It's no secret that electricity has long been an integral part of our lives. A full-fledged existence without it is impossible either in the city or in the countryside. That is why the design of electrical wiring in the construction of housing of any type is almost the initial task.

Of course, the installation of an electrically conductive system is an activity that requires certain knowledge and skills, and sometimes even special permission. However, you can do the wiring in your apartment yourself. All you need is a basic knowledge of electrical engineering, compliance with the requirements of the process and technology without
safety, as well as a few more aspects that will be discussed in this article.

1. • The phase is broken by a switch;
   • At least one junction box is recommended for each room;
   • It is advisable to power devices such as a washing machine, boiler, air conditioner from separate lines in order to ensure grounding of the case.

Tip: install sockets in such a way that the devices powered by them are in close proximity. As for the kitchen, which usually contains several high-power appliances - a refrigerator, a boiler, a dishwasher - it is advisable to install sockets for each of them.

Tools and materials needed for wiring

After the project is fully discussed and approved, you need to decide on the choice of the necessary materials and purchase them. This should be done taking into account all the technical features of the object.

1. When purchasing cable and wire products, opt for insulated copper-core cables. The appropriate cross-section of conductors must be determined based on the power consumption of the object. In standard applications, for example in residential buildings, conductors with a cross section of 1.5/2 mm for the lighting circuit and 2.5/2 mm for the power group are usually used. Due to this feature, these cables are used with a power consumption of lighting devices up to 4 kW with a total power of other consuming elements up to 6 kW.
2. In addition to cables, you need to purchase junction boxes, switches, electricity meters and protective shutdown systems. If you plan to install open-type wiring, you will need special plastic boxes, mounting clips, corrugated hoses.

Tip: Be sure to check the quality of the purchased products. Do not save on materials for electrical wiring: the use of cheap components from little-known manufacturers can end in failure during operation.

Now you should decide what type of electrical wiring you want to use in your apartment: hidden or outdoor. Each type has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, which should be considered in more detail before starting work.

Hidden electrical wiring is located in pre-prepared cavities inside the walls. This allows you to hide the wires, protect them from mechanical damage, and therefore ensure safety from fire. The disadvantages include the complexity of the method and low maintainability of the design.

External electrical wiring is located on the surface of the walls inside special boxes, pipes or gutters of floor plinths and is fixed with appropriate fasteners. Among the shortcomings - unaesthetic appearance and vulnerability to external mechanical damage.

Now let's look at each option in more detail.

Do-it-yourself wiring installation using an open method

This method of providing housing with electricity is considered the simplest and most inexpensive. Since all conductive elements remain visible, maintenance and repair of electrical wiring, if necessary, is quite easy to make. But this method has some features that limit the use of such wiring in a residential building. These are low mechanical strength and primitive aesthetic characteristics.

You can easily mount open wiring. To do this, use flat wires of the APR, APPV, APRV brands. You can attach them to the base of the wall in two ways:

• pre-prepared tin strips 1 cm wide, laying electrical cardboard;
• using special plastic fasteners fixed with nails or.

Please note: if the laying of the current-carrying line is carried out on a base of flammable materials, it is imperative to lay a layer of heat insulator under the wires.

• 1. When calculating the spacing of the clamps that hold the wires, control the absence of sagging in all positions. The clamps should be located at a distance of 50 mm from the corners and places of installation of the main wiring elements.
  2. Pay special attention to the arrangement of the main elements of the electrical network. All of them should be attached to the wall using wooden or plastic spacers, which will provide additional electrical insulation. Choose the size of the spacers so that they are not noticeable.
  3. After completing the cabling and fixing the installation and junction boxes, proceed to switching the circuit. To do this, put the conductors into boxes, leaving a margin of 75-100 mm, so that it is convenient to carry out further installation work, and connect them.

Installation of hidden electrical wiring

In a house or apartment, hidden wiring is used most often, due to its invisibility and aesthetics. Here are the main guidelines that you need to follow in the workflow:

• Cables should be placed either in pre-prepared strobes, or under a layer;
• In places where wires cross each other, provide additional insulation with special insulating tape;
• Experts recommend that when fixing the conductors on the wall surface, observe a step of 0.4-0.5 m, and use plastic fasteners or the alabaster freezing method for fixing;
• Install junction and installation boxes in pre-prepared recesses in the wall using alabaster;
• Strengthen the places where the wires go to the lighting fixtures by installing insulating tubes.

Further work is carried out in the same way for both hidden and external wiring. You need to twist the wires in the following sequence:

• Get rid of the outer insulation of the cables brought into the boxes, by about 60-80 mm;
• From all conductors brought into the box, cut off approximately 50 mm of insulation;
• Using a knife, strip the cable cores to a metallic sheen;
• Twist the corresponding cores with each other, insulate the bare areas.

The last step of the installation work is to connect all electrical appliances in the system and set up the circuit.

Electrical wiring repair: how to do it right

You may need to repair the wiring in the event of a malfunction. This can be evidenced by constant voltage drops, flashing lights and light bulbs that often burn out.

Stock up on these tools:

• Pliers, screwdrivers and side cutters with insulated handles;
• Nippers or a knife for stripping wires;
• Roulette;
• Screwdriver;
• Voltage tester;
• Drill with special drills or wood (depending on what your walls are made of);
• Wires, fittings, accessories;
• In some cases, a perforator.

First of all, de-energize the network. A gap or bare wire found during the repair must be immediately insulated. Use special electrical tape for this.

The wires at the place of the break must be twisted not with your hands, but with pliers - so the contact will be stronger. Even better, if you solder the broken wire, and wrap the place of soldering with special electrical tape. In a small area, it is better to replace the wire with a whole one.

The best option would be to completely replace all wiring, especially if the old wires are aluminum and the new wires are copper.

DIY wiring video

We hope that our tips have helped you in your work. Please ask your questions in the comments, share your experience, tell us what problems arose in the process and how you dealt with them. You may be familiar with new ways and methods of conducting electricity. We are always happy to discuss with readers everything new in construction and repair with our own hands. Good luck and enjoy your home!

In this article, we will tell you how to do the wiring in the house with your own hands, show the installation diagrams, as well as photo / diagrams and video instructions.

1. When performing all work, the house must be de-energized. It does not matter whether electricity is being conducted in it for the first time or just the wiring is being replaced.
2. When choosing wires, you need to focus on copper with double protective insulation. However, if there are old electrical systems in the house, you need to make sure that aluminum elements were not installed in them. Combining copper with aluminum leads to disastrous consequences. All old aluminum elements should be replaced with new ones.
3. When installing an electricity meter, you must choose a place at the entrance. This greatly simplifies various repairs in the future.
4. It is better to immediately provide the electrical system with a residual current device (abbreviated RCD). This will keep everyone in the house safe. You also need to think in advance about the location of the ground loop, if it is not already installed.
5. Never use bare wires, even in hard-to-reach places. Such savings can be very costly.
6. All branch parts and their connections must be placed in boxes. This is a necessary security measure. Electrical wiring must be in a protective sheath.
7. During its laying, it is necessary to draw up a layout plan. This is especially important if the wiring is installed in a hidden way. In the future, such foresight will make life easier.
8. Wires should be placed strictly in straight horizontal and vertical lines. You can not lay them diagonally or curved, even for the sake of economy.
9. During any construction work, it is necessary to check the plan. This is especially true for various drilling operations, when there is a high risk of touching the wire.
10. If communications are located by an open method, then they must be placed in a box.
11. All switches and sockets must be located on the same side of the door and at the same height. This measure ensures ease of use.

Types of wiring

Before wiring in the house, it should be remembered that this can be done in two ways: open and closed. The closed method has its advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage of this method of conducting electricity is that the wires are not visible.

The external appearance of the walls is not spoiled by boxes and other structures. However, the wire hidden in the thickness of the wall is easier to damage during various construction works, so it is better to have a detailed plan for electrical communications in the house. In addition, any work with wires automatically in this case involves a new repair.

Hidden wiring is not possible in every home. But an open one can be placed anywhere, even where there is a chance to hide it in strobes. Open installation makes it possible to work with electricity without first dismantling the wall covering. This box is very easy to open. However, the design itself, according to some, disfigures the appearance of the walls and is difficult to decorate.

Partially concealed mounting is possible to facilitate access to wires in concealed installation. Some of the most important nodes are left open to provide access to the wire.

Before you conduct electricity in the house, you need to draw up a detailed wiring plan with symbols for various devices. In this case, there is absolutely no need to study the designations that are officially accepted. Here, your own conditional symbols are suitable, the main thing is that they are understandable to the master. Here is the main list of devices that will be used during work and which must be somehow indicated on the plan:

• wires;
• counter;
• switch;
• socket;
• circuit breakers;
• voltage relay;
• installation and mounting boxes;

All indicated devices will have to be purchased at the store. You also need to buy terminal blocks for connection, electrical tape and "probes". In conclusion, you will need a different tool. It is advisable to carry out all work in rubber gloves for safety.

RCD, counter and relay must be mounted in the accounting board. After that, you can proceed to the rest of the work.

1. With the help of a chisel, it is necessary to draw strobes in the walls of the room - furrows in which the wire will be placed. The same work can be easily done with a grinder with a special abrasive disc. A chisel is also suitable for work, but you will have to sweat with it.
2. For fixing in strobes, you need to use special loops. From above, the wires are closed with alabaster or plaster.
3. Using a drill and a puncher, you need to make recesses for sockets and switches. The socket box is installed in the recess on the alabaster.
4. The soldering boxes are installed in the same way.

Open wiring is even easier to install than hidden wiring. This is the best place to start for beginners. The only difficulty that may arise here is the installation of closing boxes. However, such work should not cause significant difficulties when using modern materials.

The wire is attached to the wall with an electrical bracket, and then covered with a decorative box. The box serves not only for decorative purposes, but also protects communications. It does not spoil the appearance of the room.

Connecting new copper and old aluminum wires is possible, but should not be done for a long time. Terminal blocks are used for connection. Sooner or later, the combination of two metals will produce corrosion, which is unsafe. It is better to replace old communications in advance.

When working with appliances and tools, when there is still no electricity in the house, the problem of energy supply arises. An autonomous power generator or neighbors can save.

Internal wiring in the house is only half the solution to the problem. The second half is connecting to external power sources. Connection to the power grid can only be obtained by providing a document stating that the wiring was carried out by companies that have the appropriate permission for such work. Therefore, without the invitation of experts can not do. However, in this case, everything will be much cheaper. If old communications were replaced, then there will be no problems at all.

Video

Learn about the nuances of organizing wiring in a wooden house.

Here is another video about the organization of the wiring.

Scheme

The following is a series of schemes that can be taken as the basis for the manufacture of wiring in a private house:

Until relatively recently, the load on the power grid was relatively small, but today the increase in the use of household appliances provokes an increase in the load many times over. Old wiring is not always able to withstand a new load and therefore, over time, it becomes necessary to replace it. Do-it-yourself wiring installation in an apartment or house requires certain skills and knowledge from those who perform it. First of all, this refers to the ability to create and read various diagrams, certain skills in electrical installation, as well as knowledge of the rules for wiring. Naturally, it is possible to do the wiring with your own hands, but you need to apply the recommendations and rules described in the article.

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Where to start installation

Before you make an electrician in the house with your own hands, you need to consider the laying route, so that it is possible to replace or remove the necessary wire and at the same time not cause great damage to the house. To do this, you need to lay electrical wiring in special pipes or through structures designed for this purpose. Gaps that will form between cables and pipes should be sealed and sealed with non-combustible materials, which, if necessary, could be easily removed. Cement, clay together with sand or cement are perfect for this. It should be borne in mind that it is forbidden to install electrical wiring at an air temperature below 15 degrees. It is best to purchase insulated cables, and wires are recommended with copper conductors and a protective sheath.

Wiring diagram

Installation and wiring work always begins with a diagram and a wiring project. These things will be the basis for the future power supply of housing. In fact, the creation of a project and a scheme is a very serious matter and it is advisable to entrust it to professionals. The reason is the safety of the residents of the house. Of course, it will not be free, but it is worth it in terms of security.

Anyone who likes to do everything with their own hands should follow the rules described above and make a drawing and perform calculations on the load on the network. Of course, there are no big difficulties, especially in cases where there is an idea of ​​​​what an electric current is. The first thing you need is the conventions below:

Using these conventions, make a drawing of the house and mark the lighting points, all the places where switches and sockets will be installed. The number and location of installations is described above according to the rules. The main task of such a scheme is to indicate the installation locations of the necessary devices, as well as the laying of wires. When creating a diagram, be sure to consider the installation locations and the number of household appliances.

The next step in the development of the circuit will be the laying of wires to the connection nodes indicated in the diagram. Let's dwell on this in more detail. There are several types of connection and wiring - serial, parallel, mixed. Mixed is the most attractive because it saves materials and is most effective. To simplify the laying of wires, all specified connection points must be divided into several groups:

— Lighting of living rooms, corridors, kitchens;

- Lighting of the bathroom, toilet;

— Sockets of living rooms, corridors;

- Kitchen sockets;

- Sockets for electric stoves.

The above example is just one of the possible options. The main thing to understand is that in the case of grouping connection points, the amount of materials used is noticeably reduced, and the circuit itself will also be simplified.

To simplify the laying of wires to sockets, they can be laid under the floor. Wiring for overhead lights can be routed inside floor slabs. These methods are useful if there is no particular desire to ditch the walls. In the diagram, such wiring should be marked with a dotted line.

In all cases, the project must indicate the calculations of the estimated current strength in the network and what materials will be used. Calculations are performed according to the formula:

I=P/U;

where P is the total power of all devices used (Watts), U is the mains voltage (Volts).

For example, a microwave oven 1 kW, a kettle 2 kW, a refrigerator 400 W, 10 light bulbs of 60 W. Voltage 220 volts. As a result, (2000+(10x60)+1000+400)/220=16.5 Amps.

In practice, in modern apartments, the current strength does not often exceed 25 A. Based on this fact, it is necessary to select all materials. This will mainly concern the cross section of the wiring. To facilitate the selection process, we present a table indicating the main parameters of wires and cables:

The table describes the most accurate values, and since. Since the current fluctuates very often, it is necessary to carry out a small margin for wires or cables. In this regard, all do-it-yourself wiring should be made from the following materials:

- wire VVG-5 * 6 - has five cores with a cross section of 6 mm2, is used in houses with a three-phase power circuit to connect the main shield to the lighting shield;

- wire VVG-2 * 6 - has two cores with a cross section of 6 mm2, is used in houses with a two-phase power circuit to connect the main shield to the lighting shield;

- wire VVG-3 * 2.5 - has three cores with a cross section of 2.5 mm2, is used for most wiring elements from lighting panels to junction boxes and from nicknames to sockets;

- wire VVG-3 * 1.5 - has three cores with a cross section of 1.5 mm2, is used for electrical wiring from junction boxes to switches and lighting points;

- wire VVG-3 * 4 - has three cores with a cross section of 4 mm2, used for laying to electric stoves.

D In order to determine the length of the wires, you need to walk around the house with a tape measure, and add another 3-4 meters to the measurements obtained for the stock. All wires must be connected to the lighting panel installed at the entrance. In this shield, circuit breakers are installed, namely the RCD (residual current device) for 20 and 16 Amperes. 16 amps are used for switches and lighting, and 20 amps for sockets. For electric stoves, it is necessary to install a separate RCD at 32 A, however, if the stove with a power of more than 7 kW, then the RCD must be installed at 63 A.

After all this, you need to calculate the required number of sockets and distribution wires. All this is done using the existing scheme. In addition to the above materials, various consumables will be needed - PPE caps for connecting wires, electrical tape, pipes, boxes, cable channels, socket boxes.

Installing electrical wiring with your own hands is not so difficult. The main thing in this matter is to follow the safety rules and follow the requirements of the instructions. All work can be done alone. You will need the following tool: puncher, tester, grinder, wire cutters, drill, pliers, screwdrivers, level.

Marking and preparation of channels for electrical wiring

Installation must begin with markup. Use a pencil to mark where the wires will be laid. In this case, the rules for the location of wires should be observed. Then you need to make marks at the installation sites of sockets, switches, lighting fixtures and lighting panels.

In new houses, lighting shields are located in special niches, and in old ones they are hung on the walls.

After marking, it is worth starting the installation of electrical wiring in an open way or making strobes for hidden laying. First, using a puncher with a special nozzle-crown, holes are made for installing switches, sockets and junction boxes. For laying the wires themselves, strobes are made with a puncher or grinder. The depth should be approximately 20 mm, and the width is arbitrary, but sufficient to accommodate all the wires.

It is worth saying a few words about the ceiling. There are several options. The first - in the case of suspended ceilings, the wiring is laid in the ceilings. The second - a small strobe is performed. The third - the wiring is hidden in the ceiling ceilings.

After the strobe is completed, the last stage of preparation for installation follows. Wires for entering the rooms must be passed through the walls. Therefore, it is necessary to punch holes with a puncher. In practice, such holes are made in the corner of the premises. You also need to make a hole for winding the wire to the lighting panel from the switchboard. Once we're done, we'll move on to installation.

Open wiring installation

Installation should begin with the installation of the lighting panel. If it is possible to complete a niche, then you should place it there, if not, then just hang it on the wall. An RCD is installed in the shield, the number is determined by the number of lighting groups. Fully assembled, it looks like this - zero terminals are placed in the upper part, grounding terminals in the lower part, and automata between them.

Now it is possible to carry out the wire VVG-2 * 6 or VVG-5 * 6 inside the shield. Inside the shield, the input wire should be connected in this way: the blue wire is connected to zero, the white wire to the upper contact of the RCD, and the yellow-green wire to ground. RCDs are connected to each other in series using jumpers from a white wire. Now let's move on to open wiring.

On those lines that were marked, we lay either boxes or cable channels. Usually, with this method of laying, cable channels are placed either near the baseboards, or as close to the ceiling as possible. The boxes are fixed with self-tapping screws at a distance of 50 cm. The first and last holes are made 5-10 cm from the edge of the box.

It is worth saying that all switches, sockets, distribution boxes are also hung on the wall. To install them, just attach them to the wall, mark the place for fastening, drill holes and fix them.

After that, you need to start wiring. You need to start with the installation of the main line and from the lighting panel to the sockets. As mentioned above, you need to use the VVG-3 * 2.5 wire. For the greatest convenience, it is worth starting from the connection point to the shield. At the ends of the wires, a tag must be placed indicating the wire and the connection point. Then VVG-3 * 1.5 wires are laid from lighting fixtures and switches to junction boxes.

In junction boxes, the wires are connected using PPE caps or well insulated. Inside the lighting panel, the main wire VVG 3 * 2.5 must be connected as follows: red or brown core - phase (connect from below the RCD), blue - zero (to the zero bus from above), yellow-green - ground (ground bus from below). The tester must definitely ring all the laid wires to eliminate errors. If everything is normal, then you can connect to the switchboard.

Installation of electrical wiring in a hidden way

Hidden wiring is also very simple. The only difference from open will be that the wires will be hidden from the eyes. The rest of the installation steps are the same. First, a lighting panel and an RCD are installed, then the input cable from the switchboard is inserted and connected, at first it also remains unconnected. After that, we install socket boxes and distribution boxes in the niches made.

After these operations, we proceed to the wiring. First of all, the main highway is laid with the VVG-3 * 2.5 wire. Then we lay the VVG-3 * 1.5 wire from lighting points and switches to junction boxes for connection to the main wire. All connection points are isolated with PPE caps or electrical tape.

In conclusion, the entire circuit is called with the help of a tester, again to eliminate possible errors. After dialing, we connect to the lighting board. The connection corresponds to the method for open wiring. After all operations, the strobes are sealed with putty and the electrician connects the switchboard.

Video. Do-it-yourself wiring installation

A prerequisite for the life of each of us is the presence of electricity in a private house. Without it, we would not be able to have fun, perform various household chores, create light at night and do many other things.

In other words, the role of electricity is invaluable and its absence is to some extent associated with the cessation of life. That is why it is very important to ensure the presence of electricity in our home.

In order to be able to use it, we need to do two things:

1. Connect to the general electrical network.
2. Organize electrical wiring in any corner of a private house, that is, lay cables through which electric current will pass.

The first stage is carried out by specialists of the company that services the electrical networks. That is, we do nothing here. To connect to the power grid, employees of this company install a central machine (knife switch), "protection" and an electric meter.

All other wiring work is carried out by our hands. Of course, this can be done by specialists for a fee. However, in any case, we must clearly know what components the wiring in a private house consists of, how should it be organized and how is it installed?

This knowledge will make it possible to check the quality of the work of a hired specialist and save you from various future problems.
In the event that you plan to save money, then this knowledge will help you lay electrical wiring in any corner of a private house with your own hands.

Before considering all the features of electrical wiring, you should consider what elements are necessary for organizing and installing a home electrical network.

What should be the cable?

And so, for the installation of electrical wiring, the owner of a private house needs to stock up on a certain amount of cable and electrical accessories (we will consider its types below). The cable may be Of course it must be insulated.

Helpful Hint: It will be better if you use a copper cable. The reason for this is that it has more bandwidth. This makes it possible to use a wire with a smaller cross section.

Also, the advantages of a copper cable include the fact that it can withstand a greater load than an electrical wire made of aluminum.

Various types of cable

There is more to be said about this moment. A private house can be supplied with both single-phase and three-phase power. In the event that it will be necessary to supply current to single-phase devices, the cable must be three-core.

One core is phase, the other is neutral, the third is for grounding. In the case of laying a three-phase power supply, the cable must be five-core.

For wiring, both flat (it is convenient to mount under plaster) and round cables can be used. Their important characteristic is the cross section.

The choice of an electric wire with a certain cross section depends on the load level. So, if a wire is laid to the sockets, then this value should be at least 2.5 square meters. millimeters. Cables for powering lighting fixtures must have a cross section that is at least 1.5 square meters. millimeters.

Useful advice: in order not to miscalculate the cross section of the electrical wire, you need to calculate the power of all possible devices that will be powered by a separate wire. Of course, you need to take into account some value as a margin. After that, the total power must be divided by 220 (if one phase enters the house) or 380 volts (if there is a three-phase network). As a result, you will know the current strength that the cable must pass.

Based on this value, you can determine the desired cross section. To do this, you need to use special tables.

Necessary electrical accessories and requirements for it

As for the electrical accessories that will be used in a private house to create electrical wiring, it may consist of:

• mounting boxes;
• sockets;
• any kind of switches;
• switches;
• call buttons and other types.

Mounting boxes are used in any room and can be characterized by various shapes. So, their shape can be round, square or rectangular. The purpose of these boxes may be different.

Some of them are used to install sockets or switches. They are mounted under plaster and do not have a top cover. There are also boxes that are also installed under plaster, but have a lid. They are either distributive or end-to-end.

In addition to these, there are also external (outer) boxes. It should be noted that most of the boxes are not sealed. However, some are sealed.

Useful advice: in these boxes, various wires are often connected and divorced. To connect them, you need to use a distribution ring and special clamps. If you just twist the wires and use insulating tape, then such a connection will be unreliable. The result is sparks in the box. And this is at least.

As for sockets, now you need to use sockets with three poles. The third pole is a protective contact that is connected to the ground wire.

It is advisable to use sealed electrical fittings on the external walls of a private house, on a balcony, porch, etc.

So, materials should be stocked up before starting wiring inside and outside a private house.

If we talk about the principle of laying electrical wiring in a private house, then it is not much different from the same process within the walls of an apartment. The main difference is that a private house can have several floors and, in addition to many household appliances, it can also use powerful electrical appliances that are part of heating, water supply systems or are intended for some production purposes.

Another difference is getting current from different sources. A private house receives current from a local transformer or from a power line pole.

How to plan wiring?

In order for the process of laying the wiring to be carried out very competently and at the same time the wiring served for a long time, it is necessary to conduct proper planning for its implementation. In other words, you need to draw a diagram.

Installation of three hidden sockets in the wall

This list should be compiled for each room and each ancillary building. When developing this list, it is worth considering that in the future the list of electrical appliances will only expand.

Given this, you need to decide where and how additional devices will be connected.

In the process of planning the placement of outlets, it is also worth deciding on the location of electrical appliances and other electrical "users" that will be used in the future.

That is, you need to decide where the chandeliers will be placed, where the TV will stand, and where the refrigerator and other devices will be placed.

It will not be superfluous to determine the connection points for those electrical installations that will be used outside the house, that is, in the yard or on a landscaped area.

When this work is done, they begin to draw up a wiring diagram that will be used in a private house. Drawing up such a scheme is very important. Thanks to it, it will be possible to determine all the required amount of materials.

At the same time, during installation, you will not forget to install some kind of outlet or run a certain cable. Another advantage of such a scheme is that in the future when carrying out repairs, you will know where all the electrical wires go.

This will eliminate any possibility of accidental damage to the cable during repair work.
What should be the layout?

It is worth noting that drawing up a scheme has its secrets. These secrets concern the correct laying of cables and their wiring. Note how to properly wire the wiring.

Wiring loops

So, electricity in a private house comes through an electric meter. After it, a switchboard is installed. It is from this shield that the wiring of various wires begins. Each of them can be called a contour.

The number of these circuits directly depends on the number of rooms in a private house and the electrical devices that are planned to be used. In a small private house there may be only two circuits.

One of them is assigned to sockets, the other to lighting fixtures.

Useful advice: when drawing up any wiring diagram, regardless of the size of a private house, there should always be a separate wiring for lighting and a separate wiring for sockets.

The reason for this is that lighting fixtures and appliances connected to sockets have different capacities. As a result, light fixtures require thinner wires than a refrigerator or microwave oven or any other electrical device.

In fact, this advice can be called mandatory. This will save on the purchase of cables. Otherwise, that is, if both sockets and lamps are connected to the same wiring, then if the cable burns out or shorts out, you will not be able to use any device or lamp that is connected to this wire.

Another advantage of having a large number of circuits is easy troubleshooting.

It should be borne in mind that it is better to organize a wiring diagram that will provide for the installation of more circuits than a private house requires. This will reduce stress on the wires and eliminate the need for additional wiring in the future.

A mandatory rule is to equip each circuit with a circuit breaker. A group of circuits must also be connected to a differential relay (RCD). Both the switch and the RCD are mounted in the switchboard.

When drawing up a diagram, one more nuance needs to be taken into account: there are electrical appliances that have a lot of power (a water pump or an electric stove). For them, you need to use a cable with a large cross section. Of course, this cable will be a separate circuit.

As for the maximum load on the circuit, this value depends on the type of network. If it is three-phase, then at home the maximum load per wiring should not exceed six kilowatts.

Devices must be connected to one wiring of a two-phase system, the total power of which should not exceed two kilowatts. This must be taken into account when determining the number of circuits to be used.

The real scheme of power supply of a private house

Compliance with this condition will increase the security level of both three-phase and two-phase wiring in a private house. In general, the wiring diagram in a private house may look like this:

If a private house consists of several floors, then electricity for each floor must be supplied through a separate wiring. Experts recommend connecting rooms separately.

Where to install switches?

Here it is worth paying attention to the fact that the requirements for laying electrical wiring in some rooms are more stringent. The list of these rooms includes those that are characterized by the constant presence of water and the presence of a high level of humidity. An example is a bathroom, toilet or laundry room.

Switch wiring diagram

The main requirement for these rooms is the removal of all switches outside of them. That is, switches cannot be mounted in the middle of them. Compliance with this requirement will increase the level of security.

As for other rooms, switches can be used in them. It is desirable that they be at a height of 90-140 centimeters. In this case, the distance between the wooden door frame and the switch should be 15 centimeters.

The switch must be on the side of the door where the handle is located.

The circuit must also include a ground loop.

After you have made the wiring diagram, you can begin to install each wire and all electrical accessories. One of the main processes is wiring. It can be carried out in various ways.

Concealed wiring

Wiring can be mounted in an open way and hidden under plaster. The last option is very popular.

It consists in installing each electrical wire on the wall even before the plastering process takes place. In this case, the laying must be carried out according to certain rules.

Thus, the cable can only be laid in a horizontal or vertical position. Diagonal installation is undesirable, and in the bathroom, toilet or kitchen is prohibited.

By adhering to this rule, in the future it will be easy to guess the location of the passage of electrical wires in case the circuit is lost.

Laying horizontal wiring is recommended to be done under the ceiling at a level that is 30 centimeters lower. Of course, sockets will be placed in any room. You can also use horizontal wiring for them. However, it should be carried out already at a height of 30 centimeters from the floor.

As for the vertical laying of cables near the corner of a wall or door frame, this process can be carried out at a distance of 15 centimeters from them.

After fixing the wiring, junction boxes are mounted, plaster is applied and switches and sockets are installed. Now you know how to make hidden wiring in any part of a private house.

You can also use corrugated sleeves. They are mounted on the wall. Junction boxes are also installed at their exits. After that, plaster is applied.

At the end, through these corrugated sleeves, the required number of electrical wires can be pulled in. This option has many advantages. The main one is the possibility of simple replacement of a damaged (burnt out) electric cable without the need to pull it out from under the plaster.

Open wiring installation

Also, in a private house, with the help of your own hands, you can install open wiring (its photo is given below).

Typically, this type of wiring is installed in the middle of auxiliary utility rooms, on the facades of a private house and in the basement. It is also often used in residential areas.

In the case of ancillary buildings, they may use a multi-core electrical cable or a large number of single-core electrical cables. The first type of cable is mounted on the wall and attached to it with special clamps. Single-core electrical wires must be pulled into corrugated hoses.

Using installation boxes

If we talk about open wiring of electrical communications inside a private house, then it is advisable to use installation boxes for its installation.

Installation box for sockets

These boxes have a fairly aesthetic appearance and are used for installing the electrical network after the owner has completed the decoration and painting of the walls. Thanks to them, you can change the wiring without destroying the plaster walls.

Such boxes can be mounted along the ceiling, floor or door frame. They may have one, two or more channels. Of course, each of these channels can be used for laying different cables.

The material from which the installation boxes are made is either plastic or aluminum. The inside of the aluminum box is covered with plastic.

The underside is perforated. It is worth noting that the use of these boxes is very advantageous because they can be easily cut and bent. This makes it possible to customize them to any room size.

These boxes may vary in size. Very large boxes are desirable to use in cases where wiring is used to power various types of equipment.

In order for them not to stand out against the background of the interior, you can choose a trim or cover that has a color that matches the design.
Sockets are installed above these boxes.

It should be borne in mind that each outlet that is installed with exposed wiring must have a fully protective housing. This socket is mounted directly on the wall. The same are the requirements for switches that will be used in the case of open wiring.

Using the floor box

Quite often, private houses have rooms with a large area. And in the event that there is a need to place several electrical appliances at a certain distance from the wall and the owner does not want to run the cable across the floor, a floor box can be built into the floor. Of course, the cable will go already under the floor.

Using a floor box will eliminate the presence of loose wires that can fall on the floor and create obstacles during movement. Such boxes are mounted in the floor and are at the same level as the floor.

In this case, the lid of the box can be designed in the style of the floor. As a result, the floor box will not be an obstacle and will not become a thing that spoils the design. At the same time, it is characterized by tightness, which does not create any risks during wet cleaning.

After all the installation work has been done, the wiring must be checked. This process should not be limited to simply turning on the lamp and checking if it glows.

You need to determine whether all the elements that are provided for in the diagram are installed, whether RCDs and circuit breakers work, how good the ground connection is. You should also check the reliability of fastening switches, sockets and other elements.

Video. Do-it-yourself wiring in a private house

As a rule, do-it-yourself electrical wiring in an apartment is carried out during repairs with the replacement of existing electrical equipment. Wiring can be done by a person who has an idea of ​​the methods and types of electrical work, skills in working with materials and tools, and also understands electrical networks.

Design

The basic requirements for electrical wiring are presented in SNiP and PUE (rules for electrical installations). Compliance with these standards is very important in apartments to ensure their fire safety.

So, before you install the wiring in the apartment with your own hands, you need to familiarize yourself with how it works. As a rule, the wiring diagram is standard, there is nothing complicated in it.

Essential elements

The most important element in the apartment wiring diagram is considered to be the in-house shield. It is to him that from the main power shield located on the landing, it is directed, passing through the fuse, an electric cable along the way.

It is equipped with an electric meter, residual current devices and several circuit breakers. All these elements are assembled into a single unit and secured by means of a mounting rail and an auxiliary bus (one or more).

The number of internal power lines will depend on the number of rooms in the apartment. This is also affected by the power required for the operation of some devices. They may require an additional dedicated line. In most cases, there are two wires: "zero" and "phase", in some cases a third is added - "ground".

Calculation

Do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment can be done after certain calculations. They are produced in two main ways:

1. According to the formula: P: U \u003d I, where the current strength is directly proportional to the power and inversely proportional to the voltage in the network.
2. This option is much easier than the previous one. It is necessary to separately add up the electricity that is consumed by devices located on the same line. An additional 10% should be added to the resulting number.

Channel search

In a panel house, as a rule, the wiring is hidden, namely hidden in a strobe or behind drywall. Therefore, do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment should begin with a search for channels. To begin with, let's find out what is a channel in the walls, designed for hidden wiring. In most cases, this is a tube made of polymeric material, having a depth of approximately 30-50 mm, equipped with corrugations in places for leading out and rounding.

Location of outlets

In Soviet old apartments, electrical outlets were usually located where necessary. Sometimes at the height of an outstretched arm, and for someone at a level of 1 meter from the floor surface.

To date, the correct location is considered to be 400 mm from the floor level. At first it may seem strange, but there is logic in this: such sockets behind the furniture are almost invisible, when connected they are closer to the target, you won’t accidentally touch them, and most importantly, such wiring in the apartment, made by yourself, consumes much less cable. Perhaps the only nuance is that when you connect a vacuum cleaner or an iron, you have to not bounce, but bend over.

If you continue this logic, you can install an electrical outlet near the baseboard. In this case, the minimum height causes a risk of water ingress during flooding or mopping. That is why, when new wiring is installed in the apartment with your own hands, according to the standard, sockets should be located at a height of 400 mm from the floor level.

Cable management options

Self-installation of electrical wiring in the apartment is not an easy task. However, in this case, you will be absolutely sure that everything is done correctly. There are three main ways to lay an electrical cable:

• Under plaster.
• In a plastic box.

Any of the above options is considered correct, so the choice is yours. At the same time, it is worth remembering that it is important to have an exact idea of ​​​​where the cable passes, otherwise any clogged nail can cause the TV to turn off (in the best case), in the worst case, an electric shock.

What's the best way to wire?

Hidden wiring is carried out inside the walls, under decorative trim or other decorative structural elements. Do-it-yourself wiring in the apartment under drywall is considered the safest, as it is reliably protected from any mechanical damage. However, this installation option is the most time-consuming and requires the ability to handle several tools at the same time.

The combined version of the installation of electrical wiring includes its installation in boxes and skirting boards with a cable channel. This method combines the advantages of closed and open laying at the same time - safety and aesthetic appearance.

Repair or replacement?

If you suddenly began to smell burning plastic, noticed sparks from the junction box, or sockets began to get very hot when used, then it is time to find an electrical wiring project in your apartment and start repairing it immediately.

This phenomenon has many reasons, from standard physical wear and tear to elementary obsolescence of the power supply system, due to the appearance of modern electrical appliances in your household.

The wiring of electrical wiring, the scheme of which has long outlived itself, is carried out in several main stages:

• The first step is to figure out the number of changes required.
• Calculate the amount of material and equipment required for installation and carry out their subsequent purchase.
• Next, the preparation of the premises is carried out by dismantling the old obsolete electrical wiring.
• Laying a new cable and then testing it for normal operation.

Another reason that can serve to repair old electrical wiring in an apartment is the lack of elementary grounding. Of course, its absence is not critical, but it is necessary for the safe and proper operation of many modern electrical appliances.

Tools required for installation

If you decide that the wiring of electricity in the apartment with your own hands should be done, then you should purchase a serviceable and reliable tool. In places where metal and body come into contact, the insulation must not be broken. At a minimum, you will need the following:

• Tester.
• Perforator.
• Wire cutters.
• Pliers.
• Screwdriver.

Mounting materials

As soon as the schematic diagram of the electrical wiring is ready, the power of each individual branch has been calculated, it will be possible to proceed with the acquisition of the necessary material.

Try not to buy too cheap products and cable with a reduced cross section. So, in order for the wiring in the apartment to be done with your own hands (photo below), you will need the following:

• Sockets and switches.
• Copper wires.
• Installation boxes in the form of plastic cups.
• Additional insulation if necessary.
• Clips, if you plan to do the wiring in the apartment with your own hands along the ceiling.
• Connecting terminals for cable.

Cabling

Once you have acquired all the necessary materials and equipment, you can proceed directly to the installation.

• In the old apartment, you need to dismantle the old wiring.
• In pre-marked places, recesses are drilled for junction boxes and sockets.
• Further, in the walls, we cut a groove to all switches and sockets for the subsequent laying of wires. We lay a cable of the appropriate section in them and fix it with dowel-nails.
• After that, the strobes and holes must be puttied.
• Wires for the lighting system are laid in the voids of the slabs and on the ceiling.
• As soon as the do-it-yourself wiring in the apartment (diagrams below) is installed, all lighting fixtures, switches and sockets are installed.

Calculation of the nominal value of machines

In order to properly perform the wiring, it is necessary to determine the ratings of the machines installed in the switchboard. To do this, you need to sum up the power of all devices that you plan to connect to it. Then convert kilowatts to watts, and then calculate the current strength using the formula: P: U \u003d I.

There is the following line of machines: 6A, 10A, 16A, 20A, 25A, 32A, 40A, 50A and 63A. Thus, the value of the selected machine should be greater than the value you received.

Installation and connection of the electrical panel

Directly in the electrical panel, the distribution of electricity into groups is carried out:

• For lighting.
• For sockets.
• Other equipment.

The shield is fixed to the wall with dowel-nails, and then outgoing wiring and a supply cable are laid to it. After that, the power cable must be stripped. The outer insulation is removed from it to the required length, then the cable is inserted into the shield, where it is connected to the introductory machine.

A bus is installed at the top of the electrical panel, to which the neutral wire is connected. In a similar way, a bus is mounted on the lower bar, a wire is connected to it, which leads to a protective ground.

Conclusion

Thus, after going through all the stages - from acquiring the necessary equipment and materials, laying the cable to installing and connecting the electrical panel - the electrical wiring in the apartment will be done by hand (the diagram is presented above).

The consistency, reliability, uninterrupted operation and continuity of the operation of the electrical system as a whole directly depend on professional installation, the quality of components and materials, compliance with all rules and regulations, as well as the correctness and literacy of all related calculations. This is a very responsible and serious matter, if you have any doubts, then it is better to entrust this work to specialists, for whom everything related to electricity is a profession.