Belyaeva Alla

Scientific work on the topic "Modern borrowing from the English language". The work consists of theoretical and practical parts with a mini-system of British.

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MBOU SOSH № 11

Department: Humanitarian

Section: Information Technical

Educational work

"Modern borrowing from English"

Performed:

Students 8 B class

Belyaeva Alla (14 years)

Checked:

Lukin Elena Alexandrovna,

Foreign language teacher,

2013, Pavlovo

1. Value ............................................................................................... .. 3

2. Identify English in the modern world ........................... ... 5

3. The use of anglicisms ................................................ 7.

4. Including .............................................................................. .12.

5. The list of the literature used .................................................. fifteen

6.Price ....... ................................................................................................16

7.Derensence ..................................................................................27

1. Introduction

Purpose Our work is an analysis of modern borrowing from English.

To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the followingtasks :
analyze studies on this topic in order to give the concept of borrowing and determine the reasons for the emergence of English borrowing in Russian;
consider ways of education and borrowing types;
establish the composition of words borrowed from English at the end of the XX - early XXI century, give their system description;
Classify the most commonly used anglences in the fields of communication.

Relevance This topic is undoubted, since the use of modern young people of British is growing with each day and displaces invisible Russian words.

Accordingly, you can put forward the followinghypothesis : In Russian speech, when communicating young people with peers is widely used by the Anglicizms, drawn from the Internet, musical compositions and media, losing its true semantic meaning.
When solving the above tasks were used the followingmethods and techniques:

1. Descriptive method with observation of language phenomena.

2. Reception of systematics and classification.

The theoretical base of the work was a linguistic work on the lexicology of researchers GB. Antrushina, O.V. Afanasyeva, N.N. Morozova, I.V. Arnold, L. Bloomfield, N.M. Shanskaya, as well as works devoted to the problem of English-speaking borrowing linguists N.S. Avilovoy, V.V. Akulento, V.M. Aristova, M.A. Bretera, T.V. Yuzhnitskaya, A.I. Dyakova, O.V. Ilyina, L.P. Krysin, VB Lebedeva, A.I. Melnikova, E.V. Urynson, etc.

The material of the study is examples of the latest British borrowing, used in various areas of modern Russian life.
This work consists of introduction, two chapters, the conclusion and list of the literature used. In the introduction, the theme of work, its relevance, purpose and objectives used in the work of linguistic methods, as well as theoretical base and material of the study are determined. The first chapter presents an analytical review of the meaning of the English language in the modern world. In the second chapter, practical, conducts a study of the newest Britishism, which included in various spheres of Russian life. The conclusion contains conclusions and reflects the relevance of borrowing.

1. The meaning of the English language in the modern world

Borrowing from English in Russian is not a new phenomenon, it is not the first century. However, the modern Russian language literally stuffed with British, thanks to the mass media, the Internet and the marketing industry. In English-speaking countries, if you want to make a restaurant menu more refined, you add French words and double prices. In Russia, you replace the usual Russian words English in transliteration. Today, go to business lunch is much more attractive than to go for lunch. Even if you eat exactly the same, the context will be completely different (as probably prices).

The meaning of the English language in the modern world is so great that his knowledge is not a privilege and luxury. Once also computers, just like mobile phones, only people of a certain social layer could afford. Now such things are essentials. The same can be said about English. He is taught everything and everywhere: in schools, universities, on courses. And in our age of digital technologies, anyone can learn English by Skype without leaving home. It is understood that any educated person is simply obliged to own English, since it is he who is his key to further self-education and self-improvement. Therefore, now there are so many organizations offering to teach you English. However, do not think that it is so easy to do it. Learning to any language is a long process that requires certain costs, both mental and financial. And yet it is worth learning English. Want to travel and not feel like a white rorone, and freely communicate with people of different nationalities? Want to become a student of a foreign university? Want prestigious work with co-career staircase? And maybe you wish to work abroad? Council one - study English. After all, over time, you will still realize that 75% of world correspondence is carried out in English, 80% of the information on computers is also stored in this language, and most of the international documents, articles, literary works are written in English. And we have not taken into account the film minister and musical Olympus. American production films are firmly entered into our lives, and any pop executor considers prestigious to sing at least one song in English. Knowledge of English in the modern world is a kind of window into the world. Owning this language of international communication, you can achieve your goals with the help of new opportunities. And you will definitely understand that the value of the English language is not exaggerated.
Today, more and more people are aware of the need to study foreign languages \u200b\u200band it is quite understandable, because they are rather important and are of great importance in many professions. Many people learn languages. This is a constant part in their work, for some it is a common hobby, and there are also those knowledge of languages \u200b\u200bneed to travel around the world. It is also very convenient when corresponding or communicating with the inhabitants of other foreign countries. In addition, thanks to the knowledge of a given language, it is possible to read the books of famous writers in their original form.

Is it difficult to master English? You can say that it is very easy. Two important factors contributing to the ease of studying English: first, everywhere in advertising and satellite television we see and hear news and advertising in English, and secondly, the methods of teaching English to foreigners are most well developed.

"Do You Speak English?" - Phrase, familiar to us since school bench. A set of words that we once did not attach much importance. But how sad it sounds now when, being on vacation abroad, we suddenly woranled. We are trying to help, explaining something in English. And we just do not understand because we do not speak this language! Or on business negotiations, we cannot conduct a dialogue with a foreign partner. So bitter, it is so doomed to answer all the same question "no".

English is the language of international communication. And all the doors of the world are open at perfection. Traveling, communication with foreign friends on the Internet, business negotiations in English, education in prestigious universities not only Russia, but also in the world! You will be sure that you will understand and understand you. For you there will be no such problem as a language barrier.

Today, the words of English origin penetrate into Russian mainly in writing through the texts of newspapers, magazines, books, international treaties
the oral path also takes place - through radio and television. A new form of borrowing is also relevant - through electronic media.

1. The spheres of use of British

Today, linguists celebrate the following sources of appearance in the language of British:

Advertising. Advertising genre is one of the main sources of British in Russian. According to the so-called. Livshits, Anglicizms in advertising contributes to the appearance of "illusion of uniqueness", i.e. The impressions of the uniqueness, the significance of the advertised product or service. An important role is played by the Anglicizms, the unusual and non-standard of the form of which attract the attention of the consumer.

For example: stimer, Rostrorth, Trimmer, Pager, Immobilizer, Spoiler, Shock Sensor, Locker, Snooker, Pool, Squash.

The Internet. Increasing the number of Internet users led to the spread of computer vocabulary:homepage, E-Mail, Cdrom, Cate, Bit, Byte, Disc, Cursor, USB.

With the development of computerization, first in a professional environment, and then the terms related to computer technicians appeared outside: the word computer itself, as well as the display, file, interface, printer, scanner, laptop, browser, website and other
- Cinema. The popularity of Hollywood films led to the emergence of new words in our vocabulary:horror, Blockbuster, Western, Prime Time, Cyborg, Terminator.

Music. The perception of the United States as the center of the musical fashion entailed the appearance of such words as:hit, single, remake, track, sound track, poster, etc.

Sports vocabulary:bowling, Diving, Skateboard, Snowboard, Biker, Shaping, Fitness.

Cosmetic terms:lifting, scrub, peeling.

Americanocentricity of such relevant and dynamically developing areas of life, as culture, economics, business, computer technologies, etc., led to the penetration into the Russian language of a large number of British, and more precisely American among the named regions:

Culture: soundtrack, Single, Real, Action, 3D-Format, Realvest Show, Sitkom, Pop Art, Cupcake,pop-Music, Dark (Heavy Music), Release, Play-List, Chart, Face-Control, Dance, Cool, Remake, Show Business, Club, Fashion,summit, Talk - Show, Briefing, Prime-Time, Image-Maker;

Computer technologies, Internet space:webcam, Moderator, Browser, Container Provider, Online, Offline, Smile, E-Mail, Connect, Like, Site, Blog, Blogger, Chat, Internet, laptop, disc, byte, site.

Economy: marketing, Promoter, Merchandiser, Offshore, Futures, Leasing; Fast-Food, Hamburger, Hot-Dog, Cheeseburger, Boy-Friend, VIP, Weekend, Very Good, Public, OK, Nice, Lucky, Hotel, GO, Party, Super-Girl, Baby, Ask, Looser, Hi, Real , Best.

All the many economic and financial terms, such as: Barter, Broker, Voucher, Dealer, Distributor, Marketing, Investment, Futures Credits. - Business:advergeming, branding, brand manager, prerelet, supervisor;

Sport: fitness club, bowling, doping, transfer, overtime, coaching, co-holding,sportsman, Fitness, Bodybuilding, Shaping, Surfing.

For those who like sports, new types of sports activities appear: windsurfing, armrestling, freestyle, skateboard, kickboxing, and a fighter in kickboxing is replaced by British Fighter (Fighter).

Fashion, design: trend, Casting, Top Model, Fashion Brand, Print, Designer, the word "shopping "Sounds attractive words"shopping trip», presentation, Rating, Briefing, Shopping Tour, Killer, Talk Show, Showman, Breun Ring.

The last remark is bright confirmation in our speech, when preference is given to British, and not his Russian analogue:babi Sitter - "Nanny", weekend - "weekends", bodigard, Security - "bodyguard, guard",creative instead of "creative", the definition is actively usedglamorous Instead of adjectives, "attractive, chic",walkam Instead of "welcome" and many others.

Special danger represents synonymic pairs, in which semantic differences are lost there, where it is important both for sense and for traditional ethical ideas:business instead of such, in the root of incompatible concepts, asresale (unproductive work) andentrepreneurship (productive work);sexy instead of masculinity or femininity, sexuality instead of sensuality or depravity.

Among the manifestations of the process of transforming the foundation of the Russian mentality under the influence of the borrowed words V.V. The wheels allocate the following:

Increases the level of subjectivity in the statement: the conceptinnovation "Something new, just entered into use" not identicallynovation "Optionally new, but original, fashionable";

Expanding artificial assessment and characteristics:form does not correlate with the conceptimage (which is a manifest, fake);

The hidden softening characteristics is distributed:eastbilence instead chief, underground instead underground, corruption instead of sales;

Falls the status of the designated:love sex (elimination of the spiritual and mental component in communication).

In the language of modern Russian advertising, English is dominant - "Image" is all! The term "Euro Standard" has become a cliché in Russian marketing, although we have no idea in Europe that it means at all. This is an invented term, designed to make Russian goods worthy of confidence - if it is good enough for them, it means that it is quite good for us!

I would say that one of the most ridiculous borrowings entered Russian through advertising. I am not a lover of such terms as the "price list", "upgrade" or "content", because for this there are suitable Russian words, such as "Price List", "Update" and "Content". Too many cases, when normal Russian words are displaced by borrowing from English - perhaps this is a temporary phenomenon - threatening, nevertheless, the loss of the original vocabulary.

Here are some new British in modern Russian slang:
Fix (Smoke), Drink (Drink), Epic Fail (Epic Fail), Respect (ReSpect), Chat (CHAT), not Ice (Not Ice - from old television advertising), shooter (Shoot'em'Up), cool Able (Cool + Able). (Appendix 1)

We will have to admit that we ourselves use a similar mixing of languages \u200b\u200b- namely, homemade expressions "Nice in general!" And "not good."

Active borrowing of new foreign language vocabulary occurs in less specialized areas of human activity. It is enough to remember such widely used words as a presentation, nomination, sponsor, video (and derivatives: video clip, video tag, video gallery), show (and derivative show business, talk show, showman), thriller, hit, disco, disc jockey. Many consider foreign vocabulary more attractive, prestigious, "scientist", "beautifully sounding." For example:

1. exclusive - exceptional;
2. the top model is the best model;
3. price list - Price List;
4. image - image;

Cases were noted when borrowings were used to designate concepts new for the receptor language and non-language source: detector, virtual, investor, digest, spray, etc.

Exploring the English vocabulary of the last decades of the twentieth century in Russian, we came to the conclusion: if the concept affects the important areas of human activity, the word denoting this concept naturally becomes used.

Accordingly, the origin of these words is associated with sound distortion in the process of mastering these borrowing. There is a kind of sound game.

Such words are formed by torn, adding, moving some sounds in the original English term. Speech young easily chooses English units, for example: shoes from shoes - shoes; Superman superman - superman; Haiter from Hair - Hair (Paths).

With the development of computer technologies, English words are increasingly replenish the vocabulary of schoolchildren. Many of the existing professional lurosity terms are inconvenient in daily use.

Therefore, a desire to reduce, simplify the Word, for example:

Motherboard (motherboard) - "Mother";

CD-ROM DRIVE (drive on laser disks) - the youth appeared the equivalent "Sidytynik". Recently, there was also a cooking passion for computer games, which again served as a powerful source of new words.

Extremely used by the young people got an exclamation "Wow!", Expressing the emotion or delight.

4. Conclusion

The relevance of the study is that consideration of problems related to theory and practices of borrowing, especially significantly in modern conditions, since today there are serious concerns about the powerful influx of borrowing, which may lead to the depreciation of the Russian word. But the language is a self-developing mechanism that can self-dispatch, get rid of excessive, unnecessary. This happens with foreignate words, the borrowing of which was presented during the study.

British borrowings appeared in Russian long before the XXI century. The Anglicizms began to penetrate into the Russian language at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Words borrowed as a result of contacts between the peoples, trade and economic relations between Russia and European countries. However, the intensity of the process of replenishing the youth slang in English words increased at the end of the XX-early XXI century.

However, despite anything, the influx of British in the vocabulary of the Russian language remained insignificant until the 90s. XX century: At this time, the intensive borrowing process began to borrow various English words. This is associated with changes in the field political life, economics, culture and moral orientation of society.

The passion for the British was a kind of fashion, it was due to the stereotypes and ideals created in the youth society. This stereotype of the modern era is the image of an idealized American society, in which the standard of living is much higher, and the high rates of technical progress lead the whole world. And adding English borrowing into his speech, young people in a certain way approach this stereotype, join American culture and style of life. However, it should be noted that, in general, borrowing foreign words is, first of all, one of the ways of developing a modern language, as the language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society.

In accordance with the following results, it is necessary to draw the following conclusion: the main reason for the use of British is to facilitate the communication of young people with each other. As for the semantic meaning of words when transferring to Russian, it is unambiguously impossible to say that it changes. Most of the words when transferring takes the same meaning as British. It should also be noted that a significant part of the English words "moved" to Russian and is replaced by the English equivalent, which bears its semantic meaning.

In accordance with the results of the study, it should be noted that the hypothesis was confirmed in part. This opens up the prospect for further study of Britishism, which can be considered not only among young people, but also other age and social groups.

In conclusion, it should be noted: Slang will never disappear. Young people enjoyed slang many years ago, and will always use it. Without a doubt, Slang is changing over time, some words die, others appear. However, many of the British, which penetrated in the slang Russian youth long before the XXI century, will forever remain in their jargon, causing new words from day to day.

Thus, we conclude that the number of British in Russian is large. Among them, 2 main types of borrowing can be distinguished:

1) The words that came into the tongue to name new items, a new realization or a term having an international character. Their consumption in speech in most cases is justified. Although the value is not always correctly understood, by virtue of ignorance of the English language:mixer, Toaster, Inauguration, Cocktail, Bowling.

2) words of foreign-speaking origin having synonyms in Russian. Their penetration into the language creates lexical redundancy and may interfere with understanding meaning. The presence of lexical dublets, "their" and "alien" name is eliminated over time: one of them is approved in the active composition of the language, and the other is moving into the background of the language system. It is sad to realize that, after a few decades in Russian, a large number of words of English origin may be in Russian, who have pronounced their original Russian equivalents. But in many cases this can be avoided using Russian synonymous words and expressions.

Today, a simple man in the street, opening a newspaper with proposals for work, may simply not understand the meaning of the proposed vacancy (handmakeker, Imager, Merchadizer, Provider, Supervisor, Realtor).

Bibliography:

1. Krysin L.P. Inoyasic words B. modern life // Russian language of the end of the twentieth century. - M., 1996.

2. Grigoryan A.E. A culture of speech. American leaf leaves?. // Russian speech, 2005, №1. P. 62-68

3. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. N.Yu.Shvedova.-14 ed.-M.: Rus. Yaz., 1983.-816С.

4. Dyakov A.I. The reasons for intensive borrowing of British in modern Russian language. // Language and culture. - Novosibirsk, 2003.-C.35-43

6. Antrushina G. B., Afanasyeva O.V., Morozova N.N. LEXICOLOGOLOGY English. - M., 1999.
7. Belousov V. Ino-speaking words in Russian // Science and Life. - 1993. - №8.
8. A new dictionary of foreign words / ed. E.N. Zakharenko, L.N. Commissioner, I.V. Nechaeva. - M., 2003.

9. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

10. http://www.erudition.ru/referat/ref/id.46076_1.html.

Attachment 1

Mini - Dictionary of Anglicisms for Use

Business and law

1. outsourcing - Outsourcing - the transfer of part of the non-miner operations of a third-party organization specializing in this area
2. best-seller - Bestseller - Well-selling book
3. business - Business (from the word busy [busy]) - occupation
4. businessman - Businessman - entrepreneur
5. billing - Billing - from Bill - account, ticket, score management system
6. broker - Broker, goes back to the Starofranzuz "Wine Merchant"
7. defalt - Default.
8. dealer - Dealer - deal dealer - enter transactions
9. diling - Dealing
10. distributor- Distributor - Wholesale agent, reselling ("distributing") goods through its own network of buyers
11. dollar - Dollar - cash. USA
12. insider - Insider (Inside \u003d inside) - a person with access to confidential information
13. leasing - Leasing (Lease \u003d Rent, Delivery in Vince)
14. marketing - Marketing (Market \u003d Market)
15. manager - Manager (Manage \u003d lead, manage), from Lat. Manus - hand
16. management - Management
17. merchandiser- Merchandiser.
18. merchandising - Merchandising, Merchandise - goods, English borrowed from French, literally: mercy
19. pR - PR (PUBLIC RELATION) - Public relations
20. price list - Pricelist - Price list
21. promotichn - Promotion - Literally: Promotion, "Promotion"
22. promoter - Promoter - a person engaged in promoting something, also writes: promoter, promoter
23. press release - Press-Realese - Presentation in the Press of Infos Contact with the Company
24. stagflation - Stagflation (Stagnation + Inflation)
25. startap - Startup - a small company developing a new product with an unknown result
26. office - Office.
27. offshore - Offshore (off-shore \u003d out of the coast, that is, outside the jurisdiction of the country that owns the coast)
28. a penny, pens. - Penny, Pence - British coin
29. realtor - REALTOR - from REALTY - Real Estate
30. franchiser - Franchiser.
31. franchising - Franchising - borrowed English from FR. Franchise - Franchise
32. pound sterling - Pound Sterling - cash. UK
33. holding - Holding - one of the types of biznees structures

1. motorsport - AutoSport.
2. badminton - Badminton
3. basketball - Basketball (Basket + Ball \u003d literally: basket ball)
4. baseball - Baseball (Base + Ball)
5. basejumping - Base Jumping - Jumping from a sustainable foundation
6. boxing - Boxing
7. windsurfing - Windsurfing.
8. volleyball - Volleyball
9. handball - Handball - Manual Ball
10. game - Game - game
11. gamer - Gamer - Player
12. goal - Goal - goal
13. goalkeeper - Goalkeeper - Goalkeeper (Keeper "Gate")
14. geoging - Jogging - from JOG - run a coward
15. drecherasing - Drag Racing - Drag - drag, drag
16. dribbling - Dribbling - from dribble - drip, leak
17. driftreysing - Drift Racing - Drift literally "drift, skid, yuz", that is, when the car "Yuzit"
18. zorbing - Zorb - a transparent sphere in which Zorubonaut rolls
19. kiting - Kiting - Kite - Air Snake
20. kitesurfing - Kite Surfing.
21. kickboxing - Kick Boxing - Kick - kick, beat your feet
22. clinch - Clincch (box)
23. cross - Cross - cross, running around rough terrain
24. knockout - Knockout (literally embroidery, conclusion)
25. knockdown - Knockdown.
26. overtime - Overtime - literally: over time, extra time
27. offside - OFFSIDE - Out of the game
28. paintball - Paintball - Ball with paint
29. pace Car - PACE CAR - safety machine incar racing.
30. penalty - Penalty - Punishment
31. playoffs - Play-Off - Digging Games
32. rally - Rally - collection, gather together
33. rugby - Rugby (from the name of the rugby terraby)
34. recordsman - Recordsman - Man establishing records
35. boxing ring - Ring - Ring, Circle
36. robjumping - Rob Jumping - Rob - rope, cable, jumping from height, when the jumper is tied up with ropes, "tarzanka»
37. surfing - Surfing - Surf - Wave Comb, Surf
38. snowboard - Snowboard - "Snowboard", board d / skating in the snow
39. snowboarding - Snowboarding
40. softball - Softball
41. speedway - Speedway - high-speed road
42. sport - Sport from Staroofranzuz Desport - Entertainment, Leisure
43. athlete - Sportsman - Professional Sport Man
44. streetball - Streetball - Street Basketball
45. stritaking - Street Racing - Street Racing
46. half - Time.
47. time-out - Time Out - time break
48. training - Training, from Train - train
49. foul - Foul - against the rules, incorrect, dishonest
50. forward - Forward - striker
51. freestyle - Freestyle - fused style
52. football - Football - football
53. havbeck - Half-back - midfielder

1. upgrade - Upgrade - Updating computer systems hardware
2. applet - Applet - a small app executed on the client as part of the big
3. assembler - Assembler - Collector, Low Level Programming Language
4. bug - Bug - a mistake in the software [any program], literally - beetle, bug
5. bagfix - Bugfix - Bug fix
6. byte - Byte - units. change information container
7. banner - Banner - Flag
8. bit - Bit (Sokr. Bi Nary Digi T ) - binary digit
9. blog - Blog (Sokr. From "We B Log ») - Diary on the Internet
10. blogger - Blogger - man leading blog
11. browser - Browser - viewer
12. baxley - Backslash - reverse skew
13. web - WEB - Capt, from "World Wide Web" - World Wide Web
14. decrement - Decrement - reducing operand on 1
15. default (Value) - Default (Value) - the default value
16. desktop - Desktop - over the table (desk top \u003d top of the writing table, lid)
17. dorvey - Doorway Page - Entrance Page
18. increment - Increment - an increase in operand on 1
19. the Internet - Internet - interset. The Internet connects a lot of local networks.
20. internet service provider - Internet Service Provaider - Internet Services Supplier
21. interface - Interface is the surface of the section, butt, ways to interact anyone with a person. What helps to interleave the front panels of different devices (initially).
22. cybercover - CybersQuitter - Cyberskinging Man
23. cyberskingling - Cybersquatting.
24. cry - click - Click, imitating the sound that makes the mouse when you press the key
25. laptop. (Leptop) Laptop - Laptop (LAP \u003d Sitting Human Knees)
26. login - Login - username in the system. By providing it and password, the user gets access to some service, such as a computer program.
27. microprocessor - MicroProcessor.
28. online - Online, on-line - on the line, in touch
29. offline - offline, off-line - in real life. In the condition disconnected from the computer (initially)
30. parsing - Parsing - syntactic analysis of the input sequence in accordance with formal grammar
31. parser. - Parser - a program that implements the syntax parsing; syntactical analyzer
32. pixel - Pixel (PICTURE ELEMET) - minimum addressable image unit on screen
33. plugin - Plugin (from Plug In, "Connect") - software module, expanding functionality, usually very specific, main application
34. podcasting - Podcasting - iPod.broadcasting
35. posting - Posting - writing messages on the forum
36. svopling - swapping - replacement of one program segment in memory to others and restore it on request
37. service Pak - Service Pack - Collection of apges, bugfix and / or improvements delivered in the form of one installed package
38. screenshot - Screenshot - Screenshot
39. slash - Slash - oblique trait
40. softver - Software - soft product, also translated as a soft snap
41. servlet - Servlet - program executable on the server and expanding web server functionality
42. spam - Spam - brand of canned meat, whose advertising managed to borrow many (from Spiced Ham)
43. spammer - Spammer - a man causing spam
44. transistor - TRANSISTOR (Transfer + Resistor ) - variable resistance
45. traffic - Traffic - the amount of information received and sent to the computer network, road traffic
46. tred. - Thread - thread, the stream of separately executed code in the program
47. firewall - Firewall - fiery wall. Fire wall between houses, preventing the spread of fire (in this meaning in Russian, a German word is used with the same meaning -firewall). Program that implements filtering traffic and protection against hacker attacks Computer
48. file - File - Numerous place in the memory of the computer.
49. chipset - Chipset - a set of chips for performing 1 or several related functions
50. hacker - Hacker - a programmer who breaks the work of its program code laws, in particular receiving unauthorized access and documenting data
51. high tech - Hi-Tech, High Technologies - High Technologies
52. hosting - Hosting from Host - Host

Transport

Automotive

1. autocar - from car (trolley) - vehicle with DVS for transportation of goods on the territory of industrial enterprises
2. parkovka - Parking - Parking;
3. trolleybus - From Trolley (trolley, rolling on wires) and bus (Omnibus and bus)

Krasnoarmeysian Department of Education
Parish in honor of Archangel Mikhail

District Cyril Methodius Readings

Research:

"The use of English words in Russian"

Abstract prepared:

sunday school students

Cameret Mikhail I.
Yurtayev Kirill

Scientific adviser:

lecturer of English

Chizhkova Svetlana Vladimirovna

Introduction

Purpose of the study: Clarification of the causes and ways to spread English words in Russian.

Research tasks:

Explore foreign words, analyze the material related to the topic of research;

Identify the most consumed units of English origin in various spheres of our daily life;

Determine the reasons for borrowing English words in Russian;

Consider ways of education of British

Object of study: lexical units of English origin.

Subject of study: English and Russian.

Relevance: 1) English language is a language of global communication. "Latin XX century" is rightly called English: about ¾ of all borrowing in Russian the late twentieth century falls on English-Americanism. Interest in this language not only does not weaken, but on the contrary, studying it is becoming increasingly needed.

2) The relevance of the study is that the problem of borrowing is particularly significant in modern conditions, since today serious concerns are expressed about the powerful influx of British, which can lead to the depreciation of the Russian word.

The basis of the study was the following hypothesis: It is confidently assumed that in our days of English words in Russian, there are already a huge set and that, every person uses a daily amount of their number. Daily television collapses the flow of information on us, necessarily containing incomprehensible foreign words, and many of them have already entered our vocabulary. It means that English should be studied not only to read textbooks in textbooks, but also to feel a cultural person who can fully communicate with contemporaries both in our country and abroad, to understand the inscriptions around us shops, shopping labels and labels, advertising, instructions.

Practical significance: This work is that this material can be used in the process of teaching Russian and English in educational institutions. Our material will help the teachers to carry out work on education in students of the culture of treatment with foreign language words, good language taste, and students are correct and appropriate to use language tools as other people and their own. The material assembled in this work will be interesting and useful to anyone who studies English, who would like to learn better and understand the Russian language.

There are about 5-6 thousand languages \u200b\u200bon Earth. But 80% of the world's population speaks only in 80 languages. English is considered one of the most common on Earth. It is spoken by residents of Great Britain, the United States of America, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, it is also studied in many other countries. It belongs to the German languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family of languages, is one of the six official and UN working languages. On the "Latin of the 20th century" speak about 410 million carriers (for which English - native language), And the number of knowledgeable and speakers in English is more than 1 billow man. Today, if a person owns English, he can understand it in any country.

Borrowing words in one language from the other is an effective way to enrich the vocabulary of any language. In the vocabulary of English, too, about 70% of words - borrowed.

I. Main part

1.1. Ways of the emergence of general words in Russian and English

Let's try to trace the main ways of the emergence of general words in Russian and English.

Both of these languages \u200b\u200bbelong to the Indo-European family of languages. Therefore, in many words of both languages \u200b\u200bthere are roots from their common ancient primas. We found words in Russian, which are also found in English.

For example:

Be - to be

Nose - Nose

Goose - Gus

Eat - is

Brow - eyebrow

Beat - Beat

Cheek - cheek

Talk - Interpret

Three - three

As well as the names of the nearest relatives: SON - Son, Brother - Brother, Sister - Sister, Mother - Mother, Daughter - Daughter.

The greatest number of common Russian and English words are formed from the Greek and Latin roots. English writing based on the Latin alphabet exists from the VII century. In the Middle Ages, Latin was an international language of scientists, through it in all European languages \u200b\u200bpassed a huge number of words that became international. Almost all the terminology in medicine came from Latin.

Many general words hit Russian and English from other languages. The first place here is the French here, in which the Russian nobility said in the last century. From them in Russian, many French words moved. A lot of words entered the international use of other languages, and they became common to Russian and English. Classical music was formed in Italy, from where the concepts about the main elements and expressive means of music, the names of its genres, pace, etc. Were perceived by all European languages: Opera - Opera, Aria - Aria, Bass - Bass, Bariton - Baritone, etc. The words bank - Bank, Banda - Band, Brigade - Brigade, Archipelago - Archipelago, Casino - Casino, and Casino, etc. have also arrived from Italian

Separate words moved to Russian and English from other languages: Sofa - from Turkish, Shawl and Kiosk - from Persian, Bard - from Celtic, Gulyash - from Hungarian, etc.

Another group makes the words of direct exchange between Russian and English languages. It is also difficult to highlight English words in Russian, because it is usually unknown, the word came to us from English or got into both languages \u200b\u200bfrom Latin or any other language. Therefore, you can only speak about the words that fell into Russian relatively recently (in the 20th century). Football came to us from England with all its terminology. All boys know such words as a goal, goalkeeper, penalty, forward (Forward), Out, Time-Out (break), etc. The same can be said about boxing and hockey terminology. Later, commentators began to diligently replace all sports terms into Russian equivalents: goalkeeper, free kick, striker, etc. Comparatively recently appeared in Russian, the following words from the field of sports Windsurfing (surf - surf, Wind - Wind), Volleyball (Volley - Slap, Ball - Ball), Arm Wrestling (ARM - Hand, Wrestle - Fight), Basketball (Basket - Basket , ball - ball), handball handball (hand - hand, ball - ball), Sprinter (Sprinter - Runner on short distances), Finish - Finish, Final - End, Final, Freestyle, Skateboard.

Changes in the political, economic, cultural life of our society led to the change of titles in the structures of power, for example:

Supreme Council - Parliament; Council of Ministers - Cabinet Ministers;

chairman - Prime Minister; Deputy - Deputy Prime Minister.

Mayors, vice-mayors appeared in the cities; Tips gave way to administrations.

The heads of administrations acquired their spokesperson who regularly perform at press conferences, press releases are sent, briefings organize briefings and exclusive interviews of their chefs. All have numerous economic and financial terms for hearing, such as: barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, futures loans, etc.

1.2. Causes of borrowing of British in modern Russian

On the fracture of the centuries, the time rushes at such a speed that they do not have time to comprehend everything new, which appeared in the literal sense of the word yesterday and this morning. Just as rapidly changing the language, or rather, his vocabulary, that is, it vocabulary. In the process of historical development, human languages \u200b\u200bconstantly entered and continue to enter into certain contacts with each other. Language contact is the interaction of two or more languages \u200b\u200bthat have any influence on the structure and dictionary of one or many of them. Currently, linguists' interest is concentrated in Russian-English language contact. The emergence of a large number of foreign words of English origin, their rapid consolidation in Russian is explained by rapid changes in social and scientific life. Strengthening information flows, the emergence of the global computer system, the expansion of interstate and international relations, the development of the global market, the economy, information technologies, participation in the Olympics, international festivals, modes - all this could not not lead to the entry into the Russian language of new words.

The formation of national English language, mainly ended in the so-called Rannenovoangalian period - approximately the middle of the XVII century. During this time, National English, in general, and acquired its contemporary character. The vocabulary was enriched with a huge number of words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought in the Renaissance Epoch.

At the same time, both old borrowing from French (Latin origin) in many cases were laminated in this era. The rapid development of trade and economic and cultural relations with various countries throughout the Novoangalian period and, in particular, the English colonization of the overseas lands in the XVIII-XIX centuries was introduced into English more or fewer words from the most diverse languages \u200b\u200bof the world. IN the newest time The international lexical element in English has grown significantly, mainly scientific and technical and socio-political terms.

In English vocabulary, there is a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.

Since regular trade and economic ties between the two states were established fairly late, only by the XVI century, and at first were limited, borrowing from the Russian language is not so numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in reached so far english descriptions The Moscow state is found a number of Russian words from the sphere of life, government, public relations, systems of measures, monetary units, etc.

The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word Sable (sable), which is not surprising, since the exceptional quality is Russian fur, and especially, sobils, highly appreciated in Europe. In English dictionaries, this word was recorded already in the XIV century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun "sable", it is also given in the meaning of the adjective "black".

More Russian borrowing in English appears in the XVI century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. Penetrating in English at that time, Russian words in their significance are various types of trade objects, the names of ruling, estate, officials and subordinates, establishments, the names of household items and geographical names. During this period, the Russian words such as Boyar (Boyarin), Cossack (Kozak), Voivoda (Voivode), TSAR (King), ZTarosta (Street), Muzhik (Men), Beluga (Beluga), Starlet, Beluga (Beluga), Boyar ), Rouble (ruble), Altyn (Altyn), Copeck (penny), POOD (PUD), KVASS (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), Samovar (Samovar), Troika (Troika), Babushka (Grandma ), Pirozhki (Patty), VERST (versta), Telega (cart) and many others.

Penetrate into English and some special terms. For example: Siberite - a special kind of ruby, Uralite - asbestos slate. Many of these words entered into the vocabulary of English and are used by English writers.

In the XIX century, with the growth of People's Democratic Liberation Movement in Russia, words appear in English reflecting this socio-political movement. For example, Decembrist (Decembrist), Nihilist (Nihilist), Nihilism (Nihilism), Narodnik (populizer), Intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, the last word is borrowed from Russian not directly, but through Polish. Of course, the roots of such words like Nihilist, Deceptbrist, Intelligentsia - Latin. However, these words are borrowing from the Russian language, as they arose in Russia, due to certain phenomena of Russian reality.

In addition to the above words in the XVIII-XIX century, other Russian words penetrate into English. Many of them, such as ISPRAVNIK (correction), Miroed (Mirohed), Obrok (Labor), Barshina (Born) and others, are currently in Russian historical terms, and in English are found only in historical descriptions or In historical novels.

One of the most interesting Russian borrowing, who received in modern English is widespread, is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the XVIII century, and there was to enter the vocabulary as Mamont, however, in the process of borrowing "lost" the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] was designated in a letter by the combination of Th. After all changes, the word Mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form of Mammoth (for the first time this word was included in the "Russian grammar" of Ludolf).

It is also necessary to note the special group of borrowing, called with senuclearies, is borrowing from the Russian language of the post-beater period, reflecting the impact of a new social building and the new ideology of our country, for example, Soviet (Soviet), Bolshevik (Bolshevik), Udarnik (Drummer), Kolkhoz (collective farm ), SovKhoz (state farm), Komsomol (Komsomol), Activist (activist). There are many horses among the sentenimians, for example, Five-Year Plan (five-year plan), Palace of Culture (Culture Palace), Hero of Labor (Labor Hero).

We also give more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowing from the Russian language, as well as cripples (asterisk symbol are marked by the latest): Balalaika (Balalaika), Borzch (Borsch), Borzoi (Borzaya), BYELORUSSIAN * (Belarus), Crash (Crash), Dacha * (Cottage), Glastnost * (Publicity), Kalashnikov * (Kalashnikov), Karakul (Karakul, Karakule Fur), KGB * (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (Cocktail) * (Molotov cocktail ), Perestroyka * (Perestroika), Pogrom (Pogrom), Russian Roulette (Russian Roulette), Russian Salad (Vinaigrette, Russian Salad), Samizdat * (Samizdat), Samoyed (Samoyed), Shaman (Shaman), Sputnik * (satellite) , Stakhanovit (Stakhanovets), Tass * (TASS).

Russian borrowings that penetrate into the vocabulary of English, as well as any other borrowing, are transformed into their sound appearance and a grammatical structure, obeying the internal laws of the development of the English language. This is good can be traced on the example of such words like Copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced), Starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound feature of which is transformed according to the laws of the English pronunciation. Multiple number of majority of nouns borrowed from the Russian language are decorated in English for the grammatical standards of the English language - Steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives according to word-forming English-language models - Narodism (population), Nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - beat the whip, Sable (as an adjective) and so on.

However, it should be noted that the borrowing from the Russian language, which fell into English in various periods and preserved to this day, constitute a negligible share, since most of the borrowed words reflected quite specific features and realities of the life of the Russian people, many of which disappeared.

Englying languages \u200b\u200bunder globalization.

Types, signs and consumption of borrowing.

British is borrowing from English vocabulary. The Anglicizms began to penetrate Russian from the beginning of the 19th century, but their influx in our vocabulary remained weak up to the 1990s, when it began to borrow how words without relevant concepts - in computer terminology ( schroeder, Overhead, Plotter) and business vocabulary ( default, Marketing, Dealer, Offshore), and the replacement of Russian words by English to express positivity or negativeness, missing from the source word in the receiving language (beer - pub, assassin - killer).

Words borrowed from English began to appear in many languages \u200b\u200bof the world because people began to travel anymore, the Internet appeared, the links between the countries develop, the cultural exchange intensified, the English is becoming an international communication language. To use the British has become fashionable - they are striving to imitate Western culture, although they are not so much in everyday life. Therefore, it is not necessary to be afraid of the influx of Anglicisms - this phenomenon is most likely temporary.

Types of British

Physics - Aostlyova on sound.

tejder< teenager – подросток

Hybrids

Foreign words with Russian suffix, prefix or end.

creative< creative – творческий

Tracing

Words similar to sound and writing.

menu< menu

Exotic

Impotenceless notation of special non-Russian reality

cheeseburger< cheeseburger

Varvarism

Synonymous, but spaticrally expressive splashes from a foreign language.

okay< ОК

wow.< Wow!

Composites

Foreign words from 2 English roots.

supermarket< supermarket – универсам

Jargonism

Foreign words with distorted sound in rapidly surprise.

cool< clever – умный

Lhaianglycysis

The neoplasms for the designation of new concepts for both languages \u200b\u200band phenomena from the addition of English or English and Russian words.

shop tour

shub-tour

loch tour

Jargon Anglicisms

They are especially littered, so they are better to avoid.

asker - asking on the forum

backstage - Locks, Culwars

deadline - Deadline

laver - Lover

losezer - loser

organizer - Shoe Shelves

post - Internet recording

speaker - speaker, speaker, speaker

traffic - Road Movement

fan - fan, fan

fredgent - friendly subscription

havbek - midfielder

Themed Anglicisms

Today, lingowns especially celebrate the following sources of British: advertising, Internet, cinema, music, sports, cosmetics.

Life:

sECOND-HAND.

hand-Made

Electronics:

notebook.

Internet

computer

Sport:

sprinter.

football.

snowboard.

skateboard.

time-Out.

playMaker.

Professions:

security

provider.

producer.

pensioneer.

Mass culture:

crossword.

Greenpeace.

talk-Show.

superstar

boyfriend.

fashionable

Signs of British

Very often, words borrowed from English are determined by the presence in the word of the following parts:

j.< j /g.

ing< ing.

men (t)< men (t)

eP< eR.

pM.< (t)ch

tion< tion.

English joke

The Smug Satisfaction of the Rustic In His Clear Perception and Shrewd Reasoning Is Illustrated by The Dialogue Between Two Farmers Meeting On The Road.

"Did You Hear That Old Man Jones's House Burned Down Last Night?"

"I AIN'T A MITE SURPRISED. I WAS GOIN 'PAST THERE IN THE EVENIN', AN 'WHEN I SAW THE SMOKE A-COMIN' OUT ALL ROUND UNDER THE EAVES, I SEZ TO MYSELF, SEZ I, 'WHERE THREE'S SMOKE THERE MUST BE FIRE.' AN 'SO IT WAS! "

04.09.2014

English is quite diverse in its lexical structure. In it we will find all sorts of borrowing from other languages \u200b\u200bof the world. But in this article I would like to dwell on 9 interesting words that came to English from other foreign languages.

For clarity I use this wonderful infographics.

1. Orangutan.

As it turned out to be a word orangutan There has nothing to do with the orange-reddish color of the fur of these animals. In fact, this word means "forest man", from Malay orang.- man I. (h)uTAN- Forest.

Did you know?

2. Geyser.

The second word, too, all of us well known g.eyser. - Geyser. This is an English word denoting a hiking hot spring, comes from the source name in South West Iceland - Geysir.. It turns out, the name of one hot source called a whole natural phenomenon. Funny!

3. Algebra.

Perhaps you knew that the word algebra. Has Arabic origin. This term has occurred from the name of the monograph of Arab Mathematics by Al-Khorezmi Al-Jabr-Al-Mukaballa.

Translated from Arabic « algebra.» means reunification of broken parts.

4. Hoosegow

But this slang word heard not many. Hoosegow. - Prison, Catalating, and most likely it is a Meksika's overlooking juzgao.which means the tribunal or court. In Spanish "JUZGAR" mean to condemn.

5. AARDVARK.

Unusual is a word, which is translated as an "African Ants".

To hide from the scorching African sun, the Murachy is buried in the ground. Therefore, it is not surprising that his name comes from the Danish "Earthy Pig": ard. (Earth) and vark. (pig).

6. Hazard

In the Middle Ages, people played a gamble game hasard. The term from the old-French language from the name of the game evolved to the more abstract meaning of "cases in life", which the British turned into the "risk" and "danger".

7. Tycoon.

Although in Japanese this word means the "Great Prince" or "Commander-in-Chief", in English, it passed on with the meaning of a very rich and influential person - "Industrial Magnate".

Not bad sounds, right?

8. Tarantula.

Italian Word tarantola.means "from Taranto", and refers to the city in northern Italy, where spiders live-wolves (family of arageomorphic spiders from the Entelegynae series), now those whose English speakers know how tarantulas.

9. Brainwashing.

Washing the brainstorm, which causes not the most pleasant association.

From the Chinese Xĭ Năo 洗脑 literally means "rinse brains", where 洗 means "wash", and 脑 - "brains".

In English, this word came in the 1950s when it was used in describing what was happening to Korean prisoners of war.

After the Korean War, the term "brainwashing" for a number of reasons was filled with completely different content and began to be applied to all sorts of enforcement methods, including in relation to the use of political propaganda and ideological processing.

But we will not be about sad.

Better read the article on how easy it is to remember new words in English.

Put like and do not forget to tell friends.

Good luck in learning English!