General information The Latin verb distinguishes between the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, mood and voice. In Latin, two voice are distinguished: valid (genus actīvum); passive (genus passīvum); and three moods: the indicative (modus indicatīvus); imperative (modus imperatīvus); subjunctive (modus conjunctīvus). The meaning of the indicative and imperative moods is the same as in Russian. The verb can also be in the perfect or imperfect form.

In the morphological system of the Latin verb, two groups of tenses are distinguished, symmetrically united by the method of formation around opposing bases - the basis of the infect and the basis of the perfect. The group of times of the infection (unfinished in time) includes: Praesens (present); imperfectum (imperfect past tense); futūrum primum (future is the first, futūrum I only denotes the relevance of an action to the future, regardless of its completeness). The group of times of perfect (completed in time) includes: perfectum (denotes a completed action, regardless of its duration); plusquamperfectum (denotes an action that occurred before another action took place in the past); futūrum secundum (future second; it denotes an action that will be performed before another action occurs, also related to the future).

Signs of the verb form: suffixes used to denote tense and mood; inflections, with the help of which the person, number and (in most cases) the voice of the verb are expressed. The indicated formants are attached to the stem of the verb, in which the synthetic structure of the Latin language finds its expression. However, the verbal forms of the passive voice of the perfect system are formed in an analytical (descriptive) way - with the help of the participle of the conjugated verb and the personal forms of the auxiliary verb “to be”. E. g. Laudātus est - he was praised.

FOUR LATIN VERB CONJUGATIONS Regular Latin verbs are divided, depending on the final vowel stem of the infect, into four conjugations: 1. ā (ornā); 2. ē (mоnē); 3. ĕ (mittĕ); 4. ī (audī).

The infinitive (infinitīvus) is formed with the suffix rĕ, attached directly to the stem: ornā rĕ - to decorate, monē rĕ - to convince, audī rĕ - to listen, mittĕ rĕ - to send. The dictionary designation of verbs in Latin begins with the form of 1 head L. units the present tense, which is formed by adding the personal ending ō to the stem of the verb. Infinitive I. Ref. ornā re - to decorate II. mоnē rе - to convince III. mittĕ re - send IV. audī re - listen Basis ornā mоnē mittĕ audī l e l. units h. present time. ornō - I decorate Mone ō - I convince Mittō - I send audi ō - I listen

BASES AND BASIC FORMS OF THE VERB For the formation of the temporary forms of the Latin verb, its bases, of which there are three, are used. All stems are presented in the so-called basic verb forms. There are 4 main forms of the verb in Latin: 1. 1st person singular. h. praesentis indicatīvi actīvi. It is formed from the base of the infect by adding the ending ō. (E. g. Ornō, moneō, mittō, audiō.) The basis of the infect serves for the formation of all times of the system of the infect of both prepositions of the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods. 2.1 e person unit h. perfecti indicatīvi actīvi (past completed tense active voice). This form always ends in ī (E. g. Оrnāvī, monuī, mīsī, audīvī - I decorated, convinced, sent, heard). Dropping the ending ī, we get the basis of the perfect (оrnāv, monu, mis, audiv), from which all tenses of the perfect system of the active voice are formed. 3. Supīnum (supin) is a verbal noun ending in um (E. g. Ornātum, monĭtum, missum, audītum). Dropping the final um, we get the base of the soup (ornāt, monĭt, miss, audīt). It serves to form the passive participle of the past tense (participium perfecti passīvi), which is necessary for the formation of analytical forms of the passive voice of the perfect system. 4. Infinitīvus praesentis actīvi is formed from the same basis of the infect as the first form, by adding the suffix rĕ (ornārĕ, monērē, mittĕre, audīre) to the stem.

The bases of perfect and supine are formed differently for different verbs. There are 6 ways to form perfect stems from a verbal root. The types of formation of perfect stems are as follows: 1. For verbs 1 and IV of conjugations, the norm is perfect on vi (suffix v, attached to the stem of infect, + ending ī), supin on tum. E. g. orno, ornāvī, ornātum, ornārĕ - to decorate; audio, audīvi, audītum, audīre - listen. To designate the main forms of such verbs, it is enough next to the form of 1 st. sing. praesentis put a number indicating conjugation: laudo 1 to praise; clamo 1 to scream; raro 1 to cook; audio 4 listen, hear; finio 4 to finish; servio 4 serve. 2. For most verbs of II conjugation, the norm is a perfect on uī (suffix u + ending ī), supin on ĭtum or tum. The final sound of the basis of the infect ē is absent in this case. E. g. mоnеō, mоnuī monĭtum, monērе 2 to convince; doceō, docuī, doctum, docēre 2 teach. A number of verbs II of the conjugation lack the supin: 3. In verbs III of conjugation, in which the thematic vowel at the base of the infect is preceded by an anterior or posterior consonant, there is often a perfect on sī (suffix s + ending ī), supy on tum or sum. In this case, the consonants in the position before s undergo various phonetic changes. The dorsal g in front of s and t is stunned. In writing, the combination with [k] with the sound s is denoted by the letter x: ducō, duxī (from duc + si), ductum, ducĕrĕ 3 messages. The voiced labial b is also stunned before s and t: scribō, scripsī (from scrib + si), scriptum, scribĕre 3 write. Fore-lingual d and t are assimilated to the subsequent sound s, and the double s after a long vowel is simplified: cedō, cessī (from ced + si), cessum, cedĕrĕ 3 to step.

4. In a significant number of verbs, the stem of the perfect is formed not by adding the suffix (v, u, s) to the stem of the infect, but by lengthening the root vowel. Supin, as usual, ends in tum or sum. This type is represented in verbs of various conjugations: vĭdeō, vīdī, vīsum, vĭdērĕ 2 vĭdē, mŏvē, lĕgĕ, vĕnī the basis of perfect vīd, mov, lĕg, vēn If the root vowel is a short ă, then its lengthening often leads to the appearance of a new vowel quality - a long ē. This phenomenon is observed in the following very common verbs: āgō, ēgī, actum, ăgĕrĕ 3 drive, act căpiō, cēpī, căptum, căpĕrĕ 3 take făciō, fēcī, făctum, făcĕrĕ 3 do jăciō, jēcīlag, jăcăr : basis of infect: ăgĕ, căpĕ, făcĕ, jăcĕ basis of perfect: ēg, cēp, fēc, jēc

5. Some Latin verbs have retained the ancient Indo-European perfect, formed by doubling the initial consonant. The syllabic element was the vowel ĕ. However, under the influence of the root vowel verb, he often assimilated with it: dō, dĕdī, dătum, dărĕ give mordeō, momordī, morsum, mordērĕ 2 bite currō, cucurrī, cursum, currĕrĕ 3 run 6. A number of verbs III of conjugation does not differ from the base of perfect verbal root (perfect with the simplest stem): statuo, statui, statūtum, statuĕre set 3.

Infectious System The tenses included in the Infectious System (praesens, imperfectum, futūrum 1) denote an action in its incompleteness, are formed from one base and have the same personal endings. They differ in the absence of a suffix (praesens indicativi) or in its presence (all other temporary forms of the infectious system).

Personal endings of the verb All tenses of the Latin verb, except for perfectum indicatīvi actīvi, have in the active voice, regardless of the type of conjugation of the verb, tense and mood, the following personal endings (verbal inflections): 1 f. 2 f. 3 f. Singulāris o or m s t Plurālis mŭs tĭs nt

The forms of the passive voice (passivum) of the times of the infect system differ from the forms of the active voice only in special (passive) endings: 1 ел. 2 f. 3 f. Singulāris оr or r rĭs tur Plurālis mur minī ntur

Forms formed from the basis of the infect Praesens indicatīvi The meaning of the Latin praesens indicatlvi coincides with the meaning of the present tense in the Russian language. It expresses both an action that is simultaneous with the moment of utterance, and, in general, constantly lasting: puella cantat the girl sings (at the moment of utterance); amat victoria curam victory loves caring (that is, victory requires effort) here is characterized by continuous action (victory always requires effort). The present tense is used, as in Russian, in the meaning of the past (praesens historĭcum) to give the narrative a greater liveliness and concreteness of the image. Pugnam heri in somnis vīdi: tubae canunt, terra consŏnat, equi currunt, gladii fulgent I saw a battle yesterday in a dream: trumpets sound, earth responds, horses gallop, swords flash.

For verbs of all conjugations of the present tense, the indicative mood of the active voice (praesens indicatīvi actīvi) is formed by adding ordinary personal endings to the basis of the infect. Verbs III and IV have conjugations in 3 ml. pl. h. the personal ending is appended with a thematic vowel u: capiunt, audiunt.

During the formation of the present tense forms of verbs III conjugation, the thematic vowel stem ĕ / ŏ underwent phonetic changes, which boiled down to the following: 1. In 1 ml. units h. the thematic vowel merged with the ending ō, as in conjugation I; 2. In 3 ml. pl. h. thematic vowel ŏ moved to ŭ: mitto nt>> mittunt; 3. In other persons, the thematic vowel ĕ was reduced to a short ĭ. The evolution that the thematic vowel ĕ / ŏ undergoes can be reduced to an easy-to-remember formula: § no vowel before (mitt o) § before nt u (mittu nt) § before r ĕ (mittĕ re) § otherwise ĭ (mittĭ s, mittĭ t, mittĭ mus, mittĭ tis).

Conjugation pattern Number / person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. ornā re decorating II ref. monē re persuade III ref. mittĕ re send IV ref. audī re listen orn ō ornā s orna t ornā mŭs ornā tĭs orna nt mone ō monē s mone t monĕ mŭs monĕ tĭs mone nt mitt ō mittĭ s mitti t mittĭ mŭs mittī tĭs mittu nt audi ō audī s audi t aud ms u nt

Conjugation of verbs in the present tense of the passive voice (praesens indicatīvi passīvi) obeys the usual rules: 1. In 1 ml. units h. verbs I conjugation the final vowel of the stem merges with the ending: orna or> ornor. 2. In conjugation III, the thematic vowel is absent before the vowel (1 l. Singular: mitt or), preserved as ĕ before r (2 l. Singular: mittĕ ris), goes to u before nt (3 plural: mittu ntur), is reduced to ĭ in all other cases (for example, in 3 ml.units: mittĭ tur). 3. In conjugation III, the vowel of the stem ĭ goes to ĕ before r (2 l. Singulars capĕ ris from capĭ ris, like caraĕre from sapĭre); 4. In 3 ml. pl. Part III and IV of conjugation is preserved, as in the asset thematic u (from o). The resulting forms are: capiuntur, audiuntur.

Conjugation pattern Number / person I ref. II ref. base ornā S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. base monē orn or ornā rĭs ornā tur mone or monē rĭs monē tur ornā mĭnī orna ntur monē mur monĕ mĭnĭ mone ntur III ref. IV ref. base mittĕ base audī mitt or mittĕ rĭs mittĕ tur audi or audī rĭs audī tur mittĕ mĭnī mittu ntur audī mĭnĭ audi u ntur Ornor - they decorate me; mittuntur - they are sent

Imperfectum indiсatīvi Imperfectum indicatīvi (corresponds to the Russian past tense of the imperfect form or denotes the beginning of the action) of both clauses of verbs I and II of conjugation is formed by adding the suffix bā to the stem of the infect, and the suffix ēbā and the corresponding personal endings for verbs III and IV. The thematic vowel of verbs III conjugation (mittĕ re), as a general rule, is absent before the vowel of the suffix: mitt ēba m. For the formation of forms of the passive voice, respectively, passive personal endings are taken. Activum Number / person S. 1. 2. 3. I ref. III ref. Passivum I ref. ornā ba m ornā bā s ornā ba t Pl. 1. 2. 3. mitt ēba m mitt ēbā s mitt ēba t ornā ba r ornā bā rĭs ornā bā tur ornā bā mŭs ornā bā tĭs ornā ba nt mitt ēbā mŭs mitt ēbā tĭs mitt ēba nt ornā bā mur banā ntur Ornābam - I decorated; mittēbar - I was sent. III ref. mitt ēba r mitt ēbā rĭs mitt ēba tur mitt ēbā mĭnĭ mitt ēbā ntur

Futūrum I (primum) indicatīvi Futūrum I (primum), the future first, corresponds to the Russian future tense, both imperfect and perfect. Futūrum I indicatīvi of both sentences for verbs I and II of conjugations is formed by adding the suffix b (orna + b, monē + b) and personal endings (respectively active or passive) to the stem of the infective. In 1 ml. units h. the ending is attached directly to the suffix, and in other forms by means of thematic vowels, as in the present tense of the active or passive voice of verbs III conjugation. Futūrum I indicatīvi of both sentences for verbs III and IV of conjugation is formed by adding 1 ml of infective to the stem. units including the suffix a, in other forms - the suffix ē and the corresponding personal endings. Verbs of III conjugation do not have a thematic vowel before the vowel suffix.

Conjugation pattern Passīvum Actīvum Number / person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. III ref. ornā b ō ornā bĭ s ornā bi t mitt am mitt ē s mitt et ornā b or ornā bĕ rĭs ornā bĭ tur mitt ar mitt ē rĭs mitt ē tur ornā bĭ mŭs ornā bĭ tĭs ornā bu nt mitt ē mŭs mitt ē tĭs mitt ē tĭ nt ornā bĭ mur ornā bĭ mĭnī ornā bu ntur mitt ē mĭnĭ mitt e ntur Ornābo - I will decorate (decorate); mittar - I will be sent.

Praesens conjunctīvi (present tense of the subjunctive mood) of both sentences for verbs I of the conjugation is formed by replacing the final vowel stem of the infect a with the suffix ē and adding personal endings (active or passive, respectively). Praesens conjunctīvi of both sentences for verbs II, III and IV of conjugations is formed by adding the suffix ā and usual personal endings (active or passive, respectively) to the stem of the infect. Some verbs of III conjugation do not have a thematic vowel before the vowel of the suffix.

Conjugation pattern Pledge Actīvum Number / person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. III ref. orne m ornē s orne t mone a m mone ā s mone a t mitt a m mitt ā s mitt a t ornē mŭs ornē tĭs orne nt mone ā mŭs mone ā tĭs mone a nt mitt ā mŭs mitt ā tĭs mitt a nt Ornem - I would decorate moneam - I would convince; mittam - I would send.

Conjugation pattern Pledge Passīvum Number / person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. orne r ornē rĭs orne tur ornē mĭnī orne ntur II ref. mone a r mone ā rĭs mone a tur mone ā mĭnī mone a ntur III ref. mitt a r mitt ā rĭs mitt a tur mitt ā mĭnī mitt a nt Orner - I would be adorned; monear - they would convince me; mittar - I would be sent.

Imperfectum conjunctīvi (the past unfinished tense of the subjunctive mood) of both sentences for all verbs is formed by adding the suffix rē and the usual personal endings (active or passive, respectively) to the base of the infect. For verbs III of the conjugation, the final stem vowel ĭ goes before the rē suffix in ĕ: сарĭ + rē + m>> сарĕреm.

Conjugation pattern Actīvum Number / person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I ref. Passīvum III ref. ornā re m ornā rē s ornā re t mittĕ re m mittĕ rē s mittĕ re t ornā re r ornā rē rĭs ornā re tur ornā rē mŭs ornā rē tĭs ornā re nt mittĕ rē mŭs mittĕ rē rē tĭs mittĕ re nt ornā mĭnī ornā re ntur Ornārem - I would decorate; mittĕrem - I would send. III ref. mittĕ re r mittĕ rē rĭs mittĕ re tur mittĕ rē mĭnī mittĕ re nt

Imperatīvus praesentis (imperative) Imperatīvus has both singular and plural forms. The singular form coincides with the basis of the infect. For verbs III of the conjugation, the final stem vowel ĭ goes into ĕ. The plural form is formed by adding the ending tĕ to the base of the infective (cf. in Russian those). For verbs III conjugation, the thematic vowel ĕ goes into ĭ. Singulāris I ref. III ref. IV ref. ornā! monē! mittĕ! audī! Decorate Plurālis! convince! send! listen! ornā tĕ! monē tĕ! mittĕ tĕ! audī tĕ! decorate! convince! send! listen! There are also forms of the passive voice imperative, usually in a reflexive meaning: they are formed by attaching the endings rĕ (for singular) and mĭnī (for plural) to the base of the infect.

To express a prohibition in Latin, a special descriptive form is used. It is composed of the imperative from the irregular verb nolo (I do not wish) in the appropriate number and the infinitive of the verb with the main lexical meaning. Sing. : noli ornārĕ, (mоnērĕ, mittĕrĕ, audīrĕ)! do not decorate (persuade, take the barking messages, listen). , Pl. : nolītĕ ornāre, monēre, mittĕre, audīre! do not decorate, do not persuade, do not send, etc.

Non-personal (non-conjugated) forms of the verb The following non-personal forms of the verb are also included in the infectious system: infinitīvus praesentis actīvi, infinitīvus praesentis passīvi, participium praesentis actīvi, gerundīvum, gerundium. Infinitlvus praesentis passīvi (the present tense infinitive of the passive voice) is formed by adding the suffix rī to the base of the infect for I, IV conjugations and the ī suffix for III conjugation verbs. The final vowel stem is absent in verbs III conjugation. Ornā rī Monē rī Mitt ī Audī rī to be adorned, to be adorned to be convinced, to be persuaded to be sent, to be sent to be heard, to be heard, to be heard

Participium praesentis actīvi (active participle of the present tense) is formed by adding the suffix nt to the base of the infect for verbs I and II of conjugations and the suffix ent for verbs III and IV of conjugations. Nominatīvus sing. - sigmatic and, as a result of phonetic changes, ends in ns or ens. Morphologically, these participles belong to the adjectives III scl. one ending, such as sapiens. However, in abl. s. they usually end in ĕ. Participium praesentis actīvi corresponds in meaning to both the Russian participle and the gerunds: ornā ns decorating, decorating; mоnē ns persuading, convincing; mitt ēns n sending, sending; sari ēns taking, taking; audi ēns listening, listening. Gen. s. : orna nt is, mone nt is, mitt ent is, capi ent is, audi ent is. In Latin, nouns I skl are formed from stems on nt. like scientia, potentia (from participles: sciens, scient is; potens, potent is).

Gerundīvum (gerundive) is a verbal adjective formed by adding the nd suffix for verbs I and II conjugations to the infect stem, the end suffix for III and IV conjugations and the endings of I and II declension adjectives. Orna nd us, a, um; mone nd us, a, um; mitt end us, a, um; capi end us, a, um; audi end us, a, um. Gerundium is a verbal noun denoting a process of action. It is formed using the same suffixes as the gerundive, having the form of only indirect cases of the singular II declension. Gen. orna nd i decoration, Dat. Abl. orna nd o, Ass. (ad) orna nd um.

The system of the perfect The times included in the system of the perfect (perfectum, plusquamperfectum, futūrum II) are parallel to the three times of the system of the infect. Their belonging to the same species is morphologically expressed by the generality of the formation of verb forms. However, in contrast to the system of the infect, the active and passive forms of the times of the system of the perfect differ not in endings, but in the very principle of their formation. The active voice of these times is synthetically formed from the basis of the perfect. The passive voice is formed analytically (descriptively) with the help of the partipium perfecti passīvi of the conjugated verb and the personal forms of the auxiliary verb esse. Since participium perfecti passīvi is formed from the supine, then in the system of the perfect forms are distinguished, formed: a) from the basis of the perfect; b) from the soup. All verbs, regardless of their belonging to one or another conjugation, are conjugated in the same way in the tenses of the perfect system.

Forms formed from the basis of perfect Perfectum indicatīvi actīvi Latin perfect has two meanings: 1) Perfect expresses an action that ends in irrespective of its duration (perfectum historicum). past, Vēni, vīdi, vīci - I came, saw, won (Julius Caesar's message about a quick victory over the Bosporan king Pharnacs). This statement states a single fact that took place in the past for a relatively short period of time. Ego semper illum arrellavi inimīcum meum - I have always called him my enemy. It also refers to an action related to the past, but covering a relatively long period of time, and this is always emphasized by the adverb (semper). In Russian, in the latter case, the use of the perfect form is impossible. This applies to most cases when an action is characterized by a perfect, which is additionally determined by an indication of its duration (so many years, days, always, often, long). In eā terrā diu mansi I stayed in this country for a long time.

b) Perfect expresses a state that continues in the present as a result of an action performed in the past (perfestum praesens). Cоnsuēvi - I'm used to it (and still keep the habit). Sibi persuāsit - he was convinced (and still remains in conviction). More often in this meaning, the form of the perfect pledge is used: illud mare Aegaeum appellatum est - this sea was called the Aegean (and is still called).

Perfectum indicatīvi actīvi is formed by attaching special personal endings to the perfect stem, which are the same for all conjugations: Singulāris 1 f. 2 f. 3 f. ī ĭstī it Plurālis ĭmŭs ĭstĭs ērunt ______________________________________ Person / number I ref. , based on ornāv (perfect on vi) S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. III ref. , stem on cēp (perf. with vowel lengthening) I ref. , based on dĕd (perf. with doubling) ornāv ī - I decorated ornāv ĭstī ornāv it cēp ī - I took cēp ĭstī cēp it dĕd ī - I gave dĕd ĭstī dĕd it ornāv ĭmŭs ornāv ĭstĭss ĭmŭs dĕd ĭstĭs dĕd ērunt

Plusquamperfectum indicatīvi actīvi Plusquamperfectum (past tense) means an action completed, performed earlier than another action related to the past. Plusquamperfectum indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĕrā and the usual personal endings to the active voice to the base of the perfect. Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĕra m - I decorated (earlier) 2. ornāv ĕrā s 3. ornāv ĕra t Pl. 1. ornāv ĕrā mŭs 2. ornāv ĕrā tĭs 3. ornāv ĕra nt Similarly, monu ĕra m, mīs ĕra m, sĕp ĕra m, dĕd ĕra m, fu ĕra m, potu ĕra m are formed.

Futūrum II (secundum) indicatīvi actīvi Futūrum II (future second) means an action that will occur in the future before another action transmitted by the future first. Futūrum II is translated into Russian by the future tense of a perfect kind. Futūrum II indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding ĕr suffixes to the base of the perfect for l. units h., ĕrĭ for all other persons and the usual personal endings of the active voice (l el. o). Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĕr ō - I will decorate (earlier) 2. ornāv ĕrĭ s 3. ornāv ĕri t Pl. 1. ornāv ĕrĭ mŭs 2. ornāv ĕrĭ tĭs 3. ornāv ĕri nt Similarly formed monu ĕr ō, mīs ĕr ō, sĕr ĕr ō, fu ĕr ō, audīv ĕr ō.

Perfectum conjunctīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĕrĭ and the usual personal endings to the base of the perfect. Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĕri m - I would decorate 2. ornāv ĕrĭ s 3. ornāv ĕri t Pl. 1. ornāv ĕrĭ mŭs 2. ornāv ĕrĭ tĭs 3. ornāv ĕri nt Similarly, monu ĕri m, mīs ĕri m, sĕp ĕri m, fu ĕri m, audīv ĕri m are formed.

Plusquamperfectum conjunctīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĭssē to the base perfect and the usual personal endings. к Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĭsse m - I would decorate (earlier) 2. ornāv ĭssē s 3. ornāv ĭsse t Pl. 1. ornāv ĭssē mŭs 2. ornāv ĭssē tĭs 3. ornāv ĭsse nt Similarly, mоnu ĭsse m, mīs ĭsse m, sĕр ĭsse m, fu ĭsse m, audīv ĭsse m are formed.

Infinitīvus perfecti actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĭssĕ to the base of the perfect: ornav ĭssĕ - to decorate (in the past), mīs ĭssĕ, fu ĭssĕ. It is usually used in infinitive phrases.

The forms formed from the supine Supinum (supin) is a verbal name formed from the verbal root by adding the suffix tu, and refers to the names of the IV declension. Supin has only two cases: Accusatīvus (captum - suрīnum I) and Ablatīvus (captū supīnum II) here its belonging to the IV declension is clearly visible. The accusative case of the supine coincides with the form of the middle genus participium perfecti passīvi (past participle of the passive voice): captus, capta, captum - taken, taken, taken. Therefore, a rule arose according to which participium perfecti passīvi is formed from the base of the soup I by adding the generic endings us, a, um. In this case, the supine form is taken as the basis for the supine form I without the final um. Samples participium perfecti passīvi (supine base + us, a, um): omatus, a, um - decorated, oh, oh; being decorated; monĭtus, a, um - convinced, oh, oh; being convinced; missus, a, um - sent, oh, oh; being sent; audītus, a, um - (y) heard, oh, oh; being heard.

With the participium perfecti passīvi of the conjugated verb and the personal forms of the auxiliary verb esse, the passive tenses of the perfect system are formed. Since the meaning of perfect (completeness of action) is already contained in the participium perfecti passīvi itself, the auxiliary verb esse is taken in the tenses of the infect system, namely: for perfectum passīvi, the presens of the verb esse is taken; for plusquamperfectum passīvi imperfectum of the verb esse; for futūrum II passīvi - futūrum I of the verb esse.

Patterns of conjugation of tenses of the perfect system in the passive voice Perfectum indicatīvi passīvi S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2 estis, sunt - we were convinced, etc.

S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. Plusquamperfectum indicatīvi passīvi ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a eram I was decorated (earlier) eras erat erāmus erātis erant Similarly, monĭtus, a, um eram, eras, erat are formed; monĭti, ae, and erāmus, erātis, erant. Futūrum II indicatīvi passīvi S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a ero I will be decorated (earlier) eris erit erĭmus erĭtis erunt Similarly, monĭtus, a, um ero, eris, erit are formed; monĭti, ae, and erĭmus, erĭtis, erunt.

Perfectum and plusquamperfectum conjunctīvi passīvi are formed according to the same rule, only the auxiliary verb esse is taken in the conjunctiva: to form a perfect conjunctiva in the present tense, to form a pluperfect in an imperfect. S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. Perfectum conjunctīvi passīvi ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a sim I would be decorated sis sit simus sitis sint Plusquamperfectum conjunctīvi passīvi ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a essem I would be decorated (before) esses esset essēmus essētis essent

Non-personal (non-conjugated) forms of the verb The system of perfect also includes the following non-personal forms formed from the stem of the supin: infinitīvus perfecti passīvi, participium futūri actīvi, infinitīvus futūri activi, infinitīvus futūri passīvi. Infinitīvus perfecti passīvi (the past tense infinitive of the passive voice) is formed from pаrticipium perfecti passīvi and the infinitive esse. It is used only in infinitive turns, and the passive participle included in it is consistent in case, number and gender with the logical subject of the turn. Therefore participium perfecti passīvi can have here the nominative or accusative form of any kind and number. S. ornātus, a, um (um, am, um) esse PI. ornāti, ae, and (os, as, a) esse - to be decorated (in the past). Participium futūri actīvi (the future participle of the active voice) is formed from the stem of the supine by adding the suffix ūr and the generic endings of the adjectives I II cl. (us, a, um). It expresses the intention to perform the action indicated by the meaning of this verb: ornāt ūr us, a, um intending (intending) to decorate, monit ūr us, and, um intending (intending) to convince, miss ūr us, and, um intending (intending) to send.

Participium futūri actīvi in ​​combination with the infinitive esse forms the form infinitīvus futūri actīvi (the future tense infinitive of the active voice), which is used only in infinitive turns. Included in infinitīvus fut. act. the active participle of the future tense, in accordance with the logical subject of the turnover in case, number and gender, can here have the form of the nominative or accusative case of any kind and number. S. ornatūrus, a, im (um, am, um) esse Pl. ognatūgi, ae, and (os, as, a) esse to decorate (in the future). Infinitīvus futūri passīvi (the infinitive of the future tense of the passive voice) consists of two verb forms: the supine in um and the form īrī, which is by origin the passive infinitive of the present tense from the verb īrĕ go. Ornātum īrī - to be decorated (in the future), missum īrī, captum īrī.

Descriptive conjugation of the active voice By combining participium futūri actīvi with the forms of the auxiliary verb esse, special analytical (descriptive) forms are formed, with the help of which, in accordance with the main meaning of participium futūri actīvi, intention is expressed. Sing. ornatūrus sum (es, est) I (you, he) intend to decorate; Plur. ornatūri sumus (estis, sunt) we (you, they) intend to decorate. This combination of participium futūri actīvi with the forms of the verb esse is usually called the descriptive conjugation of the active voice (conjugatio periphrastĭca actīva). In descriptive conjugation, all forms of the verb esse are possible, except for the imperative. Epistŭlam sciptūrus sum (es, est...) I (you, he...) Intend (I assume...) (To) write a letter. Epistŭlam sciptūrus erаm (fui, fuĕram) I intended to write a letter. Epistŭlam sciptūrus ero (fuĕro) I will (want) (to) write a letter. In some cases participium futūri actīvi in ​​conjunction with the forms of the verb esse is used not to express intention, but to designate an action that will occur in the future. This is the meaning of the participle in ūrus in the form infinitīvus futūri actīvi. Likewise participium futūri actīvi in ​​conjunction with the conjunctive forms of the verb esse (ornatūrus, a, im sim, sis, sit; ornatūrus, a, um essem, esses, esset), used in certain types of subordinate clauses, serves only to indicate an action, forthcoming in relation to the action of the control proposal. In this case, the descriptive forms of the conjunctiva are translated into Russian by the indicative of the future tense.

Deprecative verbs (Verba deponentia) Dependent verbs, as a rule, have only passive forms, moreover, with a non-passive meaning (some active forms). This peculiar group of verbs is presented in all four conjugations: arbĭtror, ​​arbltrātus sum, arbltrāri I believe, count, think polliseog, pollisĭtus sum, pollisēri II promise utor. usus sum, uti III use partior, partītus sum, partīri IV divide. There are three main forms of suspicious verbs; they do not have the basis of perfect, from which forms of only the actual voice are formed. As for the supine, its base is contained in the form of 1 head l. units h. perfectum passīvi: arbitrātus sum; in participium perfecti arbitrātus, it is sufficient to replace the final us with um to obtain the form of supina arbitrātum.

In the correct transitive Latin verb, each form of the active voice corresponds to the form of the passive voice, for example, in the indicative: Actīvum Passīvum orno - I decorate Praesens: Imperfectum: ornābam - I decorated Perfectum: ornāvi - I decorated ornor - I decorate, I am decorated ornābar - I was decorated , I was adorned with ornātus sum - I am adorned, I was adorned. Postponed verbs do not have such an opposition: they have only passive forms that have a non-passive meaning: praes. ind. arbĭtror I suppose imperf. ind. arbitrābar I assumed fut. I ind. arbitrābor I will assume perf. ind. arbitrātus sum I assumed, etc. The deferred verb is conjugated, like any regular verb of the corresponding conjugation in the passive voice: arbĭtror, ​​like ornor; utor, like mittor, etc. The imperative mood (imperatīvus) of the defensive verbs also has a passive form; in the singular it ends in rĕ, coinciding with the infinitīvus praesentis actīvi form of the corresponding conjugation; in the plural it is the same as 2 ml. praes. ind. passīvi to mĭnī: arbitrāre, arbitrāmĭni.

It follows from the general characterization of deferred verbs that participium perfecti of deferred verbs usually has the meaning of an active voice. This inconsistency of form with meaning becomes especially clear when comparing participles of synonymous verbs, of which one is a regular transitive verb, and the other a deferred: part. perf. from dicĕre - dictus spoken; part. perf. from loqui - locūtus who said. However, in some postponing verbs participium perfecti passīvi has the meaning of both the active and the passive voice: from medĭtor I to ponder meditātus pondered and pondered, from popŭlor I to devastate populātus devastated and devastated.

Verbal nouns that do not have the corresponding forms in the passive voice (participium praesentis actīvi, gerundium, supīnum, participium futūri actīvi), are formed in pendulum verbs, as in the active voice of ordinary verbs: participium praesentis arbĭtrans, gerund arbitrandi, participium futūri act, а arbitrandi um, supin arbitrātum. Since the defensive verbs have participium futūri actīvi, they also have the form infinitīvus futūri actīvi: arbitratūrus, a, um esse, formed with its help (this form can only be found in infinitive turns). The only form of deferred verbs that retains a passive meaning is the gerund: arbitrandus is the one to think of.

Semi-destructive verbs (Verba semideponentia) Semi-destructive verbs are verbs that have the features of the suspension (ie, passive form without passive meaning), but not in all tenses. Usually, in semi-destructive verbs, the tenses of the infect have the form of an active voice, and the tenses of the perfect have the form of the passive voice. Audeo, ausus sum, audēre 2 dare; gaudeo, gavīsus sum, gаudere 2 rejoice; confīdo, confīsus sum, confidĕre 3 trust. In some semi-destructive verbs, on the contrary, infection is a passive form, in perfect an active one: revertor, reverti 3 to return. c Note that the two forms coincide: perfectum indicatīvi, l el. units h: reverti i returned; infinitīvus praesentis: reverti to return.

Irregular verbs (Verba anomăla) Irregular verbs include (with their derivatives): sum, fuī, -, еssĕ be ēdō, ēdī, ēsum, ĕdĕrĕ (or ēssĕ) eat, eat fĕrō, tŭlī, lātum, fŏrrĕ, carry vŏluī, -, vĕllĕ wish it, iī, ĭtum, īrĕ go fiō, făctus sum, fiĕrī to be done, to become

Irregularities in the conjugation of the listed verbs are found almost exclusively in infection and are reduced mainly to the following phenomena characteristic of the most ancient stage of development of the Latin language: a) alternation of stems in the infect system: ĕs / s in the verb sum, ĕ / ī in the verb eo. b) the formation in a number of cases of the so-called athematic forms, in which personal endings were attached directly to the stem, which is at the same time the stem of the verb. The atematic forms were retained for these verbs, as a rule, before r, s and t. Ex. : based on ĕs (verb esse) 3 f. units h. and 2 f. pl. h. present time. have the forms es t, es tis without the thematic vowel conjugation characteristic of ordinary verbs III; similarly, with the stem fĕr (verb ferre) 2 e and 3 f. units h. and 2 f. pl. h. present time. have the forms fer s. fer tis. The forms infinitīvus praesentis actīvi (es se, fer re from fer se, vel le from vel se, ī re with the transition s> r), the imperative (es be! Es te be! Fer carry! Fer t carry!) Are formed atematically in most cases. ī go! ī te go.,), imperfectum conjunctīvi (es se m, fer re m, vel le m, i re m). c) formation of praesens conjunctīvi using the optative suffix ī: sim, edim, velim. The verbs sum and fero are also characterized by the formation of a perfect system from a different root than in infscte: fu and tŭl.

The verb sum, fui, -, esse The verb esse can have an independent meaning in Latin. In terrā est vita there is (exists) life on earth. However, much more often the verb esse is used as a bundle of a compound nominal predicate. Terra est stella - earth (is) a planet. The tenses of the infect system of the verb esse are derived from the stem ĕs, which alternates with the stem s. Praesens indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding the usual personal endings to the indicated stem. The forms formed from the stem ĕs are athematic. In the same forms where the stem is s, it becomes widespread in the form of the thematic vowel ŭ. As a result, the indicative conjugation of the verb esse takes the following form: Singulāris 1. 2. 3. Plurālis su m ĕs ĕst sŭ mŭs ĕs tĭs su nt present tense

Imperfectum indicatīvi of the verb esse is formed by adding the suffix ā and the usual personal endings to the full stem of the infect: stem ĕs + suffix ā + personal ending m = esam; according to the law of rotacism, the intervocal s goes into r: esam> eram, esas> eras, etc. I was, etc. Futūrum indicatīvi of the verb esse is formed from the stem of the infect ĕs. In 1 ml. units h. the personal ending ō is directly attached to it: ĕs + ō> ĕrō (s> r according to the law of rotacism). From 2nd L. units h. personal endings are appended by means of the corresponding thematic vowels ĭ and ŭ; therefore, the conjugation is no different from the conjugation in the present tense of verbs III conjugation: ĕr ō, ĕr ĭ s, etc. I will, etc. Praesens conjunctīvi of the verb esse is formed from the stem s by adding the suffix ī and the usual personal endings: sim, s ī s, etc. I would, etc. Imperfectum conjunctīvi of the verb esse retains the ancient form of the suffix of the imperfect sē, since this suffix is ​​attached directly to the final consonant of the stem of the infect ĕs (there is no reason for rotacism): ĕs se m, ĕs sē s, etc. I would, etc.

Imperativus praesentis is formed athematically: 2 f. units h: ĕs be! 2 f. pl. h.: ​​ĕs tĕ be! Participium praesentis does not exist from esse. To convey the philosophical concept of "being" Julius Caesar introduced the form ens, entis, which became widespread in late Latin. The forms of the verb esse in the perfect system are derived from the stem fu, similarly to the forms of regular verbs. From the stem fu, participium futūri actīvi is also formed: vi futūrus, a, um future. With the help of the latter, infinitīvus fut is formed. act. : act futūrus, a, um (i, ae, a) esse. Another form of inf. fut. act. fŏrĕ.

Esse-Compound Verbs In Latin, a small group of compound verbs is often used, formed by the addition of a prefix to the verb esse. The most common: ab sum, a fui, -, ab esse to be absent, to be at a distance, to defend ad sum, ad fui (affui), -, ad esse to be present, to help de sum, de fui, -, de esse to miss, miss , not to be inter sum, inter fui, -, inter esse to be among (which dat.), to participate; intĕrest is important; there is a difference prae sum. prae fui. -, prae esse be ahead (what dat.), Stand at the head (what dat.) Pro sum, pro fui, -, prod esse be useful, help (prosum

Other irregular verbs The verb ĕdō, ēdĭ, ēsum, ĕdĕrĕ (or ēssĕ) is, to eat has parallel (thematic and more ancient atmatic) forms in ēssĕ infection. In athematic forms, before the endings s (se) and t (tis), the stem ĕd becomes ēs. Atematic forms of praesens conjunctīvi are formed using the suffix ī: ēd i m, etc. The rest of the forms are in the usual III conjugation (following the pattern of the verb mitto, ĕre). Verbs complex with ĕdō exhibit peculiarities characteristic of a simple verb, for example: comĕdō, comēdī, comēsum (comestum), comĕdĕre and comēssе to eat, eat.

The verb fĕrō, tŭlī, lātum, fĕrrĕ carry. The infectious stem fĕr is opposed by the stem of perfect tŭl and the stem of supine lāt, ascending to the verb tollo to raise. The sounds r, s and t of endings and suffixes are attached to the stem of the infect directly, without a thematic vowel (athematic formation of forms). Praes. ind. : fĕrō, fĕrs, fĕrt, fĕrĭmŭs, fĕrtĭs, fĕrunt. The rest of the forms are formed correctly according to III conjugation: Praes. conj. : feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc. Imperf. ind. : fеrēbаm, fеrēbаs, etc.; fеrēbаr, fеrēbāris, etc. Fut. I: feram, fеrēs, etc.; ferar, fеrēris, etc. Participium praes. : fеrēns, entis. Gerundium: ferendi. Gerundīvum: ferendus, a, um. Passive forms of the 3rd l. present time. fertur, feruntur are used in the sense of saying. The forms of the verb fero in the perfect system are formed from the stem tul in the active, from the stem lat in the passive, similarly to the forms of regular verbs.

Verbs compound with fĕrō: af fĕrō, at tŭlī, al lātum, af fĕrrĕ bring au fĕrō, abs tŭlī, ab lātum, au fĕrrĕ take away, remove, separate con fĕrō, con tŭlī, col lātum, con fĕrrĕ ), gather; compare dif fĕrō, -, -, dif fĕrrĕ differ ef fĕrō, ex tŭlī, e lātum, ef fĕrrĕ carry out in fĕrō, in tŭlī, il lātum, in fĕrrĕ bring in, start of fĕrō, ob tŭlī, ob fĕrtum, of offer fĕrō, prae tŭlī, prae lātum, prae fĕrrĕ offer, carry around, prefer re fĕrō, re tŭlī, re lātum, re fĕrrĕ carry back, carry back; restore; report, report refert (res + ferre) important, matters

The verb vŏlō, vŏlui, -, vĕllĕ want, desire. This verb has vowels ĕ / ŏ (vĕl / vŏl) at the base of the infect. The indicative forms are formed from the base vŏl, the conjunctival and infinitive forms from the base vĕl. Several forms of atematic conjugation have survived: 3 f. units h. vult from vŏl t, 2 f. pl. h. vŭltis from vŏl tis, the infinitive vĕllĕ from * vĕl sĕ (s> l as a result of complete progressive assimilation). Praesens conjunctīvi is formed using the optative suffix ī: velim, etc. Derivatives of this verb: nōlō, nōluī, -, nōllĕ do not want; mālō, māluī, -, māllĕ want more, prefer. The rest of the forms are formed correctly by conjugation III. Imperatīvus is used only from used to express a prohibition. nolo: nōlī, nōlītĕ - and

The verb eō, iī, ĭtum, īrĕ go. A feature of this verb is the alternation in the infection of the stem: ĕ before vowels (excluding part. Praes. Iēns), ī before consonants. Suffixes: in imperfectum bā, in futūrum I b (as in archaic forms of IV conjugation). In the tenses of the perfect system, the combination iī is preserved when the first is stressed i, ii> i when the second is stressed i (for example, 2 letters and plural perfectum ind.: Iísti> isti: iístis> istis, plusquarnperfectum conj .: iíssem> issem). Imperatfvus praes. : ī, ītĕ. Infinitīvus praes. : īrĕ, perf. : īssĕ, fut. : itūrus, a, um esse. Participium praes. : iēns, euntis. Gerundium: eundi. 3 f. units h. praes. ind. pass. used in an indefinite sense: itur go. The form infinitīvus praesentis passīvi īrī is used only to form infinitīvus futūri passīvi (ornatum īrī) from the descriptive verbs. In this case, the form īrī, having no specific verbal meaning, serves to express the idea of ​​the future.

Compound verbs with ео: ео ab еō, ab iī, ab ĭtum, ab īrĕ leave ad eō, ad iī, ad ĭtum, ad īrĕ approach, address ex eō, ex iī, ex ĭtum, ex īrĕ leave in eō, in iī , in ĭtum, in īrĕ enter, enter, begin intĕr eō, inter iī, inter ĭtum, inter īrĕ die per eō, per iī, per ĭtum, per īrĕ die praetĕr eō, praeter iī, praeter ĭtum, praeter īrĕ pass by ( , what ass.) prod eō, prod iī, prod ĭtum, prod īrĕ to perform, benefit red eō, red iī, red ĭtum, red īrĕ return trans eō, trans iī, trans ĭtum, trans īrĕ pass Some complex verbs take on a transitive meaning and in this case they have completely the forms of the passive voice, for example. : praetereor pass me by.

The verb fīō, făctus sum, fĭĕrī to become, become, happen, happen, happen. This verb has the meaning of the passive voice to facio, although all tenses of the infect system are formed with him only in the active voice. On the contrary, the times of the perfect system have only a passive form, for the formation of which part is used. perf. pass. from the verb facio - factus, a, um. Thus, the verb fio, fio factus sum, fiĕri is semi-depressive and, moreover, supplementary: the basis of the infect system fi (a kind of root fu to be), the basis of the passive participle fact. In the infect system, the verb fio is conjugated by IV conjugation with minor deviations: inf. praes. fiĕri (archaic form fiĕrĕ) and imperfectum conj. fiĕrem; ī in the stem also remains long before a vowel (short ĭ only in the forms: fĭt, fĭĕrī, fĭĕrem, etc.).

The verbs formed from făcio with the help of prefixes change the root vowel (ă changes to ĭ in the open middle syllable, to ĕ in the closed) and form the passive forms correctly, like verbs III of the conjugation with the basis of the infect to ĭ; ex. , verbs: per fĭciō, per fēcī, per fĕctum, per fĭcĕrĕ complete, inter fĭciō, inter fēcī, inter fĕctum, inter fĭcĕrĕ kill, have the following passive forms: perfĭcior, per fĕctus sum, per fĭcī end; inter fĭcior, inter fĕctus sum, inter fĭcī to be killed. Praesens indicatīvi passīvi: perficior, perficĕris, perficĭtur, etc. Verbs formed from facio by compounding do not change the root vowel ă and have passive forms like fīō, făctus sum, fĭĕrī. Thus, the first part of a complex verb is the basis of the infective of the verb pateo, ui, -, ēre to be open or the verb assuesco, suēvi, suētum, ĕre to get used to; by means of compounding, verbs are formed: ratĕ făciō, ratĕ fēcī, ratĕ făctum, ratĕ făсĕrĕ open; assuē făсiō, assuē fēcī, assuē făсtum, аssuē făсĕrĕ to teach. The main forms of the passive voice are: ratĕ fīō, ratĕ făctus sum, ratĕ fĭĕrī open; assuē fīō, assuē făctus sum, assuē fĭĕrī to get used to. Praesens indicativi passivi: rattĕfĭo, ratĕfīs, ratĕfit, etc.

The number of irregular verbs also includes the verb dō, dĕdi, dătum, dăre I to give the only one in Latin, in which the basis of the infect ends in a short ă. Long ā have only two forms: 2 е л. units h. praes. ind. act. dās and 2 e. units h. imperative dā. Due to the brevity of the root ă in the formation of verbs derived from do, the basis of the infect is ă> ĕ, and complex verbs go into conjugation III: trado, tradĭdi, tradĭtum, trаdĕre 3 transmit condo, condĭdi, condĭtum, condo 3 create, establish. However, in verbs with a two-syllable prefix, the root ă is preserved: circumdo, сiгсumdĕdi, circumdătum, circumdăre I surround.

Insufficient verbs (Verba defectīva) Insufficient verbs are verbs from which only some forms are used. The most important of them are: 1. I say inquam (put at the beginning of direct speech) Praes. ind. : inquam, inquis, inquit; , inquiunt Perf. ind. : inquit Fut. 1 ind. : inquiēs, inquiet The form of inquam is an ancient conjunctiva, actually I would say. 2. aio I speak, I affirm; 3 f. units h. praes. and perf. ind. : ait. 3. Verbs that have only the forms of the perfect system: Perfectum ind. act. Supinum soerī I started coeptum odī I hate - memĭnī I remember - Infinitīvus coepisse odisse meminisse From the verb memĭnī the form imperatīvus futūri is also used: mementō, mementōte remember, remember. The verbs odī and memĭnī represent perfectum praesens, that is, they indicate the state reached at the time of the narrative.

Impersonal verbs (Verba impersonalia) Impersonal verbs are used only in 3 ml. units h. and in the infinitive. Impersonal verbs are divided into three groups: 1. Impersonal verbs, which are separate forms of the 3rd l. units h. ordinary verbs that have other personal forms. The impersonal forms of such verbs usually mean natural phenomena: fulget, fulsit, fulgēre lightning flashes (fulgeo, fulsi, ēre 2 to sparkle); tonat, tonuit, tonāre thunder rumbles (tono, ui, āre 1 thunder). 2. Verbs, which are always used impersonally: decet, decuit, decēre - decently, befitting; goes to the face; libet, libuit (libĭtum est), Iibēre whatever, you want; licet, licuit (licĭtum est), licēre is allowed, allowed; oportet, oportuit, oportēre should be, should be. 3. Verbs that have a different meaning in an impersonal form than in a personal one: constat, constĭtit, constāre is known (consto 1 to stand, to be); accĭdit, accidĕre happens (accĭdo 3 to fall, fall); praestat, praestĭtit, praestāre is better (praesto 1 to stand in front, to surpass).

Seminar and practical lesson number 3

Verb. Four conjugations of latin verbs. Imperative mood. Subjunctive mood in the recipe.

The verb in Latin, as in Russian, changes in persons, numbers, tenses and moods.

The verb has 3 persons, two numbers, six tenses (we only need the present tense), three moods: indicative, imperative and subjunctive; 2 pledges: active (genus activum) and passive (genus passivum)

Valid: when the action is taken by the person himself.

For example: A doctor treats a patient.

Passive: When the action on 1 person comes from another person.

For example: A patient is being treated by a doctor.

The verb has 2 persons: singular and plural:

numerus singularis (sing).

numerus pluralis (pl.)

The verb is conjugated by 3 persons, singular and plural. But the peculiarity is that personal pronouns are not used for verbs in Latin. How do you determine the number? - at the end (and personal endings are called). Therefore, the face of verbs is determined by the personal endings of the real and passive voice. The endings are the same for all conjugations of verbs.

Personal endings

1. –O		1. - or
2. - s		2. - ris
3. –T		3. - tur

For verb headsets.

There are 4 conjugations in Latin. The belonging of a verb to one or another conjugation is determined by the end of the indefinite form - re and the nature of the stem.

I – ā re dare- to give, give out (give), signare - to designate

II – ē re miscere - to mix

III – ĕ re(ĕ - connecting vowel, does not refer to the stem and not the ending) recipĕre - to take

IV – ī re audire - listen, hear

To find the stem of a verb, you need a verb 1, 2, 4 of conjugations, drop the ending - re, for the indefinite form of the verb, and for 3 discard conjugations –ĕ re, because . ĕ - connecting vowel sound.

On the desk:

I conjugation, the verb ends in –а (stem) da, signa.

II - e (base) misce

III acc. recip sound

To conjugate a verb, you need to substitute the personal endings of the active and passive voice at the base of the verb. Only for verbs I conjugation, the personal ending -о will merge with the final a (from the stem) o + a = o

Otherwise, there are no changes.

In dictionaries verbs are given in the initial form, i.e. in 1 person unit. the number of the active voice and the ending of the indefinite form with the end of the stem and the numerical designation of conjugation are given, separated by commas.

Open the dictionary and take a look.

Dare, do, are, - 1 - give, give out

Miscere, misceo, ere, - 2 - mix

Recipere, recipio, ere, 3 - take

Audire, audio, ire, 4 - listen.

For example: curo, are, 1 - curare (you need to translate into indefinite form, find the base and only then conjugate)

Imperative mood.

When writing out a prescription, the doctor uses laconic verb formulas in the imperative mood.

Recipe. Take it.

Misce. Mix.

Sterilĭ sa! Sterilize!

Da. Give it, give it out.

Signa(Designate.)

Greeting: Be healthy. Live Healthy (lit) Vive vale! Hello goodbye!

I tell you: Vivite valete!

The use of the subjunctive mood in the recipe.

In addition to the forms of the imperative mood, the forms of the Latin subjunctive mood of the passive voice can be used, which have practically the same meaning.

Misceā tur. Let it be mixed. (Mix.)

Sterilisē tur! Let it be sterilized! (Sterilize!)

Detur. Let it be issued (Issued.)

Denturtalesdosesnumĕ ro... Let such doses be given in number ... (Give out such doses in number ...)

Signē tur. Let it be indicated. (Designate.)

Recipes often contain formulas containing the subjunctive mood of the verb turn out, which is translated into Russian using the particle let be:

Fiat- 3 l. units h - let it work out.

Mn. number: fiant- let it work out.

Misce, fiat pasta. Mix to make a paste.

Ut fiat - to work out (goal clause).

Misce, ut fiat pasta Mix to make a paste.

Misce, fiant suppositoria. Mix, make candles.

Misce, ut fiant suppositoria. Mix to make candles.

Qui querit, reperit - He who seeks finds.

Veni, vidi, vici - came, saw, conquered (Julius Caesar)

Homework: learn the material from the synopsis. Additionally read: § 11, 13, 15, 17, 20 (Gorodkova Y. G. Latin language. ROSTOV on the Don, 2007) Complete tasks § 12, 14 (M.F). Learn vocabulary topic 4 (Shadrina Yu.V. Fundamentals of the Latin language. Workshop, KSU named after N.F.Katanov, 2010)

test questions

General information about the Latin verb

The Latin verb is characterized by the following concepts:

modus - inclination;
tempus - time;
genus - pledge;
num_rus - number: singul_ris - singular, plur_lis - plural;
persona - face;
conjugatio - conjugation.

The inclination of the verb characterizes the relationship of the action to reality. The indicative mood (mMdus indicat + vus), or indicative - is used if the action actually happened, is happening or will happen ( I walked, I walk, I will walk).

The voice of the verb shows whether someone (something) performs an action himself, or it is performed on him. The active voice of the verb (genus activum) is used when a person or object independently performs an action: Workers are building a house(active pledge).

The face of the verb shows who is doing the action:

• first person (persMna pr + ma) - the action is performed by the speaker or those with whom he unites himself: i walk we walk;
• second person (persMna secknda) - actions are performed by the interlocutor (interlocutors): you walk, you walk;
• third person (persMna tertia) - the action is performed by one or those who do not participate in the conversation: he, she, it walks, they walk.

Basics of the Latin verb (general information). Infect basis

The Latin verb has 5 tenses. Different tenses of verbs (more precisely, tenses) are formed from different stems of the same verb (these stems can differ by alternating vowels, adding suffixes, etc.). One of these bases is the base of the infect.

The basis of the infect serves for the formation of forms of different times with the meaning of an action unfinished in time ( infectus - "unfinished").

4 latin verb conjugations

There are 4 conjugations in Latin. They differ in the final sound of the stem, to which the personal endings of the verb are attached. The Latin verb forms a significant part of the tense forms, like the Russian: endings are added to the base of the verb (the so-called personal endings, because they differ in the forms of 1, 2 and 3 persons).

In verbs I of the conjugation, the basis of the infect ends in;

for II conjugation - on _ ;

for III conjugation - to a consonant or to m;

for IV conjugation - on + .

Among the forms formed from the basis of the infect are infinit + vus praesentis act + vi (an indefinite form of the present tense of the active voice), as well as praesens indicat + vi act + vi (the present indicative mood of the active voice).

Infinit + vus praesentis act + vi

Infinit + vus praesentis act + vi is translated into Russian by the indefinite form of the verb (for example ., walk). It is formed from the base of the infect with the help of the ending - re:

I ref. orn_-re decorate

II ref. doc_-re teach

Have III ref. a connecting vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending _ :

III ref. teg -_- re cover

statu -_- re install

IV ref. aud + -re listen

NB: It is necessary to distinguish between infinitives of verbs II and III conjugations: in II ref. _ long and, therefore, shock, in III ref. _ short and, therefore, the stress falls on the previous syllable: doc_re, but teg_re.

Exercise 1

Praesens indicat + vi act + vi

NB. The names of the times should be memorized in full, because all their characteristics are important.

Praesens indicat + vi act + vi corresponds in meaning to the Russian present tense. It is formed from the basis of the infect with the help of the personal endings of the active voice:

Personal endings of active voice:

The Latin verb has the following grammatical categories:

1. Time:

a) present (Praesens),

b) imperfect (Imperfectum),

c) future 1 (Futurum 1),

d) perfect (Perfectum),

e) pluperfect ( Plusquamperfectum),

f) future 2 (Futurum II).

The first three times form the so-called infect system, the next three - the perfect system.

2. Mood: indicative ( Indicativus ), imperative ( Imperativus ), subjunctive ( Conjunctivus).

3. Pledge: valid ( Activum ), passive ( Passi - vum).

4. Face: first, second and third.

5. Number: singular and plural.

In addition, in the system of the Latin verb, forms of the participle, infinitive (indefinite), supine, gerund and other nominal forms of the verb are formed.

All verbs are divided into four conjugations:

1 conjugation - verbs with stems on - a.

2 conjugation - verbs with stems on - e.

3 conjugation - verbs with stems for a consonant or - i.

4 conjugation - verbs with stems on - i.

The basics

In dictionaries, four forms of the verb are usually given:

1) 1 person unit present tense numbers,

2) 1 person unit perfect numbers,

3) supin,

4) indefinite form.

After these forms, the verb conjugation number is indicated. For example:

acc ü so, ä vi, ä tum, ä re (1) "blame"

Most verbs 1 and 4 conjugations form dictionary forms regularly: 1 person singular perfect - using a suffix - v- i; supin - using a suffix - t- um.

Of the three vocabulary forms of the verb by cutting off the endings - o,- i,- umthere are three verb stems:

1) the basis of the present tense - from the form of 1 person unit. present tense numbers ( accus -),

2) the basis of the perfect - from the form of 1 person s. perfect numbers ( a with cusav),

3) the base of the soup - from the shape of the soup ( accusat -).

The basis of the present tense is used in the formation of forms of the system of the infect (present, imperfect and future 1) of the active and passive voice.

The perfect basis is used in the formation of the forms of the perfect system (perfect, pluperfect and future 2) of the active voice.

The base of the supine is used in the formation of the forms of the perfect system (perfect, pluperfect and future 2) of the passive voice.

Verb ending systems

There are three endings in Latin:

1. Main system:

Face	Unit number	Pln number
	O, -m

2. End of the perfect:

Face	Unit number	Pln number
		Imus
	Isti	Istis
		Erunt

3. The endings of the passive voice:

	Unit number	Pln number
1 person	Or, -r
2 person	Ris,	Mini
3rd person		Ntur

Indicative

Active voice

Present time

Verbs in the form of the present tense designate an action that occurs in time, correlated with the moment of the statement.

Present tense forms are formed by adding to the present tense base the endings of the main system ( narro 1 "tell"; vinco, vici, victum 3 "to win").

Face	Unit number		Pln number
	narro	vinco	narramus	vinc í mus
	narras	vincis	narratis	vinc í tis
	narrat	vincit	narrant	vincunt

Translation: “I tell, you tell”, etc .; "I am winning, you are winning," and so on.

Notes:

1) In 1 person unit. number of verbs 1 conjugation occurs the loss of the final vowel stem - abefore the end - o.

2) In 3 conjugation, the stem of which ends in a consonant, a connecting vowel is inserted between the stem and the endings. The rules for using a connecting vowel are as follows:

Before the sound r added e;

Before combiningnt added u;

In other cases, addi.

3) In 3 person plural of verbs 4 conjugations before the end -ntas in conjugation 3, a connecting vowel is addedu for example: audiunt "they are listening."

Imperfect

Imperfect verbs denote an ongoing action in the past.

Imperfect forms are formed from the stem of the present tense by adding a suffix - ba- (in 1 and 2 conjugations) or - eba - (in 3 and 4 conjugations) and personal endings of the main type.

Face	Unit number		Pln number
	narrabam	vincebam	narrabamus	vincebamus
	narrabas	vincebas	narrabatis	vincebatis
	narrabat	vincebat	narrabant	vincebant

Translation: “I told you, you told”, etc .; “I won, you won,” etc.

Note: Unlike the present tense, in 1 person unit. numbers are not ending - oand the ending - m.

Future 1 tense

Verbs in the form of the future 1 tense indicate an action that should occur in the future.

The future 1 tense is formed from the stem of the present tense by adding a suffix - b- (in 1 and 2 conjugations) and - e- (in 3 and 4 conjugations) and personal endings of the main type.

Face	Unit number		Pln number
	narrabo	vincam	narrab í mus	vincemus
	narrabis	vinces	narrab í tis	vincetis
	narrabit	vincet	narrabunt	vincent

Translation: “I will tell (I will tell), you will tell (you will tell)”, etc .; "I will win, you will win," and so on.

Notes: 1) Verbs 1 and 2 have conjugations between the suffix - b- and endings are added connecting vowels;

2) In 1 person singular number of verbs 3 and 4 conjugation suffix - e- is replaced by a suffix - a-.

3) In 1 person singular of verbs 1 and 2 conjugations, the ending is used - o, verbs 3 and 4 conjugations - ending - m.

Passive voice

Passive verbs denote an action that is performed by someone in relation to the subject in a given sentence, for example:

Discipulus laudatur a magistro. " The disciple boasts of the teacher. "

Liber leg í tur... "The book is being read."

The forms of the passive voice are formed in the present, imperfect and future 1 from the base of the present tense, and in perfect, pluperfect and future 2 - from the base of the supine ( lau - do 1 "to praise"; capio 3 "take").

Present time

Forms are formed from the base of the present tense by adding the endings of the passive voice.

Face	Unit number		Pln number
	laudor	capior	laudamur	cap í mur
	laudaris	cap é ris	laudamini	capim í ni
	laudatur	cap í tur	laudantur	capiuntur

Translation: “they praise me, they praise you,” etc .; “They take me, they take you,” and so on.

Imperfect

Forms are formed from the stem of the present tense by adding suffixes - ba- (in 1 and 2 conjugations) or -eba-

Face	Unit number		Pln number
	laudabar	capiebar	laudabamur	capiebamur
	laudabaris	capiebaris	laudabam í ni	capiebam í ni
	laudabatur	capiebatur	laudabantur	capiebantur

Translation: “I was praised, you were praised”, etc .; “They took me, they took you,” and so on.

Note. In 1 person singular the ending is used -r.

Future 1

Forms are formed by adding the suffix to the base of the present tense - b- (in 1 and 2 conjugations) or - e- (in 3 and 4 conjugations) and endings of the passive voice.

Face	Unit number		Pln number
	laudabor	capiar	laudab í mur	capiemur
	laudab é ris	capieris	laudabim í ni	capiemini
	laudab í tur	capietur	laudabuntur	capientur

Translation: “I will be praised (I will be praised)”, etc .; "They will take me (they will take me)" and so on.

Notes: 1) Verbs 1 and 2 have conjugations between the suffix - b - and connecting vowels are added with endings.

2) In 1 person unit. number of verbs 3 and 4 conjugation suffix - e- replaced with a suffix - a- (as in the active voice).

NS overarching mood

The imperative mood denotes an urge to action (order, prohibition, etc.) and is formed as follows:

1. The 2-person singular form of verbs 1, 2 and 4 of conjugations is a pure verb stem, and the sound is added for verbs of 3 conjugations - e, for example: narro 1 - narra "tell", sedeo 2 - sede "sit", mitto 3 - mitte "send", capio 3 - cape "take".

Exception: three verbs 3 conjugations ( dico 3 "to speak", facio 3 "to do", duco 3 "lead") and the verb fero "Carry" form an imperative mood without - e: dic “say”, fac “do”, duc “lead”, fer “carry”.

2. The 2nd person plural form is formed by adding the ending to the verb stem - te(in 3 conjugation - í - te), for example: narrate "tell", sedete "sit", mitt í te Send, dic í te"tell".

3. Prohibition is expressed by a combination of an auxiliary verb noli (singular) and nolite (plural) and the indefinite form of the verb, for example:

Latin for physicians: lecture notes by A.I. Shtun

1. Four verb conjugations

1. Four verb conjugations

Depending on the nature of the stem - the final sound of the stem - verbs are divided into four conjugations.

In I, II, IV conjugations, stems end in a vowel, and in III - most often in a consonant.

Infinitive- indefinite form. In order to correctly highlight the stem and determine by its final sound which of the four conjugations a particular verb belongs to, it is necessary to remember the infinitive of this verb. The infinitive is the original form of the verb; it does not change in persons, numbers and moods. The infinitive feature in all conjugations is the ending -re. In I, II and IV conjugations, it is attached directly to the stem, and in III - through the connecting vowel -.

Samples of the infinitive of verbs I-IV conjugations

In II and III conjugations, the vowel [e] differs not only in brevity or longitude: in II conjugation it is the final sound of the stem, and in III it is the connecting vowel between the stem and the ending.

The stem of the verb is practically determined from the infinitive form by separating the ending -re for I, II, IV conjugations and -ere for III conjugation verbs.

In contrast to the usual full dictionaries of the Latin language in educational dictionaries for medical students, the verb is given in an abbreviated dictionary form: the full form of the 1st person singular. the present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice (ending -o), then the ending of the infinitive -re is indicated together with the preceding vowel, that is, the last three letters of the infinitive. At the end of the dictionary form, a digit denotes conjugation, for example:

Imperative mood

In prescriptions, a doctor's appeal to a pharmacist about the manufacture of a medicine has the character of an order, an inducement to a specific action. This meaning of the verb is expressed by the imperative or subjunctive mood.

As in Russian, the order is addressed to the 2nd person. The recipe uses only the 2nd person singular imperative. This form completely coincides with the stem of verbs I, II and IV of conjugations; in verbs III of conjugation, -e is added to the stem. In practice, for the formation of an imperative, it is necessary to discard the ending of the infinitive -re from verbs of all conjugations, for example:

The imperative mood in the form of the 2nd person pl. ch. is formed by attaching the ending -te: in verbs I, II, IV conjugation - directly to the stem, in verbs III conjugation - using the connecting vowel -i - (- ite).

Subjunctive mood

Meaning. The recipe uses only one of the many meanings of the Latin subjunctive mood - command, urge to action. In Russian, conjunctival forms with such a meaning are translated by a verb in combination with a word, let or an indefinite form of the verb, for example: let it be mixed or mixed.

Education. The conjunctiva is formed by changing the stem: in I conjugation -a is replaced by -e, in II, III and IV - -a is added to the stem. The personal endings of the verbs are added to the modified stem.

Conjunctival base formation

Latin verbs, like Russian, have 3 persons; in medical terminology, only the 3rd person is used. Personal endings of verbs in the 3rd person are shown in the table.

Examples of conjugation of verbs in the conjunctiva of the active and passive voice.

The verb fio, fieri in prescription formulations

If the prescription contains several ingredients that must be given a certain dosage form, the doctor turns to the pharmacist with the standard wording: “Mix to make (ointment, emulsion, etc.)”. In each such formulation, the verb fio is used in the conjunctival form, fieri - "to get it", "to form".

The verb is incorrect: it has only a passive meaning, and the endings only have an active voice. The conjunctiva is formed by adding the suffix - to the base fi–: 3rd person singular. h - fiat, 3rd person pl. h - fiant. These forms are used in target clauses with ut (to), beginning with the verb misce. Usually ut is omitted, but implied.

Model of prescription formulation with the verb fio, fieri - "to be obtained", "to be formed": misce (ut) fiat + the name of the dosage form in Nom. sing. Misce, ut fiat pulvis. - Mix to make a powder.

The verb itself and the name of the dosage form are put in singular. hours when prescribing powders, ointments, pastes, liniment, emulsions, suppositories, and in many others. hours - when writing out fees. The word species, -erum (f) in the meaning of "collection", referring to the V declension, is used only in plural. h.

Prescription formulations with the verb fio, fieri.

Misce, fiat pulvis. - Mix, make a powder.

Misce, fiat unguentum. - Mix, let it turn out ointment.

This text is an introductory fragment.