity and be excluded from its composition for unlawful actions against parliament or for other serious misconduct (treason, criminal offense) 196.

Parliament English [Sovr. officer Name - Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)]], the highest legislative body of Great Britain.

Originated in medieval England as a consultative advisory assessment under the monarch as a result of the evolution of the Big Council (Magnum Concilium), which included church and secular magnates, and royal curia (Curia Regis; see Kuria feudal), in which the coming royal advisers were included.

From the 13th century English The kings began to attract the delegates from among the Knights (small landowners) and citizens from individual counties to joint meetings from individual counties in order to further legitimize the decisions (most often - fiscal measures). One of the first examples was the meeting of 1254, which, in addition to the magnates, was intended for 2 knights from each county. From the 2nd quarter of the 13th century. Such meetings began to be called "parliament" (Parlamentum). During the rebellion of the barons against the king Heinrich III Both opposing parties sought to attract knighthood and citizens to their side. In 1265 the leader of the rebels c. Simon V De. MONFORM The parliament convened, at which, along with magnates and knights, was attended by 2 delegates from the largest and legally privileged cities. On board Eduard I. Practice convocation P. a. It becomes regular (although legally and non-regulated). Especially representative was P. a. 1295 (T. N. Exico Parliament), which was attended by over 400 members: Magnates (called by personal royal rescripts), knights and townspeople (elected by local schools under the supervision of sheriffs), as well as for the first time representatives of the parish clergy (chosen by the bishops of the corresponding diocese). The most frequent place of assembly P. a. There was a suburb of London Westminster, although in 13-15 centuries. He repeatedly convened in other English cities (last time - in 1459 in Coventry). At the 14th century Gradually secured (finally by 1341) Separation of P. a. For 2 chambers: House of Lords, the membership in which (for secular magnates) became hereditary (Parity's right), and the House of Commons, which united elected delegates from the number of knights and citizens (representatives of the parish clergy reluctantly participated In the work of P. A., and they soon ceased to call). From 1295 P. a. I had the right to register basic taxes (officially approved in 1362), in 1322 I received the right to authorize the most important laws. In 1377, for the first time in the sources, a speaker as the head of the House of Commons and its representative in front of the king is mentioned. Acute financial problems associated with leading Central Council War 1337-1453, I demanded very frequent conveners of P. a. About the important role of P. a. testify authorized deployment of the kings of Edward II (1327) and Richard II. (1399). The voting quotas of counties (a list of cities that send representatives in P. A., and the rules of election from them remained unresolved until 1832), and the property values \u200b\u200bfor voters and deputies were also established. In the late 14th early 15 centuries. P. a. Provided the rights of the legislative initiative: the statutes that were then approved by the Lords and the king were taken by the Petitions of the House of Commons. In the course Scarlet and White Rose War P. a. became the arena of opposing clans, with the kings of the dynasty Yorks Its value decreased. On the contrary Heinrich VII. And his successors from the dynasty Tyudors Waitally relied on P. A., turning it into an effective tool for holding his policy (for example, Reformation). On board Henry VIII As a result of the secularization of the monasteries from the House of Lords, Abbribes were excluded, as a result of which the absolute majority in it were taken by representatives of the secular aristocracy. From 1536, delegates from Wales officially attached to England began to be elected in the House of Commons. In the 16th century The norms and procedures of lawmaking were finalized (rules for submission and approval of bills - billing; principles of work of conciliation commissions, etc.), for P. a. A number of privileges were entrenched, so H. Parliamentary freedoms: Freedom of speech (statements by delegates of opinions, without fear of persecution), freedom of access of parliamentary delegations to the king, freedom from arrest for activities in the walls of parliament.

In the 17th century P. a. turned into an opposition center of absolutist policy first Stuartswho violated his rights and tried to rule without him. Long Parliament (1640-53) played a big role in English revolution 17 in., leading the political struggle, and then a civil war against Karl I., completed his execution and announcement of the Republic (1649). In the course of the revolution P. a. (in 1649-57 consisted only from the House of Commons; The House of Lords was abolished) became the highest power in the country, uniting all the functions of state power (legislative, military, judicial, financial and administrative) before the establishment of Protectorate O. Cromwell (1653). After restoration of Stuarts (1660) P. a. It was restored in pre-revolutionary form. In the last third of the 17th century. Political parties began to be formed in England vigi and tori., whose struggle has become P. a. Vigi, who came to power after "Nice revolution" 1688-89, achieved the restrictions on the power of the monarch and the substantial expansion of the powers of P. a. According to Bill about Rights (1689), the king did not have the right to suspend the laws or their execution without the consent of P. A., who also began to determine the contingent of the army, received the right to authorize taxes, submit any petitions, etc. Law 1694 established annual meetings of P. a. And regular elections in the community chamber of at least 1 time in 3 years (from 1716 - 1 time in 7 years, from 1911 - 1 time in 5 years). From the medieval estate assembly of P. a. Gradually turned into a senior legislative body of the constitutional monarchy.

After the adoption of Anglo-Scottish Union (1707), individual parliaments of England and Scotland (see Scottish parliament) Formally ceased existence, the UK Parliament was created instead. With kolerai Hannover dynasty The royal yard gradually lost its political functions and by the end of the 18th century. The center of political life became P. a. Throughout this century, the principles of political responsibility of ministers were formed, which was established by the act on the Preconsession (1701). The usual practice was the appointment of the Prime Minister of the Party Leader, which had the majority in the House of Commons. In 1721, the leader of the Vigsky majority R. Walpol. For the first time he headed the government, remaining a member of the House of Commons. In 1742 he resigned after the House of Commons expressed distrust by politics by him. At the end of the 18th century For the public, access to parliamentary meetings was facilitated, with 1803 the regular publication of the unofficial transcripts of debates began, which contributed to the increase in public interest in the work of P. a. As a result english-Irish Ulya 1801 The Irish Parliament (created at the end of the 13th century. On the territory of Ireland, conquered by the British) was liquidated, and Irish deputies entered the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

For 18 V. We have repeatedly advanced proposals to reform the recruitment system of the House of Commons, the archaicity of which was brightly manifested in the 1st floor. 19th century In connection with the rapid socio-economic development of Great Britain: Representative offices in P. a. Many rapidly growing industrial centers were deprived (Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, etc.). Due to the high property qualification and disproportionate representation of cities at the end of the 18th century. The right to vote in the UK has only about 2% of us. As a result of selective reforms, 1832, 1867 and 1884 were eliminated by the T. N. The rotten places, in which there were only a few people with the right to vote, increased the number of deputies from the most populated counties and major trade and industrial centers, the opportunity to participate in the elections were representatives of medium layers and highly paid workers; The right to vote had 58% of the adult male population of the country (1884). In 1872, a law on secret ballot in the elections in P. a was adopted. In accordance with the law adopted in 1885, the United Kingdom was divided into districts with an equal number of voters. In 1918, virtually all men over 21 and for the first time after a long struggle were received. Suffries) Part of women. Finally, the limitations for the vote of women are canceled in 1928. During the 19th century. Several legislative acts (1828, 1829, 1858, 1886) were removed all religious restrictions for members of P. a.

The act of 1911 legislatively consolidated the decisive importance of the House of Commons, which was entitled to solve issues related to taxation and government spending, without the sanction of the House of Lords, and also obliged the Lords Chamber for 2 years (from 1949 to 1 year) to take bills that have passed the Community Chamber. At the same time, a complaint was introduced for the first time for members of the House of Commons, which facilitated access to her representatives of low-income social layers. In accordance with the T.N. The Salisbury Convention (1945) members of the House of Lords pledged to immediately take draft laws aimed at implementing the election program of the victim of the party or coalition. The meaning of the House of Lords has somewhat increased after the 1958 introduced a lifelong (non-overetehadled) Parity system and began to receive many prominent public figures, representatives of culture, science and business circles. Thus, the right to sit in the ward of Lords for the first time received women. In 1999, the number of hereditary peers belonging to the House of Lords was limited to 92. In the 20th - early 21 centuries. Left political forces, first of all Labor Partyhave repeatedly raised the question of the complete elimination of the House of Lords in its traditional form. In 1992, the Speaker of the House of Commons was first chosen by a woman - B. Batrojd (born 1929).

After the restoration of the Scottish Parliament, the creation of the National Assembly of Wales and the Assembly of Northern Ireland (1998-99), they were delegated a number of legislative powers, while Schotl., Welsh and Northerland deputies continued to participate in the work of the United Kingdom's Parliament and the formation of the British government. Do not have official representation in parliament about. Maine, Norman Islands, as well as overseas Territories of Great Britain.

In 2009, after creating the Supreme Court of Great Britain, the House of Lords lost the judicial functions. In 2011, the law of the monarch was legally canceled to dissolve parliament, fixed dates of parliamentary elections were established every 5 years (starting from 2015).

The concept of parliament is inextricably linked with the history of England. English Parliament It is a symbol of Great Britain.England is impossible to imagine today without parliament, as without traditional five-hour tea drinking. But before talking about creating parliament in England, it should be understood in the origin of the term itself, which is used to designate it. There are two main theories of the origin of the word "parliament". According to one English word Parliament, it turned out by compiling two Latin words Parium (parity, i.e. equal) and Lamentum (complaint, crying). Place where you can complain equal to yourself in status. The second theory says that the word Parliament is obtained from the French Parler (conversation) and the Ment (judgment). Hence, parliament isthe place where you can exchange views, talk, express your point of view.
Based on the differences in the origin of the term itself, scientists will argue before today and the time of the appearance of the first parliament in England. Those who adhere to the version of the "French track" in the title declare that the first English parliament should be considered the meetings that convened Alfred Great at the end of the century. But they contradictory those who adhere to the version of the Autochonon. They argue that the emergence of parliament in England is inextricably linked with the struggle between the baronia and the king on the one hand and, citizens and knights on the other. That is, it happened in the second half XIII. century. The second theory today looks more believable and has more supporters.
How did the creation of a representative intersotional body in England occurred.
The emergence of parliament in England has at the time of the Board of Heinrich III. It is the miscalculations in his internal policy led to the usurpation of power by English baron. Henry's power III limited baron Council (15 people). In addition, the Council was sometimes convened, who was elected by the Special Committee on Reforms, which consisted of 24 human. The reforms held by the baronia significantly cut the rights and privileges of knights and citizens. Indulted citizens B. 1259 The year opposed the policy and put forward a number of requirements. The main requirement was the protection of the interests of the free citizens of England and the equality of all before the law. As a result, the so-called were adopted. "Westminster provisions." But the barons refused to perform them. Appeals knights and citizens to the king as a guarantor of the law in England did not receive an answer. Henry III I decided to take advantage of this conflict to strengthen my own power. Being anointed Lady on the throne Henry III Received from Pope of Roman exemption from all obligations to the dissatisfied part of his people. It was a kind of immunity from the need to resolve a conflict situation. Therefore, in the country in 1263 year civil war broke out. Against the power of the barons and the king, knights, citizens (merchants, craft), Oxford students, peasants and even several barons. At the head of the rebels turned out to be Baron Simon de Montfor. The king preferred to hide behind the walls of Westminster Abbey, and his army was headed by the Crown Prince Edward. Active support of the townspeople allowed the rebel to subdue themselves most of the cities of England. They even managed to Battle with Lewis in May 1264 Year to capture Henry III And Eduard. This predetermined the outcome of the civil war. The king was forced to sign an agreement with the rebels, according to which now it was necessary to attract representatives of various classes to manage the country. The result of this agreement was The convening of the first intersotional body in England. IN End january 1265 of the year In Westminster Abbey was open meeting of the collection of barons, supporters of De Monfora, the highest clergy, as well as elected from each county 2 knight and from every big city of England 2 Citizen. This was the first English parliament. Power in the country began to control representatives of different estates. True, it should be noted that representatives of the urban tip were elected from the cities, and the peasants did not receive places in parliament at all. But at the same time, the parliament defended the interests of wider segments of the population compared to the Baron Council.
Subsequently, even restoring their power over England Heinrich III, and later his son Edward I. They did not refuse parliament, although they used it mainly to introduce new taxes.

Britain and British

TheirBritish.Parliament

The UK Parliament Is One of the Oldest Representative to be installed in The World, Having Its Origins In The Middle of the 13th Century. From the 14th Century, Parliamentary Government In The United Kingdom Has Been Based on a Two-Chamber System. The House of Lords (The Upper House) And The House of Commons (The Lower House) Sit Separately and Are Constituted on Entirely Different Principles. The Relationship Between The Two Houses IS Governted Largely by Convention But Is in Part Defined by The Parliament Acts. The Legislative Process Involves Both Houses of Parliament and The Monarch.

In The Beginning, Great Britain Was An Absolute Monarchy, But In The 17th Century, Tensions Increased Between Parliament and Monarch. CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT THE FOLLOWING YEAR, LEADING TO EXECTION OF KING CHARLOWING 1 IN JANUARY 1649. FOLLOWING THE RESTORATION OF THE MONARCHY IN 1660, THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENT WAS ENHANCED by The Events of 1688-89 (The 'Glorious Revolution') Which Established The Authority of Parliament Over The King. The State Political System Became to Be Parliament Monarchy. Nowadays The Monarch Is No More But A Symbol and Tradition of the Nation.

The British Parliament Consists of The House of Lords And The Huese of Commons and The Queen.

Today The House of Commons Plays The Major Role in Law-Making. IT CONSISTS OF Members of Parliament. Each of Them Represents An Area in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Members of Parliament Are Elected Either by-Election Fallowing The Death or Retirement of One of Them. Parliament Has a Maximum Duration of Five Years. AT ANY TIME UP TO THE ELD OF THIS PERIOD, A GENERAL ELECTION CAN BE HELD FOR A NEW HOUSE OF COMMONS AND IT IS THE ELECTE MINISTER WHE Decides on the Election. The Minimum Voting Age IS 18. The Election Campaign Lasts ABOUT Three Weeks, The British Parliamentary System Depends on Political Parties. The Party Which Wins The Majority of Seats Forms The Government and Its Leader Usually Becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister Chooses ABOUT 20 MPS from His Party to Become the cabinet of ministers. Each Minister Is Responsible for a Particular Area in The Government. The Second Largest Party Becomes The Offichial Opposition with Its Own Leader and Shadow Cabinet. The Leader of the Opposition Is a Recognized Post in the House of Commons. The Parliament and the Monarch Haven only MEET Togener on Symbolic Occasions, Such As Coronation Of The Parliament. In Reality, The House of Commons Is The One of Three Which Has True Power.

The House of Commons Is Made Up of Six Hundred and Fifty Elected Members, It Is President by The Speaker, a Member Acceptable to the Whole House. MPS Sit On Two Sides of the Hall, One Side for the Governing Party and The Other for the Opposition. The First Two Rows of Seats Are Occupied by The Leading Members of Both Parties. Each Session of the House of Commons Lasts for 160-175 Days. MPS ARE PAID FOR THEIR PARLIAMENTARY WORK AND WEE TO ATTEND THE SITTINGS. AS Mentioned Above, The House of Commons Plays The Major Role in Law Making. The Procedure Is The Following: A Proposed Law ("A Bill") Has To Go Through Three Stages in Order to Become An Act of Parliament; These Are Called "Readings". The first reading is a formality and IS SIMPLY THE PUBLICATION OF THE PROPOSAL. The Second Reading Involves Debate On The Principles Of The Bill. And The Third Reading Is A Report Stage. This Is Usually The Most Important Stage in the Process. When The Bill Passes Through the House of Lords for Discussion, When Taken To the Queen for Royal Assent, It The Queen Signs The Bill, It Becomes Act of the Parliament and The Law of the Land.

The House of Lords Has More Than 1000 Members, Although Only About 250 Take An Active Part in the Work of the House. Members of this Upper House Are Not Elected, They Situe Because of Their Rank And The Chairman of the "House of Lords Is The Lord Chancellor. And He Sits on a Special Seat, Called" Woolsack ". IT IS Another Tradition of Great Britain . The Members of The House of Lords Debate The Bill After It Has Been Passed by The House of Commons. Some Changes May Be Recommended and The Agreement Between The Two Houses Is Reached by Negotiations.

Questions

1. WHEN WAS THE UK PARLIAMENT ESTABLISHED?

2. WHEN DID THE PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT IN THE THE UNITED KINGDOM BEGIN TO BASED ON TWO-CHAMBER SYSTEM?

3. How Is the Upper House Called?

4. How Is the Lower House Called?

5. How Is the Relationship Between The Two Houses Governted?

6. WHO ARE INVOLVED IN THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS IN THE BRITY PARLIAMENT?

7. WHOM DOES THE REAL POWER IN THE PARLIAMENT BELONG TO?

8. WHEN DID THE MONARCHY RESTIRATION HAPPEN?

9. What happened to King Charles i?

10. WHEN WAS THE KING CHARLES I EXECUTED?

11. Does the Monarch Have the Real Legislative Power in Great Britain Nowadays?

12. Is the State Political System of Great Britain An Absolute Monarchy Today?

13. What Political System Does Great Britain Have Today?

14. WHO Decides on the exact day of the election to be held for a new house of commons?

15. Who Always Stands in the Official Opposition in the Parliament?

16. How Many Members Are There in the House of Commons?

17. How Many Members Are there in the house of Lords?

18. Are Members of the House of Lords PAID FOR THEIR PARLIAMENTARY WORK?

19. What is the Minimum Voting Age in Great Britain?

20. What is a maximum Duration for the Parliament?

Vocabulary.

representative - Flight, Representative

origins - Origin, Beginning

two-Chamber System - Double System

the House of Lords - the House of Lords (Upper Chamber of the British Parliament)

the House of Commons - Chamber of Communities (Lower Chamber of the British Parliament)

to constitute - make up; establish; create

to Government - edit, manage

convention - Agreement, Arrangement, Treaty, Convention

to define - define, give definition

to Involve - charge

tension - contradictions, tension

to Break (Past Broke, P.P. Broken) Out -break out

restoration - East. Restoration (in 1660 p. In England)

to enhance - increase, strengthen

to electro - choose, choose

retirement - resignation; retirement; Departure from business

tHE PRIME MINISTER - Prime Minister

to Depend ON - depend on MP - cut from a member of parliament)

responsible - Responsible, responsible responsible

coronation - Coronation

to make (Past Made, P.P. MADE) Up -here: consist of

the Speaker - Speaker

rOW - row

to attend - visit; attend

to Mention - mention, refer to

bILL - Bill, Bill

proposal - offer; plan

royal Assent - Royal Approval, Approval, Permission

rank - Rank

chairman - Chairman

the Lord Chancellor - Lord Chancellor

negotiations - negotiations

British parliament

The UK Parliament is one of the most ancient representative meetings in the world, taking its beginning from the middle of the XIII century. From the XIV century, the parliamentary government in the UK was based on a system with two chambers. The House of Lords (Upper Chamber) and the House of Commons (Lower Chamber) are sitting separately, and their composition is based on completely different principles. Relations between the two chambers are built, largely, in accordance with the agreement, but are partially determined by parliamentary acts. The legislative process unites both parliamentary chambers and a monarch.

At first, the United Kingdom was an absolute monarchy, but in the XVII century, the tension in relations between parliament and the monarch increased. A year later, civil war broke out, which led to the execution of the King Charles I in January 1649. After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the role of parliamentary events of 1688-1689 increased, which was established by the priority power of parliament over the king. The state political system has become a parliamentary monarchy. In our time, the monarch is nothing more than the symbol and tradition of the nation.

The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords, the House of Commons and the Queen.

Today, the House of Communities plays a major role in legislation. It consists of members of parliament. Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Parliament members are elected or in general elections, or in additional elections after death or resignation of one of them. Parliament is elected for the maximum period of five years. At any time, by the end of this period, general elections may be held to form a new community chamber, the accurate election date establishes the Prime Minister. The minimum age of the voter is 18 years old. The election campaign lasts about 3 weeks, the British parliamentary system depends on political parties. A party that wins most of the places is forms the government, and its leader usually becomes the prime minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 members of parliament from their batch, which are included in the Cabinet of Ministers. Each minister in the government is responsible for a certain sphere. The second part of the party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and the "shadow cabinet". The opposition leader is a recognized position in the community chamber. Parliament and monarch have different roles in the government, and they are found together only in symbolic cases, such as the coronation of a new monarch or the opening of the Parliament. In fact, the House of Communities is one of the three branches of power, which has real power.

The House of Commons consists of elected six hundred fifty members led by a speaker whose candidacy must be approved by the entire Chamber. Parliament members sit on both sides of the hall: one side is for the ruling party, and the other - for the opposition. The first 2 rows of places are engaged in leading members of both parties. Each session of the House of Communities continues within 160-175 days. Parliament has intervals in their work. Parliament members receive a salary for their parliamentary work and should attend meetings. As mentioned above, the House of Communities plays a major role in legislation. The procedure is this: the proposed bill (Bill) must pass three stages in order to become a parliamentary act: they are called "reading". The first reading is simple formality, it's just a publication of a sentence. Repeated reading is a debate on the essence of the bill. And the third reading is the declaration stage. This is usually the most important stage of the process. When the bill passes through the community chamber, he leaves the Lords Chamber for discussion; When the Lords agree, this bill goes to the queen so that it approves it when the Queen takes the bill, he becomes the parliamentary act and the law of the state.

The House of Lords has more than 1,000 members, although only approximately 250 takes an active part in its work. The members of the Upper Chamber are not elected, they meet there due to their status, Chairman of the House of Lords - Lord Chancellor. He sits in a special place called "Wulsek" (woolen bag). Members of the House of Lords discusses the bill after he passed through the community chamber. Some changes can be recommended, and the agreement between the two chambers can be achieved through negotiations.