The HAY form comes from the verb haber (to have). Of course, people who know English cannot help but notice the affinity of the Spanish verb haber with the English verb to have (also to have). However, in addition to writing, translation and an auxiliary function (as well as to have, haber is formed in the Spanish language new tenses), these verbs have nothing more in common. Those. unlike the verb to have, which can be conjugated in different tenses and have a semantic load, haber cannot boast of this at all. The only forms that still have some semblance of semantic load are the HAY form in the present tense and the third person singular form. h. in all other times, which are usually translated as " is, is, is, is, is, is", In general, they introduce a certain object into the context, talk about it existence... The HAY form is often referred to as the seventh form of the verb in the present tense, and the Spanish Royal Academy (RAE) lists it as another third person form when conjugating the verb in presente.
So, let's find out what features of the use of this form exist on the example of the present tense (studied at level A1).
I apologize in advance for such a sheet about a seemingly simple form, but I tried to synthesize all the answers to questions and mistakes that my students found in the study and subsequent use of this form.
I also hope that someday this post will be settled with examples of the use of hay in other times.

Case 1: HAY in declarative sentences

First what we must learn when using HAY in such sentences is the word order. Verb, i.e. our form, hay, comes before the noun we put into context. Only this way and nothing else!
→ Hay + n. (there is, there is, lies, stands, hangs something)
Second: this object may be accompanied by a) the indefinite article (un, una, unos, unas) or its omission; b) numerals; c) the words poco / a / os / as, bastante / s, mucho / a / os / as, demasiado / a / os / as; d) undefined places (algún / alguno / a / os / as, algo, alguien). Never don't invite the definite article or possessive pronoun to the light!
BUT:
→ Hay una mesa. (There is a table.)
→ Hay un armario. (There is a wardrobe.)

The omission of the article is necessary when it comes to an uncountable subject:
→ Hay leche. (There is milk.)

The use of a noun in the plural. h. accompanied by unopr. the article will have the connotation that there are not very many of these items - a couple, several:
→ Hay unos chicos. (There are some guys.)
→ Hay unas ideas. (There are several ideas.)
This case is very similar to the use with indefinite pronouns (see item D).

But when omitting the article with noun. in pl. h. this will already be a kind of generalization:
→ Hay teatros, bares, restaurantes. (There are theaters, bars, restaurants.)

B:
Hay tres libros. (There are three books.)

IN:
Hay muchos problemas relevantes.
Hay bastantes supermercados.

Uncountable nouns, of course, will go in the singular in this case, but do not forget about gender matching:
Hay mucha pobreza. (Lots of poverty.)

G:
→ Hay algunas cositas que tenemos que discutir. (There are some questions / some questions that we need to discuss.)

Third: of course, we can easily spread the resulting sentences, adding colors to life with the help of additional information, say, about the location of this object, so we will kill two birds with one stone: we will introduce the listener to the existence of a certain object and immediately explain to him where this object is search.

En mi habitación hay una cama, cerca de la cama hay una mesilla de noche, debajo de la ventana hay un sofá muy cómodo con muchos cojines.
Pay special attention that we orient our listener with respect to known objects: en mi habitación (my listener is aware that I have a room), cerca de la cama (he already heard about the bed, for him this is already a familiar subject), debajo de la ventana (well, of course, I have a window in my room!), i.e. our nouns that speak of location always come with a definite article or possessive pronoun. Judge for yourself, how can it be: there is a bed in some hitherto unknown room? It is unlikely, although, perhaps, you so decided to start the first chapter of your novel? I immediately remember a horror story from my childhood: "In one black-black city there is a black-black house ...."

Fourth: in negative declarative sentences, the word order remains the same, but the indefinite article is omitted altogether, variants with mucho / demasiado / etc. are also possible, and ningún (o), nadie, nada are used as indefinite pronouns.
→ Aquí no hay nadie. (Nobody's here.)
→ En esta ciudad no hay mucha vida nocturna. (This city doesn't have such a rich nightlife.)
→ En el bolso no hay ningún monedero. (There is no wallet in the bag.)
And of course, an almost clichéd expression:
No hay (ningún) problema. (No problem.)

Case 2: HAY in interrogative sentences

The case of negative sentences is some quintessence of the previously described models: the noun can be accompanied by e) indefinite pronouns (most often it is still alguien / algo / etc.); g) adjectives like mucho / a / os / as; h) indefinite article.

D:
→ ¿Hay alguien por ahí? (Is anyone there?)
→ ¿En su hotel hay piscina? (Does your hotel have a pool?)

F:
→ ¿En el aula hay mucha gente? (Is there a lot of people in the audience?)

Z:
→ Perdona, ¿sabes si hay un banco por aquí cerca? (Sorry, you don’t know if there’s a bank nearby?)
Here it is worth discussing the difference between this question and the question using estar: when using the latter, you know for sure that the bank is somewhere here, you just got lost and cannot figure out where to go. In this case, the required noun is formalized with the definite article:
→ Perdona, ¿dónde está el banco?

Analogues of the question "how are you":
→ ¿Qué hay?
→ ¿Qué hay de nuevo?
→ ¿Qué hay de tu vida?

And questions about how many items exist in general?
¿Cuántas personas hay en tu clase? (How many people are in your class (in general)?)

A few words for those who know English

Probably, many who speak English at a basic level could not help but notice the similarity that the verb haber finds in this form with the there’s / there’re constructions. I think you can easily find exactly the same patterns of using articles / pronouns / intensifiers when using these constructions in English. Although, of course, it is impossible not to notice a clear plus of the Spanish analogue - the lack of agreement on the number.

Los verbos estar, haber, encontrarse

In Lesson 10, we introduced the ESTAR verb, which indicated the location of a person or object.

Today we will talk about two more Spanish verbs that can be used to talk about the location or presence of something or someone.

Haber verb

translates as ´ to be available, available´. In this sense, it is used in the only form - hay.

En la mesa hay un libro. “There's a book on the table.
En la mesa hay libros. - There are books on the table.
En la mesa hay unos libros. - There are several books on the table.

Note that in phrases like this:

• in the first place, as a rule, will be the circumstance of the place, that is, the word or words that answer the question where... The construction of the phrase will be as follows:

where - is - what;

• before the plural noun, the article is either not used at all, or we use the indefinite article uno, which acts rather as an indefinite pronoun and is translated by the word some;
• if we are talking about any single subject, then the use of the indefinite article is necessary here un, una.

Remember: after the word hay the definite article is never used.

I know from experience that at the initial stage, students often confuse verbs haber y estar... In fact, everything is simple.

Word hay it is used when we mention something for the first time, or we do not know whether it is available or not:

¿Dónde hay una farmacia? - En la calle Arenales.

Using the same verb estar we ask about the location of the pharmacy, which, as we know, is somewhere nearby:

¿Donde está la farmacia? - En la calle Arenales.
Where is the pharmacy? - On Arenales Street.

Despite the fact that we translate phrases into Russian in exactly the same way, in Spanish they convey different information. In the first phrase, we ask if there is a pharmacy available at all. And - attention - we use the indefinite article.

In the second phrase, we are sure that there is a pharmacy, but we do not know the exact address. And, since here we are asking about a specific pharmacy, it is logical to use a definite article.

If the question starts with a question word how much, then it uses the word hay:

¿Cuántos libros hay en la mesa? - En la mesa hay cinco libros.
How many books are on the table? - There are 5 books on the table.

The verb encontrarse - to be

Learn how this verb conjugates. Pay attention to forms 1, 2, 3 and 6. Using the language of grammar, you should say - pay attention to the conjugation of the singular, as well as the third person plural. But, firstly, it takes a long time; secondly, it's boring; and thirdly, this is the first, but far from the last time, when you and I will encounter such a change in the verb forms, so it will be much easier to name the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 6.

Notes to the table:

• Vowel O the initial form of the verb in the named forms changes to ue.
• Typically, we will use the third person singular and plural forms:

La catedral se encuentra en la Plaza Mayor de la ciudad.
The cathedral is located in the main square of the city.

Por el lado izquierdo se encuentran las ruinas de la fortaleza antigua.
On the left side are the ruins of an old fortress.

• Although this is not typical, but in a conversation you can hear:

¿Dónde te encuentras?
Where are you?

The most common synonymous question is:
¿Dónde estás?
Where are you?

Lesson assignments

1. (flor - flower) ¿Cuántas flores hay en este parque?
2. (mujer - flower) ¿Cuántas mujeres hay en este parque?
3. (niña - flower) ¿Cuántas niñas hay en este parque?
4. (abuelo - flower) ¿Cuántos abuelos hay en este parque?
5. (árbol - flower) ¿Cuántos árboles hay en este parque?
6. (lago - flower) ¿Cuántos lagos hay en este parque?
7. (perro - flower) ¿Cuántos perros hay en este parque?

1. ¿Cuántas universidades ………… .. en tu ciudad?
2. ¿Dónde ………… .. el consultorio dental de Elena?
3. ¿Dónde ………… .. la panadería de Don Alfredo?
4. ¿Dónde ………… .. los chicos?
5. ¿Dónde ………… .. mis lentes?
6. ¿Dónde ………… .. un restaurante?
7. ¿Tienes teléfono? - Sí, ………… .. en mi cartera.
8. ¿Y tú mamá? - ………… .. en el mercado.
9. Al lado de mi casa ………… .. un circo.
10. El museo Hermitage ………… .. en San Petersburgo.
11. En el parque ………… .. muchos niños.
12. En este refrigerador no ………… .. nada.
13. En mi ciudad ………… .. mucho carros.
14. En mi facultad ………… .. muchos extranjeros.
15. Jorge, ¿dónde ………… .. mi libro?
16. La oficina de correos ………… .. cerca de aquí.
17. Las flores ………… .. sobre la mesa.
18. Los niños ………… .. en la playa.
19. Mira, allí ………… .. un cajero para sacar dinero.
20. No ………… .. agua caliente para ducharnos.

1. ¿Donde se encuentra la capital de tu país?
2. ¿Donde se encuentra el palacio del Gobierno?
3. ¿Donde está la Plaza Mayor de tu ciudad?
4. ¿Donde están las farmacias?
5. ¿Hay un hospital cerca de tu casa?
6. ¿Dónde hay una buena discoteca?
7. ¿Dónde está tu casa?
8. ¿Dónde está el paradero del autobús?
9. ¿Donde se encuentran los museos más importantes de tu ciudad?
10. ¿Qué monumentos históricos hay en tu ciudad?

Task 4. Continue the list of questions. Imagine that you want to ask your new friend what is in his city and where it is.

Task 1. Look at the picture and answer the questions.

1. Hay muchas flores.
2. Hay dos mujeres.
3. Hay dos niñas.
4. Hay tres abuelos.
5. Hay cinco árboles.
6. Hay un lago.
7. Hay un perro.

Task 2. Complete the phrases with the verbs hay, está, están. Translate phrases.

1. están
2. están
3. están
4. están

Task 3. Translate the questions about your country and your city. Answer them.

1. Where is the capital of your country? Moscú, la capital de mi país está en la parte europea de Rusia.
2. Where is the Government Palace located? El palacio de Gobierno está en la Plaza Roja.
3. Where is the city's main square? La Plaza Roja está en el centro de la ciudad.
4. Where are the pharmacies? Las farmacias están en la calle La Paz.
5. Is there any hospital near your home? Sí, hay un hospital cerca de mi casa.
6. Where is there a good disco? La buena discoteca está en el centro de la ciudad.
7. Where is your house? Mi casa está en un barrio nuevo.
8. Where is the bus stop? El paradero del autobús está a dos cuadras de mi casa.
9. Where are the most important museums in your city? Los museos más importantes están en el centro de la ciudad.
10. What historical monuments are there in your city? Hay muchos monumentos históricos en mi ciudad.

The Spanish verb haber is special. It has almost completely lost its lexical meaning and is most often used as the main auxiliary verb. Its distinctive characteristic is the use in impersonal forms, with which you can translate the Russian verb to be (is)... In addition, it is required to create some commonly used grammatical structures.

In addition, it is one of the irregular verbs, that is, it is conjugated differently than most Spanish verbs. So you just have to remember its shapes. The multiplicity of meanings and the irregularity of the conjugation are the main difficulties in learning it.

The table shows the conjugation of haber in Presente:

In sentences, this form is almost never used independently.

haber acts as an auxiliary verb for the formation of a complex tense. In this case haber is used according to the person taking the action and a conjugated verb is added to it:

For example:

He comprendido todo (I already understood everything)

Ya hemos hablado de esto (We already talked about this)

Ha de hablar con la familia (he needs to talk to his family)

The past imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto) is formed by adding the endings -ía, -ías, etc., without changing the stem of the verb:

había, habías, había - singular;

Quiso preguntar si podía ir con ellos pero el padre ya había permitido. - He wanted to ask to go with them, but dad has already given permission.

habíamos, habíais, habían - plural.

The derivatives of the verb haber in the Pretérito perfecto simple (past indefinite) change the root vowel a and e to u: h a ber, he etc. - h u be, hu bimos:

For example:

Hubiste de bailar con Margo (You should have danced with Margo).

Hubo de traducir este artículo (He was supposed to translate this article).

In the future tense, another change occurs, namely the loss of the vowel e, which was present in the ending of the infinitive: hab e r - habr é, habr emos etc.:

habré, habrás, habrá - times in units. number,

habremos, habréis, habrán - plural number.

For example: Los problemas habrán resoluto resol al final de mes. - Problems will be resolved by the end of the month.

The same changes occur in the Condicional:

habría, habrías, habría - unit. number,

habríamos, habríais, habrían- pl. number.

For example:

Habrías de leer todo el libro (You should have read the whole book)

Habría de explicar todo (I should have explained everything)

The following table deals with the subjunctive or Subjuntivo. The verb haber is conjugated in the present, the past imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto) and the future tense:

For example: Haya trabajado todo el día pero no tengo instrumentos - I would work all day, but I have no instruments.

Additional examples with the subjunctive haber in Preterito Imperfecto y Futuro:

Preterito Imperfecto:

Nunca hubiera pensado que estabas enferma tan serio. “I would never have thought that you were so seriously ill.

Si hubieras aparecido, yo no hubiera hecho ese trabajo. “If you showed up, I wouldn't have to do this job.

Futuro:

Si Pedro no hubiere terminado su trabajo en tiempo, tendía muchas problemas. - If Pedro does not finish his work on time, he will have a lot of problems.

Si hubieren dicho la verdad esto habria decidido (decidiría) su destino. - If they tell the truth, it will decide his fate.

Here are 3 more important verb forms to remember:

• verb infinitive: haber
• gerunds: habiendo
• participle: habido

The verb haber forms the form complex infinitive in Spanish - Infinitivo Perfecto (Compuesto)... It consists of the infinitive haber and the participle of the semantic verb. Indicates an action that precedes an action expressed by the personal form of a semantic verb, for example:

Estoy contento de haber visto esta película. - I am glad that I watched this film.

There is also another complex construction with the verb haber in Spanish - past tense gerund... It is rarely used in colloquial speech, most often it can be found in fiction or official business correspondence. Indicates an additional action in the past and is formed using a gerund from the verb haber - habiendo and a participle, for example:

El no terminó los estudios en la Universidad, había estudiado sólo tres anos. - He did not finish his studies at the university, having studied for only three years.

Haber as an auxiliary verb

In this part of the lesson, we will continue our study of the conjugation of the verb haber. However, if in the 3 above tables its forms are given in simple tenses, now we will consider its use as an auxiliary verb.

Complex verb tenses are formed as follows: the participle of the semantic verb is added to the corresponding simple forms (this may also be the participle of the verb haber itself).

To form a complex future and conditional tense, the participle is added respectively to their simple forms, for example:

Composite Subjuntivo Forms:

Forms hubiera - hubiese, hubiéramos - hubiésemos etc. interchangeable, as in the imperfect past tense.

And here are the compound forms: the infinitive haber habido and the verbal participle habiendo habido.

Here are some examples of using the haber verb as an auxiliary:

Cuando llegué, tú ya te habías ido.- When I came, you already left (left).

He visto tu hermana en la tienda.- I saw your sister in the store (recently, just now).

Si lo hubiera / hubiese sabido, te habría advertido.- If I knew about it, I would have warned you.

The verb haber in impersonal sentences

The verb haber is often used in impersonal sentences. In this case, it translates as available, stands, lies, is(about the subject).

In the present tense he has a special form hay (3rd person singular). It is used in impersonal terms in impersonal terms and denotes the presence of something. When used in a sentence, it is usually the place circumstance, then the form hay itself and, finally, a noun, for example:

En el salón hay una mesa. - There is a table in the living room.

In such sentences, the object-noun is used with the indefinite article (una mesa), and in the plural, as a rule, without the article.

A synonym for this impersonal turnover is the forms está, están. Está is used to answer a question where? and indicates the location of the item, for example:

¿Dónde está la toalla? - Where is the towel?

La toalla está en la maleta. - Towel in the suitcase.

Hay is used when we want to know what is in some place:

¿Qué hay en la cama? - What (lies, is) on the bed?

En el frigorífico hay mucha comida.- There is a lot of food in the fridge.

Impersonal past tense forms of the verb haber:

hubo, hubo habido, había, ha habido, había habido- It was.

And in the future: habrá, habrá habido - will be.

Here are some examples of similar impersonal constructs in various temporal forms:

hay una persona (muchas personas);

hubo una huelga (varias huelgas);

habrá algún acuerdo (algunos acuerdos).

As you can see, here the verb is used only in the singular, that is, you cannot say han muchas personas or hubieron varias huelgas.

Verb constructions haber

haber que + infinitive

Meaning: to be necessary, useful, appropriate.

Since this is an impersonal construction, it is conjugated in all times only in the 3rd person singular. numbers:

¿ Habrá que esperar mucho?- (We, her, me, etc., depending on the situation) will have to wait a long time?

Había que hacerlo.- I had (had to) do it.

Perdió el pasaporte y hubo que ir a la embajada.- He lost his passport, and he had to go to the embassy.

One more turn, which is desirable to remember, as it is used quite often: hay que. Examples:

Hay que devolver este libro a la biblioteca.- It is necessary (should, it is necessary) to return this book to the library.

No hay que precipitarse. - No need to rush.

Here are some additional uses for this construction:

No hay por qué tener miedo (preocuparse).- Don't be afraid (worry).

No hay un español que no coma jamón.- There is no (not a single) Spaniard who would not eat jamon.

haber de + infinitive

Meaning: to be obligated, appropriate, necessary.

This turnover is used in all persons and numbers and is almost identical in meaning to the expression tener que + infinitive.

Tengo que hacerlo... - I must do it.

He de hacerlo... - I need (I must) do it.

Los alumnos han de respetar a su maestro.- Students must respect their teacher.

Habéis de llegar a trabajo a las 9.- You must come to work at 9 o'clock.

Hube de entregar el informe al jefe. I had to give the boss a report.

habérselas con (alguien)

Meaning: to deal with someone, to fight (with circumstances).

No quiero habérmelas con él.“I don’t want to mess with him.

Of course, this article does not list all the subtleties and variations in the use of the verb haber. There are many more features of its use. However, having mastered the forms of conjugation and basic phrases with it, you will understand the Spanish language much easier.

Verb haber in Spanish.

Before moving on, let's talk a little about the timing logic.
This is a difficult topic and you need to approach it thoughtfully, but if you understand it, some of the times we have not yet passed will no longer have to be learned, we can simply understand them, and this will greatly speed up further learning Spanish.

So, all tenses in Spanish can be divided into two groups:

1. Simples (simple)

2. Compuestos (compound)

Simple times include:

Simple times so called because for their education you need only the verb itself , Nothing more. Here is the first form of the cantar verb in these tenses:

TO compound times include those that consist of two parts (haber + participle), for example:

To form them, the verb is used haber .

Now let's remember what it is Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto .
We again took a verb haber and conjugated it this time in Imperfecto - había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían and added the past participle: In this case, Pluscuamperfecto expresses the action preceding Imperfecto: For example: That is Pluscuamperfecto is formed from Imperfecto and expresses an event, what happened before Imperfecto.

As you can see, the verb haber works the same in both tenses.
It allows you to step one step into the past.

To say about something earlier, than the present, we conjugate the verb haber in the present and add the participle.

To speak of action earlier than Imperfecto, we conjugate the verb haber in Imperfecto and add the participle.

This is how the verb haber works with all tenses.
In fact, for each simple time there is its own compound, that is, a time that means an action a little earlier: We can take any simple time ... And if we want to say something, what happened before , we just need to put the verb haber at this tense and add the participle.

Hence one more important conclusion:

Composite times used in conjunction with simple... Because they serve to expressions of the earlierthan another action (standing in prime time) .
It works in the present, in the past, and in the future.

Here are some simple examples:

The present:
I am reading what you wrote.
Leo lo que has escrito.

Past:
I have read / read what you wrote before.
Leía / leí lo que habías escrito.

Future:
I will read what you write before this.
Leeré lo que habrás escrito (Futuro Compuesto).

In the future, we still have to go through more than one compound time, but now we can do it thoughtfully.

Even if you do not know some compound time, now you can form it yourself and even without a textbook understand roughly in what cases to use it.

The Spanish language is best understood, not crammed, and we will try to teach you this.

Lesson 10. Presente de Subjuntivo. Present subjunctive

Topic 3. Use of the verb haber. Construction uno + chap. 3 l. units h. Use of the verbs estar, ser, impersonal forms of the verb haber. Conjugation of the verb producir

Verb haber used as an auxiliary verb for the formation of complex tenses of other verbs. It is also used as an impersonal verb. There is a special impersonal form in the present tense hay, from which a number of revolutions are formed:

hay- located, available
hay que- it follows, you need + infinitive
no hay que- not necessary

The impersonal form of the verb haber:

hay- is, is, is
había- It was
ha habido- It was
hubo- It was
había habido- It was
hubo habido- It was
habrá- will be
habrá habido- will (probably)

The indefinite article uno, una + ch. 3 l. units numbers in Spanish form the following constructs:

Uno se levanta temprano.- You get up early.
En la universidad uno tiene que estudiar.- You need to study at the university.
Cuando uno duerme poco está cansado mucho.- If you sleep a little, then you get tired.

As you can see from the examples, in Spanish, unlike Russian, you need to use a verb in the form of 3 liters. units h., and in Russian - in the second person. These are the so-called indefinite personal turns.

The forms of the Russian verb to be (is) can be translated into Spanish using verbs estar, ser and haber, but we must not forget that in Spanish they are used in very specific cases.

Using a verb ser:

the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by a noun or verb-infinitive:

Margarita es mi hija.- Margarita is my daughter.

the nominal part is expressed by an adjective that defines a constant feature:

Esta habitación es roja.- This room is red.

the nominal part is expressed by the possessive pronoun:

Este bolígrafo es tuyo.- Is this your pen.

the nominal part of the predicate is a combination of a noun with a preposition de, which indicates the origin of someone or something, the artist, the material from which the object is made:

Esta comida es de aquí.- This food is from here.
El motor es de hierro.“This engine is made of iron.

Using a verb estar:

the nominal part of the predicate is an adjective expressing a temporary state or temporary quality:

El agua está caliente.- The water is hot.
Estás enfermo.- You are sick.

it matters to be, to be:

La mesa está en la cocina.- Table in the kitchen.

Some adjectives change their meaning depending on which verb they are used with, for example:

ser bueno- to be kind
estar bueno- to be healthy
ser malo- to be bad
estar malo- to be sick

Impersonal form hay translated in the same way as está, están in meaning there is, located, are; it should be remembered that hay used if we ask what is in a certain place, hay comes before the subject:

¿Qué hay bajo la mesa?- What's under the table?
Bajo la mesa hay un gato.- There is a cat under the table.

Producir produce