Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a great Russian poet, writer, publicist, a recognized classic of world literature.

Born on November 28 (October 10), 1821, in the family of a small local nobleman in the town of Nemyriv, Podolsk province. In addition to Nikolai Nekrasov, the family had 13 more children. Nekrasov's father was a despotic man, which left a mark on the character and further work of the poet. The first teacher of Nikolai Nekrasov was his mother, an educated and well-mannered woman. She instilled in the poet a love of literature and the Russian language.

In the period from 1832 - 1837 N.A. Nekrasov studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Studying was hard for Nekrasov, he often skipped classes. Then he began to write poetry.

In 1838, the father, who had always dreamed of a military career for his son, sent Nikolai Nekrasov to St. Petersburg to be assigned to the regiment. However, N.A. Nekrasov decided to enter the university. The poet failed to pass the entrance exams, and for the next 2 years he was a volunteer at the Faculty of Philology. This contradicted the will of his father, so Nekrasov was left without any material support from him. The disasters that Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov faced in those years were reflected in his poems and the unfinished novel The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov. Little by little, the poet's life improved and he decided to release his first collection of poems "Dreams and Sounds".

In 1841, N.A. Nekrasov began work in the "Notes of the Fatherland".

In 1843, Nekrasov met Belinsky, which led to the appearance of realistic poems, the first of which was "On the Road" (1845), and the publication of two almanacs: "Physiology of St. Petersburg" (1845) and "Petersburg Collection" (1846). In the period from 1847 to 1866, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was the publisher and editor of the Sovremennik magazine, which publishes the best revolutionary-democratic works of that time. During this period, Nekrasov wrote lyric poems dedicated to his common-law wife Panaeva, poems and cycles of poems about the urban poor ("On the street", "About the weather"), about the fate of the people ("Uncompressed strip", " Railway"and others), about peasant life (" Peasant Children "," Forgotten Village "," Orina, the Soldier's Mother "," Frost, Red Nose ", etc.).

In the 1850s and 60s, during the peasant reform, the poet created "The Poet and the Citizen", "Song to Eremushka", "Reflections at the Front Entrance", the poem "The Peddlers".

In 1862, after the arrest of the leaders of the revolutionary democracy, N.A. Nekrasov visited Greshnevo. This is how the lyric poem "The Knight for an Hour" (1862) appeared.

In 1866 Sovremennik was closed. Nekrasov acquired the right to publish the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski, with which they were associated last years his life. During these years, the poet wrote the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" (1866-76), poems about the Decembrists and their wives ("Grandfather" (1870); "Russian Women" (1871-72), the satirical poem "Contemporaries "(1875).

In 1875 N.A. Nekrasov seriously ill. Doctors discovered he had intestinal cancer, and complex operations did not give the desired result.

The last years of the poet's life embraced elegiac motives associated with the loss of friends, the realization of loneliness, and a serious illness. During this period, the following works appeared: "Three Elegies" (1873), "Morning", "Despondency", "Elegy" (1874), "The Prophet" (1874), "To the Sowers" (1876). In 1877, a cycle of poems "The Last Songs" was created.

December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov died in St. Petersburg. The poet's body was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, whose biography begins on November 28 (December 10), 1821, was born in the small town of Nemyriv, located on the territory of the Vinnitsa district of the Podolsk province (now the territory of Ukraine).

Childhood of the poet

The Nekrasov family, after the birth of their son, lived in the village of Greshneve, which at that time belonged to the Yaroslavl province. There were many children - thirteen (although only three of them survived), and therefore it was very difficult to keep them. Alexey Sergeevich, the head of the family, was forced to take on the job of a police chief. This work could hardly be called fun and interesting. Little Nikolai Nekrasov Sr. often took with him to the service, and therefore the future poet from an early age saw the problems faced by ordinary people and learned to sympathize with them.

At the age of 10, Nikolai was sent to the Yaroslavl gymnasium. But at the end of the 5th grade, he abruptly stopped his studies. Why? Biographers differ on this issue. Some believe that the boy was not too diligent in his studies, and his success in this field left much to be desired, while others are of the opinion that his father simply stopped paying for tuition. Perhaps, both of these reasons took place. One way or another, but further the biography of Nekrasov continues in St. Petersburg, where a sixteen-year-old boy is sent to enter a military school (noble regiment).

Difficult years

The poet had every opportunity to become an honest campaigner, but fate wanted to decide otherwise. Arriving in the cultural capital of the empire - St. Petersburg, - Nekrasov meets and communicates with the local students. They awakened in him a strong thirst for knowledge, and therefore the future poet decides to go against the will of his father. Nikolay begins to prepare for entering the university. Failure befalls him: he could not pass all the exams. However, this did not stop him: from 1839 to 1841. the poet goes to the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer. In those days, Nekrasov lived in terrible poverty, because his father did not give him a single penny. The poet often had to starve, even to the extent that he spent the night in shelters for the homeless. But there were also bright moments: for example, it was in one of these places that Nikolai earned his first money (15 kopecks) for his help in writing a petition. The difficult financial situation did not break the spirit of the young man and he vowed to himself, despite any obstacles, to achieve recognition.

Literary activity of Nekrasov

Biography of Nekrasov is impossible without mentioning the stages of his formation as a poet, writer.

Soon after the events described above, Nikolai's life went smoothly. He got a job as a governor, he was often instructed to compose fairy tales and alphabets for popular printers. Writing small articles for the Literaturnaya Gazeta, as well as Literary Supplement to the Russian Invalid, became a good part-time job. Several vaudevilles composed by him and published under the pseudonym "Perepelsky" were even staged on the Alexandria stage. Putting aside some money, in 1840 Nekrasov published his first collection of poems, which was called "Dreams and Sounds".

Biography of Nekrasov was not without a fight with critics. Despite the fact that they treated him ambiguously, Nikolai himself was extremely upset by the negative review of the authoritative Belinsky. It even got to the point that Nekrasov himself bought up most of the circulation and destroyed the books. However, the few remaining copies allowed Nekrasov to be seen in a completely unusual role as a ballad writer. Later he moved on to other genres and themes.

Nekrasov spent the forties of the 19th century working closely with the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Nikolai himself was a bibliographer. The turning point in his life can be considered a close acquaintance and the beginning of friendship with Belinsky. After a very short time, the poems of Nikolai Nekrasov began to be actively published. In a fairly short period of time, the almanacs "April 1", "Physiology of St. Petersburg", "Petersburg Collection" were published, in which the poems of the young poet were side by side with the works of the best authors of that period. Among them, among others, there were works by F. Dostoevsky, D. Grigorovich, I. Turgenev.

Publishing was doing great. This allowed Nekrasov and his friends to acquire the Sovremennik magazine at the end of 1846. In addition to the poet himself, many talented writers leave for this magazine. And Belinsky makes Nekrasov an unusually generous gift - he gives for the magazine a huge amount of materials that the critic has been collecting for a long time for his own publication. During the reactionary period, the content of Sovremennik was controlled by the tsarist government, and under the influence of censorship, most of the works of the adventure genre began to be printed in it. But, nevertheless, the magazine is not losing its popularity.

Further, the biography of Nekrasov takes us to sunny Italy, where the poet in the 50s leaves for treatment for a sore throat. Having recovered his health, he returns to his homeland. Here life is "in full swing" - Nikolai finds himself in the leading literary streams, communicates with people of high morality. At this time, the best and hitherto unknown sides of the poet's talent are revealed. In the work on the magazine, his faithful helpers and Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky become colleagues.

Despite the fact that in 1866 Sovremennik was closed, Nekrasov did not give up. The writer rents Otechestvennye zapiski from his former rival, which quickly rise to the same height as Sovremennik did in its time.

Working with two of the best magazines of his time, Nekrasov wrote and published a lot of his works. Among them are poems ("Who Lives Well in Russia", "Peasant Children", "Frost, Red Nose", "Sasha", "Russian Women"), poems ("Railroad", "A Knight for an Hour", "The Prophet ") And many others. Nekrasov was at the zenith of his glory.

last years of life

At the beginning of 1875, the poet was diagnosed with a terrible diagnosis - "intestinal cancer". His life became continuous suffering, and only the support of loyal readers helped to somehow hold on. Telegrams and letters came to Nikolai even from the farthest corners of Russia. This support meant a lot to the poet: struggling with pain, he continued to create. At the end of his life, he writes a satirical poem called "Contemporaries", sincere and touching the living cycle of poems "Last Songs".

The talented poet and activist of the literary world said goodbye to this world on December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) in St. Petersburg, at the age of only 56 years.

Despite the severe frost, thousands of people came to say goodbye to the poet and take him to his final resting place (Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg).

Love in the life of a poet

N.A.Nekrasov, whose biography is a real charge of vitality and energy, met three women in his life. His first love was Avdotya Panaeva. They were not officially married, but they lived together for fifteen years. After a while, Nekrasov fell in love with a charming Frenchwoman - Celine Lefren. However, this novel for the poet was unsuccessful: Selina left him, and before that she squandered a fair amount of his fortune. And, finally, six months before his death, Nekrasov married Fyokla Viktorova, who dearly loved him and took care of him until the last day.

The work of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is lyrical and poetic. The significance of his poems and poems is so great that they will excite many more generations.

According to his views, the poet ranked himself among the democrats, but his contemporaries were ambivalent about his ideas and views. Despite this, the great poet and publicist left behind a poetic legacy that allows him to be put on a par with the greatest classics of literature. Nekrasov's art is highly appreciated all over the world, and his works have been translated into many languages.

The origin of the poet

It is known that Nikolai Alekseevich came from a family of nobles who once lived in the Yaroslavl province, where the poet's grandfather Sergei Alekseevich Nekrasov lived for many years. But he had a slight weakness, which, unfortunately, was later passed on to the poet's father - a love of gambling. So easily Sergei Alekseevich was able to lose most of the family's capital, and his children were left with a modest inheritance.

This led to the fact that Alexei Nekrasov, the poet's father, became an army officer and wandered around the garrisons. Once he met Elena Zakrevskaya, a rich and very pretty girl. He called her a polka. Alexey made an offer, but was refused, as the parents were preparing a more reliable and secure future for their daughter. But Elena Andreevna fell in love with a poor officer, so she did not accept the decision of her parents and secretly got married from them. Alexey Sergeevich was not rich, but he did not live in poverty along with his entire large family.

When in 1821 the regiment of Lieutenant Alexei Nekrasov was in the Podolsk province, in the city of Nemirov, a boy named Nikolai was born in the family. This event took place on November 28.

It must be said that the parents' marriage turned out to be unhappy, so the child suffered as well. When later the poet remembers his childhood, the image of his mother will always be sacrificial and suffering for him. Nicholas saw his mother as a victim of the rude and even depraved environment in which his father lived. Then he will devote many poems to his mother, because it was something light and tender in his life. Nikolai's mother gave a lot to her children, of whom she was thirteen. She tried her best to surround them with warmth and love. All surviving children owe their education to her.

But there were other bright images in his childhood life. So, his sister was his reliable friend, with a fate similar to that of a mother. Nekrasov also dedicated his poems to her.

Childhood

The whole childhood of little Nikolai Nekrasov was spent in the village of Greshnevo near Yaroslavl. The family settled on the grandfather's estate when the poet was barely three years old.

From an early age, the future poet saw how cruelly his father treated the peasants, how he was rude to his wife, and how often his father's mistresses - serf girls - passed and changed before the boy's eyes.

But his father's hobbies for women and cards forced him to take the place of the police chief. Driving around the villages and villages to beat the arrears out of the peasants, my father took Nikolai with him. Therefore, from early childhood, the poet saw injustice and what great grief the common people are experiencing. This will later become the main theme for his poetry. Nikolai never betrayed his principles, did not forget the environment in which he grew up.

As soon as Nikolai Nekrasov was eleven years old, he was sent to the gymnasium in the city of Yaroslavl, where he studied for five years. But unfortunately, his studies were poor, he did not have time in many subjects, and he also did not differ in good behavior. He had many conflicts with teachers, as he wrote his small satirical poems on them. At the age of sixteen, he decided to write down these tests of his poems in a thin home notebook.

Education

In 1838, Nikolai Nekrasov, who was barely seventeen years old, was sent by his father to St. Petersburg so that he could serve in a regiment for nobles. But then the desires of the son and the father diverged. The father dreamed of military service for his son, and the poet himself was thinking about literature, which fascinated him more and more every day.

Once Nikolai Nekrasov met his friend, Glushitsky, who at that time was a student. After talking with a friend who told Nikolai about student life, about education, the young man finally decided not to associate his life with military affairs. Then Glushitsky introduced his friend to his other friends, the same students, and soon the poet had a great desire to study at the university. Although his father was categorically against studying at the university, Nikolai disobeyed.

But, unfortunately, he failed the exams. This could not stop him, and he decided to become a free student who just came to lectures and listened. He chose the Faculty of Philology, and stubbornly attended it for three years. But every year it became more difficult for him, since his father nevertheless fulfilled the threats and deprived him of material support. Therefore, most of Nikolai Nekrasov's time was spent trying to find at least some a little work or even a part-time job. Soon the need turned out to be very strong, he could not even have lunch, and he could no longer pay for a rented small room. He fell ill, lived in the slums, ate in the cheapest canteens.

Writing activity

After the hardships, the life of the young poet gradually began to improve. At first he began to give private lessons, and this brought him a small but stable income, and then he began to publish his articles in literary magazines. In addition, he was given the opportunity to write also vaudeville for the theater. At this time, the young poet enthusiastically works on prose, sometimes writes poetry. Journalism became his favorite genre at this time. Then he will say about himself:

"How much did I work!"

In his early works, romanticism is noted, although later all Nekrasov's works by critics and writers attributed to realism. The young poet began to have his own savings, which helped him publish the first book of poetry. But only critics did not always accept his poems with praise. Many mercilessly scolded the young poet and shamed him. For example, the most respected critic Belinsky, was very cold and dismissive of Nekrasov's work. But there were also those who praised the poet, considering his works to be a real literary art.

Soon the writer decides to turn to the humorous direction and writes several poems. And new successful changes are taking place in his life. Nikolay Nekrasov becomes an employee of one of the magazines. He is getting closer to Belinsky's circle. It was the critic who had the strongest influence on the inexperienced publicist.

The publishing business becomes his life and source of income. At first, he published various almanacs, in which both young, novice poets and writers, and real sharks of the pen were printed. He became so successful in a new business for him that, together with Panaev, he acquired the popular Sovremennik magazine, and became its editors. At that time, writers who later became famous began to publish in it: Turgenev, Ogarev, Goncharova, Ostrovsky and others.

Nikolai Nekrasov himself published his poetic and prosaic works on the pages of this literary magazine. But in 1850 he fell ill with a sore throat and had to leave for Italy. And when he returned, he saw that changes were coming in an enlightened society. As a result of all this, the writers who were published in the magazines were divided into two groups. Censorship prohibitions have also become aggravated.

Due to the bold publications, the magazine was issued a warning. The authorities were afraid of the activities of writers. A real disgrace was organized on the most dangerous masters of the pen. Many got into exile. The activities of Sovremennik were initially suspended. Then, in 1866, the magazine was closed forever.

Nekrasov goes to work for the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. He begins to publish a supplement to the magazine, which has a satirical content.

Personal life of the poet

In his personal life, the poet had three women whom he loved and whom he mentioned in his will:

A. Panaeva.
S. Lefren
Z.N. Nekrasov

Avdotya Panaeva was married to a friend of Nikolai Nekrasov. Their meeting took place at literary evenings. Then the poet was 26 years old. Avdotya, though not immediately, noticed Nikolai Nekrasov and reciprocated. They began to live together, and even in the house where her lawful husband lived. This union lasted for 16 years. In this strange union, a child is born, but he dies in his early years, and discord begins between the lovers and soon Avdotya goes to another revolutionary poet.

Nikolai Nekrasov met Selina Lefren by chance, since his sister lived with her in an apartment. The poet also stayed in this apartment for the summer. There was a little romance between the young people.

At the age of 48, he met Fekla Viktorova, who later became his wife. At the time of their acquaintance, Thekla was only twenty-three years old, and she was from a simple village family. Nekrasov was engaged in her education, and over time, the girl changed her name and began to call herself Zinaida Nikolaevna.

last years of life

In his last days and years, a publicist and poet worked a lot. In 1875 he fell ill and at medical research it turns out that he has cancer that could not be cured.

After that, Nikolai Alekseevich was confined to bed rest for two years. When in the literary environment I learned about the serious illness of the writer, interest in him increased and his works began to enjoy success, fame and popularity. They tried to support him kind word many colleagues, he received letters and telegrams from all over Russia.

The poet died at the end of 1877 according to the old style. About eight o'clock, in the evening, December 27. It came to his funeral a large number of people. Everyone who could attend the funeral wished to express a tribute to the great writer and poet.

The work of the classic, appreciated during his lifetime, remains an invaluable gift after almost 140 years, and some of the works are striking in their relevance, modernity and significance.

Nikolay Alekseevich Nekrasov- Russian poet, occupying a special place among the realist writers of the XIX century, publicist. He sympathizes with his people, sensitive to any injustice and other people's pain. The writer who painted a varied and truthful picture of everyday life ordinary people... All this perfectly characterizes Nekrasov, a talented literary figure known to us. He used folklore, prose and song intonations in his poetry, showed all the richness of the simple peasant language.
The future poet was born in the small beautiful Ukrainian town of Nemyriv (not far from Vinnitsa) on November 28, 1821. Even in early childhood, the family moved to the father's family estate, to the village of Greshnevo, in the Yaroslavl province. Nekrasov's father, an officer in the past, and a wealthy landowner, was a tough and even despotic person to his liking. Serfs and the whole family suffered from it. The mother, on the other hand, was an educated and sensitive woman. She instilled in her son a love of literature. In 1832, Nekrasov was sent to study at the gymnasium. During this time he began to write his first compositions. But science was not very good for the boy, and besides, he was in conflict with teachers.
After five years of study, his father decided to send Nikolai to a military school. And in 1838 the young man went to St. Petersburg to enter military service. But instead, violating the will of his father, the young man tries to enter the university. But the attempt was unsuccessful, Nekrasov could not pass the entrance exams. Therefore, he began to attend classes as a volunteer at the Faculty of Philology. Having learned about such a willfulness of his son, Nekrasov, the father, deprived him of his financial support. And the future poet was forced to seek earnings by working in various publications in low-paid jobs.

In 1840. the first collection of poems "Dreams and Sounds" was published, which was not very flatteringly received by critics. From this time began a period of stubborn, hard work in the life of the poet. Nekrasov writes stories, theater reviews, plays, feuilletons. At this time, he begins to understand that he needs to write about the real life of the people. In 1841. the writer works in the "Notes of the Fatherland". A 1845-1846. were marked by the publication of two almanacs - "Physiology of St. Petersburg" and "Petersburg collection".
Since 1847 and up to 1866. Nekrasov was the editor of Sovremennik, the journal of the democratic forces of the time. As a talented organizer and an outstanding writer, Nekrasov recruited Turgenev, Belinsky, Herzen, Chernyshevsky and others to work in the magazine. At the same time, a new direction of the poet's work was also formed. It touches on the vital social problems ordinary people, realistically depicts pictures of everyday hard life. A special place in his work is given to the role of a woman in society, her difficult fate. All these themes are revealed in the poems "On the Street", "Railroad", "Peasant Children", "Frost, Red Nose", etc. The democratic influence of the magazine on the minds of people was so great that in 1862. the government suspended its activities. And in 1866. the magazine was closed completely.
In 1868. Nekrasov acquired the right to publish Otechestvennye zapiski. His work in the last years of his life is also connected with this magazine. At this time, the works "Who Lives Well in Russia", "Russian Women", "Grandfather" were published. Were created and satirical works, including the poem "Contemporary", which exposed the bourgeois bureaucrats and hypocrites. Nekrasov is also embraced by elegiac moods, which is largely due to his illness, the loss of friends, the onset of loneliness. This period of the poet's work was marked by the appearance of the poems "Morning", "Elegy", "Prophet". The last composition was the cycle of poems "The Last Songs".
On December 27, 1877, the poet died in St. Petersburg. The loss of a talented writer was so great that his funeral turned into a kind of public manifesto.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born in 1821 in the Podolsk province (Ukraine), where at that time his father was on duty. The poet's mother was a Polish woman, Elena Zakrevskaya. Subsequently, he created an almost religious cult of her memory, but the poetic and romantic biography with which he endowed her was almost entirely a figment of the imagination, and his filial feelings during her life did not go beyond the ordinary. Soon after the birth of his son, the father retired and settled on his small estate in the Yaroslavl province. He was an uncouth and ignorant landowner - a hunter, petty tyrant, rude and tyrant. From an early age, Nekrasov could not stand his father's house. This made him declassed, although he retained many features of a landowner until his death. middle hand, in particular, a love of hunting and the big card game.

Portrait of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Artist N. Ge, 1872

At the age of seventeen, against the will of his father, he left his home and went to St. Petersburg, where he enrolled as an external student at the university, but due to lack of money he was soon forced to stop studying. Not receiving support from home, he turned into a proletarian and lived from hand to mouth for several years. In 1840 he published his first collection of poems, in which nothing foreshadowed his future greatness. Belinsky subjected these poems to severe criticism. Then Nekrasov took up daily work - literary and theatrical - work, took on publishing enterprises and proved himself to be a smart businessman.

By 1845, he was on his feet and was, in fact, the main publisher of the young literary school. Several literary almanacs he published have had significant commercial success. Among them was the famous Petersburg collection who first printed Poor people Dostoevsky, as well as several mature poems by Nekrasov himself. He became a close friend of Belinsky, who admired his new poems no less than resented the collection of 1840. After Belinsky's death, Nekrasov created a real cult of him, similar to the one he created for his mother.

In 1846 Nekrasov purchased from Pletneva former Pushkin Contemporary, and from a decayed relic that this publication has become in the hands of the remnants of the former literary "aristocrats", it has turned into a remarkably profitable business and the most lively literary magazine in Russia. Contemporary endured the difficult times of the Nikolaev reaction and in 1856 became the main organ of the extreme left. It was banned in 1866 after the first attempt on the life of Alexander II. But two years later, Nekrasov, together with Saltykov-Shchedrin, bought Domestic Notes and thus remained editor and publisher of the main radical magazine until his death. Nekrasov was a brilliant editor: his ability to get the best literature and the most the best people, who wrote on the topic of the day, bordered on a miracle. But as a publisher, he was an entrepreneur - indiscriminate in the means, tough and greedy. Like all entrepreneurs of that time, he did not pay extra to his employees, taking advantage of their disinterestedness. His personal life also did not meet the requirements of radical Puritanism. He constantly played big cards. I spent a lot of money on my table and my mistresses. He was no stranger to snobbery and loved the company of superior people. All this, in the opinion of many contemporaries, did not harmonize with the "humane" and democratic character of his poetry. But his cowardly behavior on the eve of closing especially turned everyone against him. Contemporary, when, to save himself and his magazine, he composed and read publicly a poem glorifying Count Muravyov, the hardest and most resolute "reactionary".

Lyrics of Nekrasov. Video tutorial