Forests cover more than half of the territory of Russia. They make up two natural areas: taiga zone, mixed and deciduous forest zone. In forest zones, conditions for living organisms are more favorable than in the tundra. Therefore, the flora and fauna are much richer here.

Using the map in the textbook, paint over the forest zones on the contour map (World Around, Grade 4, pp. 36-37). Distribute the work: have one of you paint over the taiga area, the other the area of ​​mixed and deciduous forests. For color matching, you can use the "key" below. At the end of the work, check each other.

At home, finish drawing the forest areas onto the contour map. Which zone, located between the tundra and taiga, remained unpainted? Paint over it.
Answer: Lesotundra

Complete assignments for group work.

1) Find out coniferous trees by twigs and cones. Number the pictures.

2) Find out deciduous trees by leaves and fruits. Number the pictures.

Check yourself against the drawing tutorial.
In this picture, 7 animals of the taiga "hid". Find them and name them. Make a list of the animals that you managed to find in the picture.

Answer: Flying squirrel, sable, chipmunk, brown bear, lynx, wood grouse, nutcracker

Check yourself against the drawing tutorial.

In the atlas-determinant "From Earth to Heaven" read about conifers (p. 32). Pay attention to the differences in their needles. Draw the needles, showing the features of their shape and location on the branches (singly, in pairs, in bunches).

In Green Pages, read about a plant or animal of your choice. Write down 1-2 interesting facts.

The most common tree in Russia is larch

Maples and spruces that are widespread in our area are often called musical trees, since their wood is a raw material for many musical instruments.

Among all the trees we know of, forests that are five hundred years old can only reach oak and spruce. Pine usually grows no more than three hundred and fifty years, and crops such as alder and ash, within three hundred years. The youngest in this list is aspen, since its maximum age does not exceed one hundred years.

Find out what the other guys found interesting. Discuss the information received.

Make a diagram of the taiga food chain. Compare it with the one suggested by the deskmate. Using these diagrams, tell us about the ecological ties in the taiga zone.

buds, shoots - flying squirrel - marten
pine nuts - chipmunk - lynx
bark - hare - lynx
pine nuts - nutcracker - sable

As instructed by the textbook (p. 102), draw how you imagine different forests.

Taiga drawing

Mixed forest drawing

Broadleaf forest drawing

Using these pictures, explain (orally) the differences between taiga, mixed and deciduous forests.

Here you can make notes for your message on the task of the textbook (p. 102).
Using the Internet, prepare a message about one of the plants or animals shown in the picture.

Post subject: Nutcracker

Message plan:
1. Description of nutcrackers
2. Places of residence
3. Interesting Facts from the life of a nutcracker
4. Nutrition

Important information for the message: Nutcracker - Its body is elongated, the neck is long, the head is large and flat, the beak is long and thin. The plumage is thick and soft; its predominant color is dark brown. The length of the bird is 36 cm, the wingspan is 59, the length of the wing is 19, and the tail is 12 cm.
The habitat of nutcracker is the reserved coniferous forests of the high mountains of Central Europe. Her permanent residence is determined by the cedar forests.
This bird looks awkward and even awkward, but in fact it is both dexterous and playful; she walks on the ground very well, and also with great dexterity she jumps over twigs and branches.
Nutcrackers keep mainly on hazel trees, the nuts of which they love very much. Once the nuts are ripe, the nutcrackers of the whole district gather in flocks to fly to the place where the hazelnut grows. Around this time they are anxious and fly a lot, and their voice is heard almost everywhere.
On cedars and other conifers, they work with their claws, grabbing cones with them and breaking their shells with their strong beak; having obtained nuts in this way, they snap them, like any grains, pressing with their beak. Common nuts they split by dexterous pressing of the beak into a certain place. In addition to ordinary and pine nuts, nutcracker eats acorns, beech nuts, spruce and pine seeds, cereal grains, mountain ash, hawthorn, buckthorn, strawberries, blueberries and lingonberries, various seeds and fruits, all kinds of insects, worms, slugs and small vertebrates - in a word, he does not disdain absolutely anything, so that even in winter he does not experience hunger.
We owe the nutcracker mainly the spread of the cedar trees; she plants this tree in places where neither wind nor man could bring its seeds.

Source (s) of information: Internet

Conifers grow in almost all parts of the world.

Typical representatives conifers are: pine, spruce, larch, juniper, cedar, cypress.

V.- Can I give pine branches to parrots?
O.- Necessary.

Parrots in nature feed on both the fruits of conifers and foliage (needles).

What is the value of needles for birds? With its unique composition. Here is an excerpt from an article about chemical composition needles:

Among the physiologically important substances of green needles greatest value have vitamins. For example, vitamin content WITH in needles 25 times more than in potatoes. However, the season, lighting and age of the needles have a great influence on the content of this vitamin. Ate has the highest vitamin content WITH marked in the needles of the upper part of the crown, the most illuminated by the sun. The maximum content of vitamin C is observed in winter and in early spring... These factors need to be considered when harvesting green forest tree forage.

The needles also contain a significant content of fat-soluble vitamins, among which α-, β- and γ-carotenes occupy a special place, and their amount is close to the carotene content in carrots.

Vitamin is also important. E, which consists mainly of α-tocophenol, which is characterized by the highest physiological activity.

Fats and resins found in pine and spruce needles contain free hydroxypalmitic acid and esters of palmitic, hydroxypalmitic, stearic acids, as well as alcohols: cetyl, ceryl and merisyl. Among these components are also found abietic and oleic acids, various terpenes and terpene alcohols, and phytosterol.

Substances soluble in organic solvents also include chlorophyll, carotene, and xanthophyll.

In the water-soluble part, except for the vitamin WITH, sucrose, glucose and fructose, pectin substances and glucosides, picein and coniferin are present.

The composition of the ash substances of pine needles, according to V. I. Sharkov, is as follows: total ash 2.8; calcium 0.5; phosphorus 0.15; magnesium 0.1% dry matter of needles; iron 156 mg / kg, manganese 318, copper 7, zinc 30, cobalt 0.09 dry matter of needles.

Yellow-tailed black cockatoo(Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo or Calyptorhynchus funereus) - eats an unripe pine cone.

Yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) in the vicinity of Melbourne feed on already ripe pine cones radiant pine (Pinus radiata).

In the next video, it feeds on callitris cones. Callitris (Callítris) - genus of coniferous trees of the family Cypress... It is native to Australia's conifers and is a natural component of the diet of cockatoos and other Australian parrots. When pines introduced by Europeans appeared in Australia, cockatoos and other parrots easily incorporated the new species of conifers into their diets.

In the second half of this video, a close-up of the callistris fruits is shown, and you can clearly see how much resin they contain.

Parrots not only eat pine needles and cones, but also nest in the hollows of pines. It would seem obvious, but among bird lovers there is an opinion that pine boards should not be used for the construction of nesting houses and for the construction of play stands because of the resins and essential oils in the wood of coniferous trees.

This is not true. Here's a video red-faced (Amazona autumnalis) at the nest. The nest is in a hollow caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea)... As you can see, the bird has clean healthy plumage, not contaminated with resin.

Large branches of coniferous trees should be used in the construction of stands for large and medium-sized parrots. Since the wood of conifers is quite soft, it will quickly and with pleasure be cracked by parrots. Therefore, such elements of stands are not durable, but it is precisely for gnawing that they are needed. It is very important for parrots to be able to make full use of their beak. If they do not have branches that the birds can gnaw, they will destroy your home.

The resin that comes out from pine branches and cones, useful for parrots, they eat it with pleasure.

Until August, unripe pine cones are very juicy. Macaws, grays, Amazons, cockatoos can eat them in large quantities - which frighten the owners of the birds. Limiting the consumption of green cones by parrots is not necessary - let them eat them as much as they want.

Green buds can be frozen, although their survival is highly dependent on when the buds are harvested. For freezing, the cones are packed in plastic bags, it is important that the cones do not dry out in the freezer, when they dry out they become less attractive to parrots.

Parrots happily eat unripe and ripe pine and spruce cones.

Cedar cones it is fruit Siberian pine or Siberian cedar (Pínus sibírica) should be given whole to large and medium-sized parrots. Birds will be happy to pick cedar trees out of the cones.

As with nuts and seeds, pine nuts can and should be given to parrots without restrictions.

BUT: 1.) The nuts must be fresh. 2) parrots should always have a varied diet. 3.).

In this case, a healthy parrot will never go on a mono-diet with nuts, seeds or oats. You must always remember - if a bird switches to a predominant diet with any one feed -

Bring the birds not one or two small twigs, but large brooms. This will provide the birds with essential nutrients, enrich the bird habitat in your home, and saturate the indoor air with phytoncides and essential oils.

When collecting, treat the trees with care - after all, you have been providing your birds with branches for more than one year.

Outcome: needles and cones of conifers contain a large amount nutrients and biologically active compounds.
Pine cones and needles are available to bird owners all year round.
Needles and cones should be given to parrots without restrictions.
Needles are most useful in winter and spring (during this period in it the largest number vitamin A WITH) - do not forget to give the parrots Christmas trees - if Santa Claus brought a Christmas tree from the forest)).
Needles should be in the diets of not only large and medium-sized parrots, but also smaller parrots - budgerigars, Karelians, non-handcuffs, purrur, etc. Canaries and weavers are also very fond of young needles.

1. Using the map in the textbook, paint over the forest zones on the contour map (pp. 36-37). Distribute the work: have one of you paint over the taiga area, the other the area of ​​mixed and deciduous forests. To select a color, you can use the "key" below. At the end of the work, check each other.

At home, finish drawing the forest areas onto the contour map. Which zone, located between the tundra and the taiga, remained unpainted? Paint over it.

2. Complete the group work assignments.

1) Find out conifers by twigs and cones. Number the pictures.

2) Learn deciduous trees by their leaves and fruits. Number the pictures.

Check yourself against the drawing tutorial.

3) 7 animals of the taiga "hid" in this picture. Find them and name them. Make a list of the animals that you managed to find in the picture.

Check yourself against the drawing tutorial.

3. In the determinant atlas "From Earth to Sky" read about conifers (p. 32). Pay attention to the differences in their needles. Draw the needles, showing the peculiarities of their shape and location on the branches (singly, in pairs, in bunches).

4. In the Green Pages book, read about a plant or animal of your choice. Write down 1-2 interesting facts.

When a birch is born, the bark of its tree is dark, and brightens over the years. This is the only tree with white bark in our country.

Find out what the other guys found interesting. Discuss the information received.

5. Make a diagram of the taiga food chain. Compare it with the one suggested by the deskmate. Using these diagrams, tell about the ecological connections in the taiga zone.

Grass - roe deer - lynx.

6. On the instructions of the textbook (p. 102), draw how you imagine different forests.

Using these pictures, explain (orally) the differences between taiga, mixed and deciduous forests.

7. Here you can make notes for your message on the task of the textbook (p. 102).

Message subject:

Message plan:

1) Who are the voles?

2) Habitat, food.

3) The main enemies of the voles.

Important information for the message:

Voles include small mouse-like rodents with a body length of 7-50 cm. The tail is always shorter than the body - 2-15 cm. Voles weigh from 15 g to 4 kg. Outwardly, they resemble mice or rats, but in most cases they are well distinguished from them by a small muzzle, short ears and a tail. The coloration of the top is usually monochromatic - gray or brownish. The molars in most species are rootless, constantly growing, less often with roots (in most of the extinct ones); on their chewing surface there are alternating triangular loops. They have 16 teeth.

Source (s) of information: