One of the symbols of Russia, which is enthusiastic, without exaggeration, the whole world is a wooden hut. Indeed, some of them are amazed with their incredible beauty and uniqueness. About the most unusual wooden houses - in the review "My Planet".

Where:Sverdlovsk region, D. Kunar

In a small village of Kunar, located 20 km from Nevyansk, there is a fairy tale terme, recognized in 1999 at the competition of homemade wooden architecture as the best in our country. The building resembling a large gingerbread house from a fairy tale was created by hand by one-sole man - Kuznets Sergey Kirillov. He created this beauty for 13 years - from 1954 to 1967. All decorations on the facade of the gingerbread house are made of wood and metal. And children holding posters with inscriptions: "Let there always be the sun ...", "fly, pigeons, fly ...", "Let there be a mother ...", and rockets, ready to fade up, and riders for horses, and sun, Both warriors and the symbols of the USSR ... and many more different curls and unusual colors. Go to the courtyard and admire man-made miracle Maybe anyone: the widow of Kirillov gates does not lock.

Where:Smolensk region, Plenovo, historical and architectural complex "Teremok"

This historical and architectural complex includes four buildings, which previously belonged to the famous patronage of Mary Tenisheva. Special attention deserves the main manor, created in 1902 on the draft Sergey Malyutina. This carved fabulous terechemok is a real masterpiece of Russian small architecture. At the main facade of the house settled incredible beauty window. In the center, over carved frames, sat down to relax the firebird with a flirty cocktail, on both sides, elegant skates get up onto it. Wonderful animals warms with its rays a carved sun, and suitable fabulous patterns of flowers, waves and other curls are amazed with their fantastic air. Log cabin The termes support green scaly snakes-Gorynychi, and two months are located under the roof arch. On the window on the other hand, the princess-swan, "floating" on wooden waves under a carved sky with the moon, month and stars. This style was decorated in one time all in Flenovo. It is a pity that this beauty has been preserved only in photos.

Where: Irkutsk, ul. Friedrich Engels, 21

Today's Europa House is the former manor of the merchants of Shastin. This house is one of the business cards of Irkutsk. It was built in the middle of the XIX century, but only in 1907 he was decorated with carvings and nicknamed lace. Openwork wooden decorations, elegant patterns of the facade and windows, amazing beauty of the turrets, complex outlines of the roof, curly wooden columns, relief thread shutter and platbands make this mansion completely unique. All elements of the decor were frozen by hand, without globe and templates.

Where:Karelia, Medvezhiegorsky district, oh. Kizhi, Museum-Reserve Wooden architecture "Kizhi"

This two-storey house, similar to the richly decorated by Terem, was built in the village of Ovshevo in the second half of the XIX century. Later he was transported to about. Kizhi with a large Climatsky Island. Under one big wooden, accommodated and residential, and shopping premises are located: this type of construction has developed in the north in the old days due to the harsh winters and the peculiarities of the life of local peasants.
The interiors of the house were recreated in the middle of the XX century. They are the traditional decoration of the housing of the wealthy peasant of the North end XIX. century. Massive wooden shops stretched along the walls of the hut, the regiments of the Voronets are located above them, in the corner - a large bed. And of course, the mandatory furnace. Genuine things of that time are stored here: clay and wooden dishes, bark and copper things, children's toys (horse, sled, weaving machine). In the hubby you can see the sofa, buffet, chairs and table of work of local craftsmen, bed, mirror: ordinary items everyday life.
Outside the house looks very elegant: on three sides it is looking for galleries, on the windows of carved platbands ... The design of the three balconies is completely different: the exact bass is served by the fencing of the Western and South Balconies, and the Northern Openwork Performance from Flat Tesns. The decor of the facades is characterized by a combination of propyl and volumetric thread. And the combination of oval protrusions and rectangular teeth is characteristic of the areas of the seizure of the seizures of the patterns.

Where: Moscow, Pogodinskaya st., 12a

Old wooden houses It remains very little in Moscow. But in Khamovniki among stone buildings there is a historic building, built in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture in 1856. Pogodinskaya Izba - the wooden log house of the famous Russian historian Mikhail Petrovich Pogodin.

This high log house, composed of good logs, was built by architect N.V. Nikitin and donated by the entrepreneur V.A. Kokorev. Gable roof The old house is decorated with wooden carved pattern - propyl carvings. Wooden lace removed and windows shutters, "towels", "subzor" and other elevations of horses. And the bright blue color of the building together with snow-white decorations make it look like a house from some old Russian fairy tale. Only now the present in the Pogodinsky hut is not at all fabulous - now the offices are posted in the house.

Where: Irkutsk, ul. December events, 112

City Manor V.P Sukacheva was created in 1882. Surprisingly, over the past years, the historical integrity of this structure, its amazing beauty and even most of the adjacent park zone remained almost unchanged. The log house with a four-piece roof is decorated with propyl carvings: Dragon figures, fantastic stylized images of colors, complex weave fences on the porch, whores, believes of the eaves - everything speaks about the rich fantasy of Siberian masters and something likes eastern ornaments. Actually, the eastern motives in the design of the estate are quite explained: at that time, cultural and economic ties with China and Mongolia developed, which influenced the artistic taste of Siberian craftsmen.
Nowadays, the manor not only retained his magnificent appearance and an amazing atmosphere, but also lives quite rich life. There are often concerts, musical and literary evenings, balls are arranged, master classes for small guests on the modeling, drawing, making patchwork.

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Izba in the form of a cerebral wooden log cabin of various configurations is a traditional Russian dwelling for the countryside. The traditions of the huts rise to dugouts and houses with earthwood walls of which gradually began to rise purely wooden cuts Without outdoor insulation.

Russian Rustic Holes usually represented not only a home for the housing of people, but a whole complex of buildings, which included all necessary for the autonomous life of a large Russian family: this is a residential premises, and storage rooms, livestock and poultry premises, indoors for feed reserves (Senakers), the premises-workshops, which were integrated into one fenced and well-protected from bad weather and strangers The peasant yard. Sometimes part of the premises was integrated under a single roof with the house or was part of the indoor courtyard. Only the baths that revered the habitat of the unclean forces (and sources of fires) were built separately from the peasant estate.

For a long time in Russia, horses were built solely only with the help of an ax. Such adaptations as saws and drills appeared only in the XIX century, which to some extent lowered the durability of Russian wooden lines, as saws and drills, as opposed to the ax, left "open" to penetrate moisture and microorganisms. The ax "sealing" the tree, the humming of its structure. Metal was practically not used in the construction of the AB, as it was quite expensive due to its handicraft production (swamp metal) and production.

From the fifteenth century, a Russian oven has become a central element of the survey, which could take up one-quarter area of \u200b\u200bthe residential part of the hut. Genetically, the Russian oven goes back to the Byzantine Bread Furnace, which was concluded in the box and fall asleep with sand in order to maintain warmth longer.

The design of the Hisp did not undergo strong changes since the days of the Middle Ages before the XX century. And to this day, wooden buildings are preserved, which has 100-200-300 years old. The main damage to the wooden house-building of Russia was not nature, but a human factor: fires, war, revolution, regular limits of property and "modern" reconstruction and repair of Russians. So every day is less and less becoming around unique wooden buildings, adorning Russian land, having your own soul and unique originality.

Russian hut is wooden housePartially logging into the ground. Despite the fact that the hood of the whole thing consisted of one room, it was conditionally divided into several zones. There was a furnace corner, which was considered a dirty place and separated from the rest of the scene of the curtain, was also a female corner - to the right of the entrance, and the male - at the hearth.

The red angle was the most important and honorary place in the house. In Russia, the hut has always been built in a certain way, taking into account the side of the horizon, the red corner was located on the east side, in the most distant and well-lit place. It was a home iconostasis. It was considered important that at the entrance to the hut, the man first of all should pay attention to the icon.

The icons were installed on a special shelf and had to be standing in a certain order. The most important icons that were to be in every home were considered the icons of the Virgin and the Savior. The red angle was always kept clean, and sometimes decorated with embroidered towels.

By tradition, on the wedding day, the bride was taken to the wedding from the red corner. There were also daily prayers.

The huts in which the stove was treated in black were called smoke (without pipe).

At first, the hives of the peasant had only one room. Later began to build so-called five-rank, in which the total area was divided into a log wall into two parts.

The windows were first closed with mica or bovine bubbles. Stew in Novgorod and Moscow appeared in the 14th century. But they were very expensive, and put them only in rich houses. Both mica and bubbles, and even a glass of that time only missed the light, and what happened on the street, it was not visible through them.

In the evenings, when it was dark, Russian huts lit by mud. The beam of Lucin was inserted into special forged siets, which could be fixed anywhere. Sometimes oil lamps were used - small plates with bent up the edges. Only rather secured people could afford to use candles for this purpose.

The inner decoration of the traditional Russian hut was not highlighted by special luxury. Each thing was needed in the farm, and the inner area of \u200b\u200bthe hut was strictly divided into zones. For example, the right corner from the stove was called Babi Kut or Head. The hostess commanded here, everything was adapted for cooking, there was a strawberry. Usually, this place was fenced, hence the word of the yarn, that is, a separate place. Men were not included here.

Good owners in the hut all glittered cleanliness. On the walls - embroidered white towels; The floor table, benches are scrambled; On the beds lace ruffles - subzora; The salaries of the icons are cleared to the brilliance. The floor in the exhaust was made from broad one-piece plates - briced, broken in half, with a carefully selected one flat side. Putting fees from the door to the opposite wall. So halves were better lying, and the room seemed more. The floor was put on three or four crowns above the Earth, and the subfields were formed. It stored products, different pickles. And the elevation of the floor almost a meter from the ground made the hut lapel.

Almost everything in the hut was done with their own hands. Long winter evenings cut bowls and spoons, loored buckets, fabrics, embroidered, Napty and Tues, baskets. Although it was not distinguished by the decoration of the huts with a variety of furniture: the table, shops, benches (shops) of the solar (stools), chests, - everything was done carefully, with love and it was not only useful, but also a beautiful, pleasing eye. This is the desire for the beautiful, the skill was transmitted from generation to generation.

Folk craftsmen appeared, the crafts were born. Any useful thing, whether it is a children's cradle or a bucket, a pylon or a towel, - everything was decorated with a thread, embroidery, painting or lace, and everything took a certain, traditional image, associated with the surrounding nature.

Russian hut has always been a bad, kind and distinctive. Its architecture testifies to the loyalty to centuries-old traditions, their durability and uniqueness. Its layout, design and interior decoration Created over the years. Not so many traditional Russian houses have been preserved to this day, but still in some regions you can meet.

Initially, the huts in Russia were built from a tree, partially blocking their foundation under the ground. It ensured greater reliability and durability of the structure. Most often, it was only one room, which the owners were divided into several separate parts. A mandatory part of the Russian hut was a furnace corner, to separate the curtain. In addition, individual zones were distinguished for men and women. All corners in the house were built in accordance with the parties of the world and the most important among them were East (red), where the family organized the iconostasis. It was on the icons that guests had to pay attention immediately after the entrance to the Izbu.

The porch of the Russian isob

The architecture of the porch has always been thoroughly thought out, her house owners paid enough time. It combined with excellent artistic taste, centuries-old traditions and ingenuity of architects. It was the porch that combined the hut with the street and opened all guests or passersby. Interestingly, on the porch in the evenings after heavy work, the whole family often gathered, as well as neighbors. Here, guests and owners of the house danced, sang songs, and the children ran and smelling.

In different regions of Russia, the shape and sizes of the porch were significantly different. So, in the north of the country it was high enough and large, and the southern facade of the house was chosen for installation. Thanks to this asymmetric placement and unique architecture of the facade, the whole house looked very peculiar and beautiful. Also quite often it was possible to meet the porch, set on the pillars and decorated with openwork wooden columns. They were a real decoration at home, making his facade even more serious and good.

In the south of Russia, the porch was installed on the front side of the house, attracting the attention of passersby and neighbors in openwork threads. They could be both two steps and with a whole staircase. Some home owners adorned their porch canopy, while others left open.

Seni.

In order to preserve in the house the maximum amount of heat from the furnace owners separated the living area from the street. Seni is exactly the space that immediately saw the guests at the entrance to the hut. In addition to conservation of heat, the Seni was also used to store the rocker and other necessary things, it was here that many did chulaans for products.

For the separation of hay and heated residential zone, a high threshold was also made. It was made to prevent the cold penetration into the house. In addition, for centuries-old traditions, each guest was supposed to walked at the entrance to the hut, and it was impossible to go inside before the high threshold. Otherwise, the guest just hit the bare naked.

Russian oven.

The life of Russian huts rotated around the furnace. It served as a place to cook, rest, heating and even bath procedures. The top led the steps, there were niches in the walls for different utensils. The furnace has always been with iron departments. The device of the Russian oven - the hearts of any hut is surprisingly functional.

The furnace in the traditional Russian skeins has always been placed in the main area, to the right or left of the entrance. It was her who was considered the main element of the house, because the furnaces were preparing food, slept, she heated the whole house. It is proved that the food cooked in the oven is the most useful, since it retains all useful vitamins.

Since ancient times, many believes associated with the stove. Our ancestors believed that it was on the furnace to live in houses. The garbage was never endured from the hut, and burned in the oven. People believed that so all the energy remains in the house, which contributes to an increase in family wealth. Interestingly, in some regions of Russia, the furnace was batted and washed, and also used to treat serious diseases. Lekari of that time claimed to cure the disease, simply leaving on the furnace for several hours.

Chimney

He was also called "Babi Angle", because it was all that was kitchenware. It was separated by a curtain or even a wooden partition. Men from their family almost never came here. The huge insult of the owners of the house was the arrival of someone else's man for the curtain in a furnace corner.

Here women were erased and dried things, they prepared food, treated children and gadal. Almost every woman was engaged in needlework, and the most calm and convenient place for this was the chimney. Embroidery, sewing, painting is the most popular types of needlework girls and women of that time.

Claws in the hut

There were mobile and fixed shops in Russian, and from the 19th century chairs began to appear. Along the walls of the house, the owners installed fixed beats that were attached by supplying or legs with carved elements. The stand could be flat or narrowed by the middle, in its decor, carved patterns and traditional ornaments were often present.

Also in every home there were mobile shops. Such benches had four legs or installed on the deaf boards. The backs were often done so that they could be shifted to the opposite edge of the bench, and a carved decor was used to decorate. The bench has always been done longer than the table, and also often covered with a dense cloth.

Male angle (Konics)

He was on the right of the entrance. Here it was sure to stood a wide bench, which was fencing with wooden boards on both sides. They were cut in the form of a horse head, so the male corner is often called "Konik". Under the bench men kept their tools intended for repair and other male works. In this corner, men repaired shoes and utensils, as well as splashed baskets and other products from the vine.

All guests who came to the owners of the house for a short time were embarrassed on the bench in the male corner. It was here that the man slept and rested.

Women's Corner (Head)

It was an important space in the female fate, because it was because of the chimney curtain that the girl went out during a glance in an elegant attire, and waited for the groom on the wedding day. Here women gave birth to children and fed them away from prying eyes, hiding behind the curtain.

Also in the female corner of the guy you liked the girl had to hide the magazine to get married soon. They believed that such a magazine would help the daughter-in-law to make friends with mother-in-law and become a good mistress in a new house.

Red corner

This is the brightest and important corner, since it was he who was considered a sacred place in the house. By tradition, during the construction, it was highlighted on the eastern side, where two adjacent windows form an angle, so the light drops, making the corner with the brightest place in the hollow. Here I necessarily hung icons and embroidered towers, as well as in some sprues - the faces of ancestors. Be sure to put a large table in the red corner and took food. Under the icons and towels, freshly baked bread always stored.

To this day, some traditions associated with the table are known. So, young people are not desirable to sit at the corner to create a family in the future. Bad sign Leave dirty dishes on the table or sit on it.

Cereals, flour and other products Our ancestors were kept in the hannels. Thanks to this, the mistress could always quickly cook food from fresh products. In addition, additional buildings were provided: a cellar for storing vegetables and fruits in winter, hlev for livestock and individual structures for the hay.

Wooden hut has long been the most common housing of the Russian peasant. Despite the fact that only no older than the XIX century remained at present, they retained all the traditions of construction and arrangement.

By the design of the hut is a square or rectangular log house. The walls consist of horizontal logic crowns - rows associated with the corners of wrist. Russian hut is simple and laconic, and the picturesque symmetry of buildings carries a real Russian comfort and hospitality.

Composite parts of the peasant hut were: Crate, Song, Izba, Slot, Chulad and Torny. The main construction was a residential room with a stove. Inside there were such essential attributes of the host life as: attached to the walls wide benches, shelves, cradle, dishwashed cabinet, etc. No extra elements and strict attachment of one thing to the place - here are the main signs of the interior of the hut.

Special attention in the hollow concentrates on the furnace, which symbolizes the idea of \u200b\u200bcomfort and homemade focus. Therefore, the manufacture of stoves of the wizard paid so much time and strength. The sub hock consisted of the ends of thick bars released. In front, it supported the heavy flock seal, and on the side - a lava-layer. The chimney horse was cutting rejected the sixth of the furnace. All these elements were neatly squeezed out with an ax.

The oven was often spaced angle. It was separated by a wooden fillety brightly painted partition. Partition signed usually with geometric shapes in the form of the sun or colors.

Fixed benches were located along, throughout the perimeter of the room. On the one hand, they were tightly adjacent to the wall, on the other, they were maintained with staves made of thick boards, or by carved point stakes. Usually such columns were escalating to the middle and the applied pattern in the form of an apple. The plane coasters, drunk from the thick board, were usually with a pattern of an accurate leg.

In the outstands also met portable shops with four legs or backups on the sides (bench). The back of the bench could be transferred from one edge to another (traveled backs). Through or deaf backs often decorated with carvings. In the barn benches were covered with a special cloth. There were also benches with one sidewall, on which a carving was applied, or the painting. Such sidewall served as a bark, or support for the pillow.

Chairs in the hut began to appear somewhat later - in the XIX century. They were performed in the form of a symmetrical shape, had a milking square seat, through square back and slightly elongated legs. The decoration of the chairs was served by a wooden fringe, or a patterned back. Often chairs were painted in two colors - blue and crimson.

The dining table had quite large sizes. The table lid was performed from high-quality processed boards without bitch. The substole could be several types: boarded sidewalls with a removal at the bottom, connected by proncing; legs connected by two pies or circle; Podstole with drawers. The edges of the canteen face and the edges of the legs are sometimes covered with carvings.

Tables for cooking (supplies) put next to the furnace. Such tables were higher than the dining, and at the bottom had retractable drawers Or shelves with doors. Often there were small decorative tables in the hut.

An integral attribute of the Russian hut was a chest in which the clothes and other home accessories were stored. The chests had different sizes and small external differences. The covers of the chest could be both straight and convex. The support portion was performed in the form of a support plinth, or in the form of small legs. The chests of the animal skin with a short pile, and strengthened with metal components. Decorated chests also with all sorts of drawings and patterns.

Shelves in the hollow were attached tightly. The hanging shelves were adjacent to the wall along the entire length, and the regiments of the Voroneans were relied only by the ends. Shelves could separate the room into several parts. Relying in one end on a ram near the oven, the other end they could go out between the wall logs. Hinged flooring (flaws) was mounted above the entrance door.

Over time, cabinets began to appear in the outstand. They had different kinds and sizes. They applied through thread to ventilate products.

The peasants usually slept on embedded and mobile beds. Such beds were tightly attached to the walls on both sides and had one back, and were placed in the corner. For children, cradles were suspended, cradle, decorated with turning parts, carvings or painting.

Thus, the elements of the interior in the Russian hut were horizontally and were performed from the tree. As basic color Gamma. Golden-ocher, with the addition of red and white colors. Furniture, walls, dishes, painted in golden-ocher tones, successfully complemented white towels, red flowers and clothing, as well as beautiful painting.