In Pain historical development Passed a number of stages. This is a finished, biogenic and anthropogenic. The last anthropogenic stage began somewhere 38-40 thousand years ago. Researchers to this time include the appearance modern man And this is adopted for the beginning of the anthropogenic period in the development of the geographic shell. The study of the geographic shell helps to dend the essence of natural processes and phenomena to present the essence of our habitat as a single natural system, it allows you to fully realize the role and place of a person in nature and the role that society is intended to play in it. The well-being of a person is inextricably linked with the full-blooded development of nature.

Natural, or integrated physico-geographical zoning, one of the most important problems in the interaction of man and nature, nature and society. The essence of natural zoning is to identify existing territorial units (PTC), differing in origin and interaction and in the composition of natural components. Natural zoning is carried out on the basis of taking into account the combination of natural conditions of various territories, and the agonality of factors for the formation of the habitat and human production activities. When zoning, the entire natural complex and its modern structure, as well as physico-geographical processes, and differently manifested in different parts Russia.

IN modern conditionsIn terms of a high degree of impact of human activity on individual natural components and, in general, their division on natural and cultural or anthropogenic is taken. The schemes of divisions are also taken to the degree of conversion to:

- unchanged, occasionally visited by man (for example, natural complexes or), many high-altitude complexes;

- weakly insignificant in which individual components are affected by a person, but natural connections are not violated;

- disturbed, subjected to long-term irrational impact, which led to a violation of natural bonds and changes in cycles of substance and energy (abandoned careers, coal cuts, mines, groundcons, etc.);

- Transformed, or actually cultural (anthropogenic), in which natural bonds are targeted by rational. Such natural complexes are characterized by high biological productivity, intense biogenic cycle of substances. They can be attributed to the meliorated fields, where unfavorable natural processes are reduced to a minimum (timing, etc.).

Currently, there are many different schemes of natural zoning. But for the territory of Russia, the most widely known in the rank of physico-geographical

Ryonovania It is called the division of the study area or water area to pieces (areas), differing among themselves and in something homogeneous within themselves. In essence, zoning is the classification of territories on some sign or by a set of signs. There are many signs, therefore, as well as classifications, zoning systems can be a lot. Symptoms that distinguish between areas can be different in nature (natural or socio-economic), can be wide or narrow (so, the amount of precipitation is a narrow sign, the climate is wider, more general). Zoning may differ in purpose: so, it is possible to zone the territory for construction, for agriculture, To present the training course, etc. If you need to study the territory or water system, usually make preliminary zoning, allowing you to properly build works, and the result of these works may be a new zoning that meets the objectives of the study.

The more general feature It is taken as the basis for separating the territory or water area, the more difficult zoning. therefore physico-geographical zoningwhich should take into account many of the components of nature (take into account everything is never possible without exception), and economic and geographical zoning, registered at once many industries, are the most complex types of zoning. Physics and geographical zoning -ryonation of the territory or water area on a complex of natural signs. Economic and geographical zoning - zoning of the territory or water area on the complex of economic signs. As we have already seen, some of the components of nature zonalny, other avison; In economic geography, one of the signs for which the zoning is produced directly related to natural conditions, others are very indirectly. Components are linked to each other very closely, but if you hold the zoning for each of them separately, the borders will not coincide almost never.

The largest parts of the sushi are set by nature itself - these are continents. The most common and easiest separation of sushi is on the mountains and plains. On this basis and allocate the largest units of physico-geographical zoning, commonly referred to physico-geographical countries. In Russia, for example, usually allocate the following physicome-geographical countries:

Russian, or Eastern European, Plain,

Caucasus,

Ural

the mountains Southern Siberia.,

Western Siberia,

Middle and Eastern Siberia,

Far East.

Almost for all selected units require explanations. So, the Russian plain goes beyond Russia to the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova. The Caucasus seizes Georgia, Azerbaijan, is traditionally ranked towards him and Armenia, although in nature it is closer to South-West Asia; Russia includes only the Pre-Caucasus and the Northern Slope of the Big Caucasus. According to a number of specialists, the Urals should be viewed together with the new land as a single Ural-Novoemel mountain country. Mountains of Southern Siberia should be viewed with the Mountains of Mongolia; The allocation of this physico-geographical country excludes Altai from Western Siberia, which only West Siberian plain remains. The average Siberia is mostly medium-Siberian plateau; Eastern Siberia comes far beyond its limits. Often, in the theory of economic geography, Yakutia includes in the Far Eastern region, which is incorrect from the position of physical geography, since the features of the Siberian nature are manifested in Yakutia most brightly; No wonder N.N. Baransky said that Yakutia is Siberia in Siberia. Finally, the Far East, without being dramatically different from the parts adjacent to it Eastern Siberia According to the relief and geological structure, it is allocated primarily by the fact that it is a pool of the Pacific Ocean with a characteristic monsoon climate and the vegetation-defined vegetation and the animal world.

Thus, already on the example of the most large physico-geographical units, we see that it is not always possible to strictly withstand the sign that districted areas; Most of all this is noticeable by the example of the Far East.

Within each physico-geographical country, areas, areas, sometimes subdomains and subsections are distinguished. For example, in the Russian plain it is convenient to allocate areas of natural zones and subzones: tundra, taiga, mixed forests, etc. It is possible to highlight areas or areas on the relief - the Timan ridge, Donetsk ridge, the window-Don lowland. In the mountains, it is possible to highlight high-rise belt instead of zones only with very fractional division of the territory: these belts are too narrow; As units included in the mining physico-geographical country, usually take mountain systems, ridges or groups of ridges, intermountain basins.

The most widespread unit in economic and geographical zoning is the country, a state, since it is often the historical conditions, the political regime is predetermined by a significant difference in the composition and distribution of the population, in the economy, in the overall level of development of countries with similar natural conditions. The units of zoning higher and lower ranks are also applied.

Despite the complexity, you need to try on the limits of one rank (area, district) to withstand a single sign, which is produced by zoning.

Zoning can be arbitrarily fraction; You can, for example, exploring small plot The earth's surface, making it a map on a large scale, within the ravine to highlight the slopes differ in vegetation - shaded and illuminated by the Sun.

The essence of zoning.All natural components are characterized by territorial differences. The placement of economic objects and the population further complicates the surface. For rational nature management, it is necessary not only to know the features of natural components, the structure of the economy and specialization, but also to summarize them on individual features. This task helps to solve region zoning. Depending on the scale of studies, zoning can be divided into 3 groups: peace, individual mainland and oceans, individual countries and large regions. Geographic belts and natural zones are distinguished as the largest units of zoning. They, in turn, are divided into physico-geographical countries and areas, provinces and areas.

Zoning can be carried out by dividing the territory on parts with close indicators or by combining small areas of the territory in larger areas. However, indicators are always determined for which areas are allocated. When conducting a zoning, information on the natural or economic indicator is collected, their analysis and systematization are carried out and the features of individual parts of the territory are distinguished. Thus, the zoning also acts as a method of geographical research of the territory, and as its result. It reflects the features of territorial units and allows you to choose the best ways to use their natural resources.

Geographical zoning can be divided into 2 main types: physico-geographical and economic and geographical . In the second case, the differences between the territory on economic signs - the specialization and structure of the economy are allocated.

Types of natural zoning of Belarus.Under natural zoning It is understood as dividing the territory on parts by natural features. It is carried out in two directions: zoning on separate natural components (relief, climate, soils, etc.) and complex physico-geographical zoning.

One of the types of intertone natural zoning is geomorphological . Its founded in its foundation of the area of \u200b\u200brelief: the geological age and features of geomorphological processes are taken into account. The territory of Belarus is divided into 4 areas: the Belarusian Lady, Central Street Ice Hills, the Plains of the Absorola and the Polesskaya Lowland. According to the common form of relief, geomorphological areas are distinguished, for example, Minsk elevation, polotsk lowland, etc.

In terms of climatic indicators, climatic zoning is carried out. Since the climate has the greatest impact on agricultural activities, it was conducted in Belarus agroclimatic zoning . It is based on the ratio of heat and moisture and takes into account the conditions for overrevming crops. The territory of the country is divided into 3 agroclimatic areas: the northern moderately warm wet, central warm moderately wet and southern warm unstable wet. In accordance with the increase in climate continentality, Western and Eastern sequences are allocated (Fig. 77).

The latter are divided into agro-climatic areas.

Other types of natural zoning were carried out: hydrological, soil-geographical, geobotanical, natural-physical and etc.

Physico-geographical zoning of Belarus. The combination of close natural complexes underlies the physico-geographical zoning. It takes into account the peculiarities of the relief, climate, soil and vegetation cover and, thus, is complex. Has great practical importance because it allows you to choose optimal option use of the territory.

Generally accepted units of physico-geographical zoning are: country -region-provinces-district-paradise is he . The first scheme of the physico-geographical zoning of Belarus was compiled by V. A. Dementev in 1948. She then clarified several times and for a long time performed the main one. 6 provinces stand out, 6 districts and 32 physical and geographic areas (1965). The new scientific material allowed the BSU scientist under the leadership of G. I. Martzinkevich to clarify the scheme of physico-geographical zoning. In 2001, it was aligned with a single pan-European sushi zoning system.

According to this scheme, the territory of Belarus is fully included in the country of Eastern European Plain and in the European region Mixed forests. Beginning with provinceAs a unit of zoning, the differentiation of the country's territory is observed. Provincial selection criteria are character (high-altitude tier) and the age of relief. In Belarus, 5 provinces are distinguished: the West Belarusian, East Belorusskaya, Prownerskaya, Poleskaya and Belarusian Posol (see Forsc I). Thus, the West Belarusian province covers the elevation system with marks above 200 m. The East Belarusian province occupies an elevated plain with absolute marks 180-230 m. The Polesian province covers lowlands with marks below 150 m, and Zaglovskaya - transitional plain territory (150-190 m). Only the Belarusian Initoring Province includes hills, plains and lowlands and stand out by age corresponding to the last glacier.

Depending on the prevailing quaternary sediments and attendant types of relief of the province are divided into district. 14 districts allocated on the territory of Belarus. The latter are divided by 49 physico-geographic areas. They are characterized by a lord of relief, climate and soil-vegetation cover.

Each physico-geographical province, district, the area has their own characteristics. They differ in the history of the formation, the direction of modern geographical processes. Geographical position determines the features of climate, soil and vegetation. Thus, the complex geographic characteristic determines the prerequisites for the placement of the population and the economy.

Bibliography

1. Geography grade 10 / Tutorial For 10 classes of general secondary education institutions with Russian language learning / authors: M. N. Brilevsky - "From the authors", "Introduction", § 1-32; G. S. Smolyakov - § 33-63 / Minsk "Folk Asveta" 2012

Landscape-ecological zoning

Integrated natural (landscape) zoning is a special form of information on the natural-territorial differences in the regions and serves as a natural science basis for the proper placement of agricultural production. Particularly important practical importance acquires fractional landscape zoning of the land foundation of individual republics, administrative regions for land management and agricultural purposes.

Unlike private types of zoning (soil, botanical, agroclimatic, etc.), under complex - landscape zoning, the detection, distinction and classification of natural-territorial complexes (PTC) understand, objectively existing in nature.

The natural-territorial complex is an individual unique territorial unit characterized by some uniformity of the complex of interrelated and interacting natural components (geological structure and relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and animal peace). Tectonic-geomorphological differences of the territory, which determine the degree of homogeneity of the climate and the features of the manifestation of other natural components through it, are the leading importance in the extraction of PTK. The study of PTK is a great practical interest, since the territory of each PTK is more or less uniform (depending on the taxonomic rank) by natural potential, that is, practical use capabilities.

A variety of nature, which is characteristic of the territories as a whole and can be observed on relatively large and small spaces, creates conditions for the formation of a set of territorial natural complexes, differing in dimensions, quality and quantitative characteristics. Work on integrated natural zoning and lies in a deep study of the nature and causes of differentiation of the landscape sphere on qualitatively different sites PTK, the boundaries of which the researcher is able to identify, but not to change their number.

Recognition of the objectivity of the existence of natural-territorial complexes of various taxonomic rank, characterized by the structure, history of development, allows us to consider comprehensive natural zoning for its basis unity. The various tasks and objectives determine the scale of the zoning, the nature of the interpretation of its materials for certain practical purposes. For example, with zoning for land and agricultural purposes, the main task is not only in the establishment and study of natural-territorial differences, the trends of the modern development of landscapes, taking into account the anthropogenic effects, but also in determining the conformity or inconsistency of the current structure of agricultural production by natural conditions and the potential opportunity of land resources specific region. Such zoning helps local planning bodies to adjust existing regional agricultural systems, as in the natural production characteristics of the allocated regions, the most attention is paid to those natural conditions and processes that are especially important to know when organizing agricultural use of the territory.

In other words, on the basis of general scientific natural zoning can be created different kinds Applied zoning. But in this case, the boundaries of the PTK do not change their position, there can be only a different number of selected taxonomic units (other fragmentation of zoning) depending on the scale. When applied zoning, the properties of landscapes of one or another region are found out for certain practical purposes, that is, the correct interpretation of general scientific zoning data in the form available to directly use practical workers is carried out.

Thus, integrated natural zoning as a form of accounting for soil-landscape inhomogeneity of land resources should help the relevant regional and district organizations to adjust existing in the regional systems of agriculture of the grid of zoning of the land foundation, that is, to clarify them on the basis of the latest achievements of the sciences of the natural cycle.

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Natural zoning

Dimensions PTK Geographic Sheath Neckcase Oceans Oceanic Rats Mountains Mountains Plains Low Low Site Plots Rapid Plots Hill River Terrace PC Investigate each other

Study of complexes The main method of identifying PTK is physical and geographical zoning. Those. The establishment of boundaries and their cozeny. Large PCs are allocated on the basis of: a) the differences in geological history; B) the differences in climatic conditions.

Units of zoning The physico-geographical country is an extensive part of the mainland corresponding to a large tectonic structure and sufficiently single in the orographic relation, characterized by the generality of macrosculation processes and a peculiar structure of geographic zonality (a set of natural zones or spectrum of altitude belts). The country covers an area of \u200b\u200bseveral hundred thousand or millions of square kilometers (the average Siberia is the largest of the countries - about 4 million km2).

The units of zone zone in a broad sense is the area of \u200b\u200bpredominance of landscapes of one type (tundra, forest, forest-steppe, deserted, etc.). In order for the same type of landscapes to be formed on all its space, the zone must have some common features. Relief, climate-vegetative community, animal world, soils.

The province of zoning units are part of the zone or mountain region, characterized by the generality of the relief and geological structure, as well as bioclimatic features. Usually, the province geographically coincides with a large orographic unit - elevation, lowland, group of ridges or a large interstitable hollow. Examples of the provinces are the Ocsk-Donskaya, Bugulmino-Belbeyeevskaya, Chulymo-Yenisei, Pouotner, Central Altai, and so on Mountain provinces differ from the neighboring structure of the structure of high-altitude.

Units of zoning area - a relatively large geomorphologically separate part of the province, within which the integrity and specificity of the landscape structure remains. Each area is distinguished by a certain combination of mesoland forms with characteristic microclimate, so-in differences and vegetation communities. The area is the lowest unit of the regional level of differentiation of the geographic shell.

Fastening which PTK is younger. Floods or river valley? Why? Name PTK created by man. What is the level of PTK Plateau Puratorn? Call all major PTK within which the Minusinskaya Basin is located.

Homework §28, in k / k to note the borders of the PTK at the level of physico-geographical countries.