Foundation plans, coverings, roofs

Facade

The façade is done with shading and hillshading. On the facade with walls made of large-sized elements (panels), panel cutting seams, expansion joints, windows (with a symbol for opening), gates, doors, lanterns, fire escapes, canopies, etc. are shown. Elevation marks are put on the facades. In the name of the facade, the extreme centering axes of the section shown in the drawing are indicated, for example, "Facade in axes 1-16". Elements that are below ground level are not shown on the facade.

The foundation plan shows foundations and foundation beams. The dimensions and grades of the elements are indicated, the marks of the base of the foundation are put down.

The floor plan shows the location of the truss and truss (if any) structures, the layout of the floor slabs with their markings.

The roof plan shows lanterns, valleys, drain funnels, parapets, expansion joints, fire escapes. On the roof plan, marking axes are applied, passing in characteristic places of the roof (extreme, at expansion joints, in places of ledges in the plan and elevation differences of the building, at drain funnels, at the ends of lanterns), axial dimensions of the building, binding of drain funnels, slopes, schematic transverse roof profile.

A structural section of the longitudinal outer wall is made from the base of the foundation to the parapet (cornice) inclusive. When working out the section of the outer wall, you need to pay attention to the following issues:

The design and depth of the foundation;

The design of the basement of the wall and the blind area;

The composition of the layers of the floor;

The design of wall panels and their fastening to the frame elements;

Material and design of windows;

Fastening the crane beam (if any) to the column console;

Fastening the truss structure to the column;

The design of the parapet or cornice;

Roof composition.

The name and thickness of the layers of the coating structure, ceilings and floors are indicated in the portable inscriptions - "flags". The binding of structural elements to the alignment axes is carried out, the necessary dimensions and height marks are put down.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

An explanatory note of 25-35 pages is attached to the draft, as follows:

1. Initial data for design

2. Description of the climatic conditions of the construction area

3. Description of the master plan, balance of the territory

4. Industrial building

4.1. Space planning solution

4.2. Architectural and constructive solution (with sketches of structural elements)

4.2.1. Foundations and foundation beams

4.2.2. Columns of the main frame and fachwerk

4.2.3. Crane beams

4.2.4. Rafter and subrafter structures

4.2.5. Lanterns

4.2.6. Link system

4.2.7. Coating slabs

4.2.8. Roof structure (with thermal calculation of the coating and calculation of the number of drainpipes)

4.2.9. External walls (with thermal calculation of the thickness of wall panels)

4.2.10. Explication of the floors

4.2.11. Doors, gates

4.2.12. Work platforms, stairs

4.3. Exterior and interior decoration

4.4. Network engineering

4.5. Technical and economic indicators of the production building

4.6. Calculation of the area of ​​light openings

5. Administrative building

5.1. Calculation of ABA based on the number of employees in the shop

5.2. Space-planning decision of the ABK

5.3.Architectural and constructive solution of the ABK (with sketches of structural elements)

5.3.1 Foundations and foundation beams

5.3.2 Frame structures according to the II-04 series (columns, crossbars, floor slabs, stiffening diaphragms)

5.3.3. Roof structure (with thermal calculation of insulation thickness)

5.3.4. External walls (with thermal calculation of the thickness of wall panels) and internal partitions

5.3.5 Explication of floors

5.3.6 Windows, doors

5.4. Exterior and interior decoration

5.5. Engineering networks

5.6. Technical and economic indicators of ABK

5.5.2 Sections of a building or structure are designated by Arabic numerals sequentially within the graphic document. Sections are designated in the same way.

Note - In the drawings of design and working documentation, a section is usually called a vertical section of a building or structure, i.e. a cut made by a cutting plane perpendicular to the horizontal plane of projections.

Independent numbering is allowed for sections and sections of individual sections of a building, structure or installation, all drawings of which are placed on one sheet or group of sheets, and if these drawings do not contain references to sections and sections located on other sheets of the graphic document.

It is allowed to designate sections in capital letters of the Russian alphabet, and sections - in capital or lower case letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters specified in 5.3.2).

The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line (an open line according to GOST 2.303). With a complex cut, strokes are also carried out at the intersections of the secant planes with each other. On the initial and final strokes, arrows should be placed indicating the direction of the gaze; arrows should be applied at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke (Figure 10).

Figure 10

Let us consider in detail the procedure for performing a section of a building.

The direction of view for a section according to the plan of a building and structure is taken, as a rule, from bottom to top and from right to left.

The section of the building is performed to reveal the internal view of the room and the location of the architectural elements of the interior. At the initial stage of design, architectural (contour) sections of buildings are made (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Contour section of the building.

Architectural sections do not show the structures of foundations, ceilings, floors, roofs, and other elements, but put down the external and internal dimensions of building elements and elevations.

Structural sections are performed at the stage of development of working drawings to clarify the structural elements of the building and their interfaces.

The position of the imaginary vertical secant plane is taken, as a rule, in such a way that it passes through the most structurally or architecturally important parts of the building: window and door openings, stairwells (preferably along one of the marches), balconies, etc. The cutting plane in the section along the stairs is carried out, as a rule, along the march located closer to the observer. In this case, the flight of stairs that has fallen into the cutting plane is outlined with a thicker line (solid main) than the contour of the march, along which the cutting plane does not pass. The contour of this march is outlined with a solid thin line.

The position of the cutting plane is indicated on the building plan in accordance with GOST 2.305-2008 and is indicated by Arabic numerals or capital letters of the Russian alphabet. The direction of view for the cut is taken, as a rule, according to the plan - from bottom to top and from right to left (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Choice of cutting plane.

On the sections of the building, apply and indicate:

– coordination axes and distances between them;

- marks of ground levels, clean floor and floors;

- marks of the bottom of load-bearing structures and floor slabs;

- mark the top of walls, cornices, ledges, etc.

- the dimensions of openings in walls and partitions, for openings with quarters, the dimensions are indicated by the smallest size of the opening;

- the thickness of the walls and their binding to the coordination axes of the building (if necessary);

Rice. 3. The sequence of the section of the building.

Rice. 4. An example of a section of an industrial building.

The most moistened part of the walls, located directly on the foundation and made of selected weather and frost-resistant material, is called plinth.

In the absence of a sidewalk along the perimeter of the basement, a blind area is arranged to drain rainwater.

The vertical elements of the architectural design of the walls include niches, pilasters, columns and semi-columns. Columns and semi-columns, as a rule, perform load-bearing functions.

Wall elements

niche called a local recess in the wall, a pilaster - a flat vertical protrusion of a rectangular section on the surface of the wall. Column- this is a separate vertical support in the form of a pillar, and semi-column- a vertical ledge from the plane of the wall to half its width.

jumper called a structural element that spans an opening in a wall. The lintel takes loads from the masonry and other elements of the building lying above the opening and transfers them to the sections of the wall that limit the opening from the sides ( piers).

Crowning, or main, cornice is a construction that diverts rain and melt water from the wall, and is used as an element of artistic expression. In addition to the crowning cornice, the outer walls may have intermediate cornices, belts and sandriks, which perform the same functions on the adjacent sections of the walls as the crowning cornice.

The part of the outer wall that extends above the roof is called parapet.

The upper part of the wall, which has a triangular shape and bounds the attic space, is called pediment. If the pediment does not have a cornice in its lower part, then it is called forceps.

7.5. Masonry

Approximately 60% of buildings are built with stone walls, 3/4 of which is small-block masonry from local building materials.

Stone structures are made from natural or artificial stones.

Depending on the type of stone materials used, masonry is called:

Brick (solid or lightweight);

Small-block (made of ceramic and concrete stones);

rubble;

Butobetonnaya.

The stone walls of buildings perform both load-bearing, heat and sound insulation functions, so their thickness is taken depending on strength, stability, heat and sound protection properties.

In residential low-rise buildings, the free length of the wall usually does not exceed 6 m, and the height of the floor is not more than 3 m, therefore, according to the requirement of stability, the thickness of the walls must be at least 250 mm.

The bearing capacity of the wall depends on the strength of the wall products and the masonry mortar. In low-rise buildings, where the loads on the walls are small, the wall thickness is usually taken to be 380 mm.

7.5.1. brick walls

According to the structure, brick walls can be divided into two groups: homogeneous, built from ordinary, hollow or light building bricks and heterogeneous, lightweight, in which part of the brickwork is replaced along the thickness of the wall with backfill, lightweight concrete, thermal insulation boards or an air gap.

In a brick, large side surfaces are called spoons, smaller end surfaces are called spoons. poke. A row of bricks laid along the wall with spoons is called a spoon, and a row of bricks laid with pokes is called a poker.

The thickness of homogeneous brick walls is always a multiple of ½ brick, and the walls are erected with a thickness of ½, 1, 1½, 2 bricks or more. Given the thickness of the vertical joints, equal to 10 mm, the brick walls have a thickness of 120, respectively; 250, 380, 510 mm in more. The thickness of the horizontal joints is 12 mm, while the height of 13 rows of masonry should be 1 m.

The method of placing bricks in the masonry of a stone with one or another alternation of spoon or poke rows to achieve ligation of the seams is called brickwork system.

During the construction of brick walls, two masonry systems were most widely used: two-row (or chain) and six-row (or spoon).

IN two-row system masonry bonder rows alternate with spoon rows. The transverse seams in this system overlap by ¼ bricks, and the longitudinal ones by ½ bricks.

IN six-row in the laying system, five spoon rows alternate with one bond row. In each spoon row, the transverse vertical seams are tied into a half-brick, while the longitudinal vertical seams formed by the spoons are tied up in rows of rows through five spoon rows.

Brickwork systems:

two-row	six-row

Structurally, to ensure the strength of multi-row masonry, it is necessary to fulfill the following minimum allowable conditions for ligation of seams: for solid brick 65 mm thick - one bonded layer of brick for five spoon layers; for hollow bricks with a thickness of 65 mm and solid bricks with a thickness of 88 mm - one bonder for four spoons; for stones - one bonder for three spoons. When laying walls made of ceramic stones with gaps and in areas with high local loads, it is recommended to use chain laying.

The more adjacent rows of spoons, the less durable and less laborious the masonry, since the number of vertical longitudinal rows increases and the number of bricks that are split into pieces decreases.

Bandaging systems affect not only the strength of the wall, but also form the masonry pattern. In addition to the above masonry systems, several more types of masonry patterns are used:

Facing systems:

tychkovy two-row	gothic two-row	English three-row
dutch two-row	chain (two-row)	cross (Russian two-row)

One of the means of improving the technical and economic indicators of the outer walls of medium-rise buildings is the use of outer walls of a layered structure.

The bearing capacity is provided by a more durable alloy, and the required thermal insulation is provided by a less durable, effective insulation.

The use of multilayer structures of external walls offers three options for the location of the insulation: on the outside of the wall (along the facade), in the middle of the wall structure and on the inside of the wall.

In order to meet the thermal requirements, as well as saving bricks, the so-called lightweight brick walls have long been used, in which the brick is partially freed from heat-insulating functions that are not characteristic of it by replacing part of the masonry with less thermal materials.

There are several types of multilayer structures of external walls:

- well masonry with monolithic lightweight concrete or backfill insulation;

- well masonry with slab insulation and an air layer;

- brick-concrete masonry;

- masonry with a widened air joint or a seam filled with effective insulation;

- masonry with the installation of insulation from the inside of the wall;

- masonry with the installation of insulation from the outside of the wall.

Well masonry with monolithic lightweight concrete or backfill insulation consists of two brick walls 120 mm thick with filling of the middle part 200-270 mm thick with slag, expanded clay, lightweight concrete or lightweight concrete block inserts.

The connection of the walls is carried out by vertical diaphragms made of bricks 120 mm thick, arranged at a distance of up to 1170 mm along the length of the wall, or by one row of bonded bricks laid through five rows of bondings in height.

Brick well masonry:

When filling wells with filling insulation, mortar reinforced diaphragms are installed.

In the modernized well masonry, the inner layer is filled with monolithic polystyrene concrete.

Brick walls made of monolithic polystyrene concrete with insulation:

for low-rise buildings for mid-rise buildings

Well masonry with slab insulation and an air gap performed in the same way as described above. Insulation, the thickness of which is determined by thermal engineering, fits snugly against the inner layer of the wall. An air gap of no more than 40-50 mm is arranged between the slab insulation and the outer layer of the masonry. Fixation of the slab insulation in the design position is provided by fixing brackets made of galvanized steel (plastics) or vertical spacers made of slab insulation for the entire height of the floor.

Structures of external brick lightweight walls

Layered wall options using brickwork

Due to the low thermal resistance (due to numerous "cold bridges"), traditional brickwork can only be used with additional insulation.

In order to ensure ventilation of the air gap between the outer masonry and the insulation, inlet holes are arranged in the basement levels and above the windows, and holes for air removal are arranged in the areas of the eaves and under the windows. To make holes, the vertical seams between the bricks are not filled with mortar.

Section through the outer brick wall of a residential building

Brick-concrete masonry consists of two walls with a thickness of 0.5 bricks and lightweight concrete laid between them. The walls are connected with tychkovy rows that go into concrete by 0.5 bricks, which are placed every three or five spoon rows of masonry.

Brick-concrete masonry

Bonded rows (diaphragms) can be placed in the same plane and staggered, depending on the accepted wall thickness (380-680 mm).

Instead of solid rows of rows, the longitudinal walls can be connected with bricks laid in the longitudinal walls with butts at least two rows in height and at least two bricks laid in spoons along the length of the longitudinal walls. Masonry is used in the construction of buildings up to four floors high. The composition of lightweight concrete is chosen depending on the number of storeys of the building under construction, the quality of aggregates and the brand of cement.

Brick-concrete anchor masonry is also used (bonded bricks of the outer and inner walls are displaced relative to each other). Its bonded bricks, protruding into the masonry, provide anchoring of the longitudinal walls with concrete.

Brickwork with a wide seam filled with a spectacular insulation is used in walls 400-680 mm thick. Laying is carried out with multi-row dressing.

When laying with a widened joint, unfilled with spectacular insulation, plastering of the facade plane of the wall is required. Such masonry is performed with multi-row dressing of seams with overlapping of the air gap with bond rows every 4 rows of masonry.

Brickwork with a widened seam:		Masonry with insulation installed on the inside of the wall
with air	with insulation

Brickwork with heat-insulating material on the inside of the wall requires additional solutions for its vapor barrier.

Such materials include the arrangement of a ventilated gap between the insulation and the wall mass or the laying of a vapor barrier layer in front of the insulation.

Brickwork with a heat-insulating layer on the outside most appropriate.

To protect the insulation from atmospheric and mechanical influences, as well as to give the facade the required aesthetic properties, three design solutions are used:

- front masonry of facing bricks or ceramic stones;

- protective and decorative plaster;

- hinged facade cladding.

The inner bearing layer of brickwork is provided for with a thickness of 250 mm (for low-rise buildings, 380 mm for mid-rise buildings) and is made of solid or effective brick on an ordinary or warm mortar prepared on slag, perlite or other porous sand. Heat-insulating plates are laid along the wall, and then a facing layer of masonry with a thickness of 60, 80, 100, 120 mm is arranged.

The facing layer of the masonry is self-supporting. It is connected to the carrier layer with a variety of flexible steel (rods Ø 6 mm, with bent ends, stainless or anodized steel, varnished) or fiberglass ties (anchors).

Wall with facing self-supporting

a layer of brick

It is advisable to perform the facing layer of masonry with an air gap device. The ventilating air gap promotes drying of a heater, guarantees high quality of operation of a heater.

For thermal insulation, glass or mineral wool slabs made of basalt fiber (for example, kl-37, kl-35, kl-34 and rigid windproof rkl slabs from isover, slabs from paros) are used, which are mounted on anchors previously laid in the masonry of the bearing wall and pressed to it with special washers. The second washer, mounted on the anchor, is installed in the middle of the air gap and serves to drain condensate. In this case, it is necessary to ensure a slight slope of the anchor towards the facing layer.

IN external thermal insulation system "wet type" a layer of plaster is arranged along the insulation layer, performed using wet technological processes.

There are three main layers in the system:

Heat-insulating - plates made of a material with a low coefficient of thermal conductivity (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene);

Reinforced - a layer of a special mineral adhesive composition with an alkali-resistant mesh;

Protective and decorative - primer and decorative plaster (mineral or polymer), it is also possible to paint with special "breathing" paints or use facing materials (for example, clinker tiles).

Wet-type facade insulation systems are divided into two constructive types;

With a rigid fastening of the insulation on the base and light thin-layer plaster;

With flexible (movable) fastening of insulation and heavy thick-layer plaster.

In systems with rigid fastening, the insulation on the surface is fixed using a highly adhesive adhesive. An adhesive composition is applied to the insulation, into which a fiberglass mesh with a cell of 5x5 mm m weighing 150-200 g / m 2, treated with a special alkali-resistant material, is embedded. Then the mechanical fastening of the insulation is carried out, after which the second layer of the solution and the protective and decorative layer are applied.

As thermal insulation, slabs of expanded polystyrene of the PSB-S type are used with dimensions of 1200x1000 (500), 1000 (800) x500 mm with a thickness of 30 mm and more with an interval of 10 mm, a density of at least 25 kg / m 3 or mineral wool (Danko Industry ”, technonicol, isover, paroc, rockwoll) with dimensions of 1000x600x30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120 mm and 1200x200x40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120 mm, density for boards with a random arrangement of fibers 120-160 kg / m 3 and for slabs with fibers arranged perpendicular to the plane of the wall 80-120 kg / m 3.

Mechanical fastening of insulation boards to the wall surface is carried out using special dowels (at the rate of 4-8 dowels / m 2).

Dowels for fixing insulation sheets:

The use of expanded polystyrene has a number of restrictions related to fire safety requirements. It also has a low vapor permeability (depending on density) about 40-70 times lower than that of mineral fiber. In multi-storey buildings, polystyrene is allowed to be used with framing of window and door openings and floor fire cuts made of mineral wool boards with a width of at least 200 mm.

Fire break device

The Ceresit facade insulation system of the Henkel Bautechnik company (Ukraine) has become widespread in Ukraine.

Depending on the types of insulation used, 3 types of system are used:

i - with mineral heaters (Ceresit MV system);

ii - mainly with polystyrene boards with mineral board belts;

iii - with polystyrene foam boards (Ceresit PPS system).

Cerezit MB system	Cerezit PPS system

The thickness of the reinforced waterproofing layer must be at least 3 mm when installing decorative thin-layer plaster and at least 5 mm when painting the facade. The thickness of the decorative layer is 1.5-3.5 mm.

Light plaster insulation systems

Application of building insulation PAROC

Facade insulation

Light plaster system: 1 - supporting structure, 2 - adhesive, 3 - RAROC AS4, 4 - reinforcing mesh, 5 - fastener, 6 - plaster

Lightweight plastering system with lamella insulation: 1 - load-bearing structure, 2 - adhesive composition, 3 - RAROC FAL1, 4 - reinforcing mesh, 5 - plaster

Heavy plaster system: 1 - supporting structure, 2 - PAROC FAS2, 3 - steel fasteners, 4 - frame metal mesh, 5 - reinforcing layer, 6 - plaster

Hinged facade cladding (hinged ventilated facades)

A hinged facade is a structure consisting of a facing layer and a sub-facing structure, which is attached to the wall in such a way that an air gap remains between the protective and decorative coating and the wall. For insulation between the wall and the cladding, thermal insulation can be arranged. In this case, the ventilation gap is made between the facing and heat-insulating layers.

Principal design of a ventilated wall with hinged cladding

When installing ventilated facades, auxiliary elements are used: sealing tapes between the panel and the profile of the sub-facing structure, decorative corners and inserts for closing the ends and gaps between the panels, perforated metal structures for ventilation of the system from above and below, rivets, clamps, combs, etc.

The substructure can be attached to a load-bearing or self-supporting wall made of bricks or concrete; ventilated facades are changed both in new construction and in the reconstruction of old buildings.

The use of hinged structures allows, on the one hand, to “dress” the facade in modern finishing materials, and on the other hand, to improve the thermal performance of the building envelope and protect it from harmful atmospheric influences.

The location of individual layers in a ventilated facade, made of various materials, should ensure a decrease in their heat transfer from the inside to the outside, and the vapor permeability resistance, on the contrary, with an increase from the outside to the inside.

The main advantages of ventilated walls with hinged cladding:

Wide architectural possibilities;

High heat and sound insulation;

Protection of thermal insulation from atmospheric influences;

Ventilation of the inner layers;

Leveling of thermal deformations;

Long maintenance-free service life.

Sub-facing construction comprises brackets, which are mounted directly on the wall, and load-bearing profiles mounted on brackets. Cladding slabs (sheets) are fixed to the load-bearing profiles that form the frame system with the help of special fasteners.

The purpose of the substructure is to securely fasten the cladding and thermal insulation boards to the wall so that there is a gap between them for ventilation. This excludes adhesive and other "wet" processes, and all connections are carried out mechanically.

The following requirements are imposed on the sub-facing structure: sufficient bearing capacity (to absorb its own weight, the weight of the cladding and insulation), corrosion resistance, sufficient mobility of the nodes (to withstand temperature and wind loads), the ability to level the unevenness of the supporting base, lightness, high installation speed.

The main elements that secure the substructure to the base are the brackets. Depending on the material of the substructure itself, they are made of aluminium, galvanized or stainless steel.

The brackets are fixed to the wall with dowels or screws. Their diameter and installation depth are selected depending on the pulling force and wall material. Brackets are taken out to the required distance from the wall in order to ensure the use of insulation of the required thickness and air gap.

The load-bearing capacity of the brackets plays a special role when the frame is large. In this case, it is necessary either to increase the number of brackets, or to use brackets with a greater bearing capacity. To equalize wall irregularities, it is necessary to have a large size range or use brackets with wide limits for changing their length. Both options allow you to retreat from the wall up to 40 cm.

Through the brackets, the formation of "cold bridges" is possible. To solve this problem, two options are used: reduce the area of ​​​​contact of the metal of the brackets with the wall; use heat-insulating gaskets (made of plastic, poronite).

Basic structure(frame) consists of anti-corrosion profiles (aluminum, galvanized or stainless steel) or antiseptic wooden bars. A variety of profile cross-sectional shapes are used - T-, G-, U-shaped, etc.

Elements of the subfacing structure ("Diat")

bracket

The supporting structure can be of three types: horizontal, vertical and combined (combined). The worst in terms of work is the design of horizontal guides, in which the profiles work in bending and torsion. In a vertical design, the profiles take on compressive and tensile loads (a more favorable mode of operation), and this design does not interfere with the main vertical air flow. The best is the combined design, in which horizontal guides are attached to the wall with brackets, and vertical guides are attached to them.

Plates of thermal insulation material installed between the supporting profiles and fastened directly to the wall. In case of weak fastening, there is a danger of slipping of the plates and the formation of cracks between them (cold bridges).

The insulation must have the following properties: incombustibility, durability, biostability, stable shape, vapor permeability, high thermal insulation characteristics, resistance to wind currents.

As a heater in ventilated walls, mineral wool boards are most often used, sometimes glass wool boards are used.

To protect the insulation from air currents in the ventilation gap, a windproof vapor-permeable film is used, sometimes laminated (with a film) insulation boards are used or rigid (dense) heat-insulating boards are used. A variant with two layers of slabs can be used, when a more rigid slab is installed on the outside of the wall.

Fastening insulation boards to wall carried out most often with plate-shaped plastic dowels.

Mechanical fastening of facing materials to the bearing profiles is carried out fasteners. Distinguish between visible and hidden fasteners.

Visible fastening is simpler and is carried out with self-tapping screws, rivets or clamps. Visible parts of fasteners, including decorative ones, are often painted in the color of the facing material. Clamps should allow easy and reliable installation of the cladding and not allow the slab to vibrate with gusts of wind.

Concealed fastening requires additional processing of the panels to ensure their fastening. For example, in porcelain stoneware slabs, dovetail recesses are drilled from the back.

Big variety finishing materials for cladding ventilated walls provides the architect with ample opportunities for solving aesthetic problems. In addition to the appearance, the materials differ in composition, size, type of fastening, price, etc.

The following types of facing products are distinguished: large-sized (floor-high), small-sized panels, long narrow panels, profiled sheets, cassette panels (volumetric panels made of thin-sheet materials).

The hinged ventilated facade system "Marmorok" uses facade stone, sub-facing structures (crossbars, risers, consoles, anchors), insulation.

1 - facade stone; 2 - riser; 3 - crossbar; 4 - console; 5 - dowel; 6, 7 - screw.

Crossbars are fastened directly to the wall or through consoles at a wall height of up to 8 m in increments of 600 mm, using facade screw dowels.

On crossbars with a pitch of 300 mm, vertically arranged v-shaped risers are fastened with self-tapping screws. With an interval of 100 mm, protrusions for anchoring facade stones are arranged in the oblique walls of the risers.

For insulation, slabs made of basalt fiber such as paros, roskwoll (without wind protection), as well as slabs of the wentirock type are used.

RaroC insulation is produced from basalt rocks with the addition of dolomite. Fs-type slabs are available in sizes 1000x500/600 mm and thicknesses 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 130 mm. Density - 60kg / m 3. The calculated coefficient of thermal conductivity is 0.034 W/mK. Plates of type fr are produced in the size 1000x500/600 mm and thickness 40, 50, 80, 100, 120, 150 mm. Density - 70kg / m 3. The calculated coefficient of thermal conductivity is 0.034 W/mK.

Roskwoll insulation is also produced from basalt wool. Panelrock type plates (panelrosk) are recommended, 1000x500/600 mm in size and 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150 mm thick. Density - 70kg / m 3. The calculated coefficient of thermal conductivity is 0.037 W/mK.

Plates of the wentirock type, 1000x500/600 mm in size and 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120 mm thick. Density - 100kg / m 3. The calculated coefficient of thermal conductivity is 0.037 W/mK.

Facade stones with a length of 300, 600 mm, a width of 105 mm, and construction dimensions of 300 (600) x 100 x 25 mm are used for cladding.

The maximum weight of one stone is 2.82 kg.

Reliability of fastening is ensured by its weight and antennae, which are bent.

The stone consists of marble or granite chips, concrete, color additives and is finished with a waterproof substance.

The design of the riser ensures the formation of an air channel 15 mm thick between the wall and the cladding.

Ventilated facade with metal cladding: 1 - supporting structure, 2 - PAROC WAS35, 3 - support bar, 4 - wind protection, 5 - air gap, 6 - vertical guides, 7 - finishing	Ventilated façade with fiber cement board cladding: 1 - load-bearing structure, 2 - PAROC WAS35, 3 - support strip, 4 - PAROC WAS 25t, 5 - air gap, 6 - vertical runners, 7 - trim	Wall insulation with an air gap (well masonry): 1 - inner wall, 2 - PAROC WAS50, 3 - connection, 4 - air gap, 5 - brickwork
Log wall insulation: 1 - log wall, 2 - PAROC UNS 37, 3 - wooden frame, 4 - wind protection, 5 - air gap, 6 - control bars, 7 - trim	Frame wall insulation: 1 - interior finish, 2 - vapor barrier, 3 - wooden frame, 4 - PAROC UNS 37, 5 - PAROC WAS 25, 6 - air gap, 7 - control bars, 8 - trim	Basement insulation: 1 - PAROC GRS 20.2 - foundation wall, 3 - finishing

When designing a house that has a basement, it is very important to draw a detailed structural section along the basement wall. This is necessary to accurately determine the height marks of all load-bearing and structural elements, in particular FBS blocks.

Particular attention should be paid to the following points:

• Availability of all required sizes;
• The presence of all the necessary relative marks (checking the level of the ground and all floors, checking the marks of window and door openings);
• The presence of conditional shading on the walls;
• Thermal engineering calculation - verification of compliance of the calculated heat transfer resistance with the requirements of regulatory documents for the selected construction area;
• Analysis of the wall structure. Checking for links between layers in height. Slab support (the presence of a monolithic belt or 2 rows of masonry). Pay special attention to the dressing of the facing layer with the bearing layer of the wall, clause 9.3 of SP 15.13330.2012);
• Checking the correct display of the blind area device and the foundation as a whole (presence of the necessary layers);
• Checking references to the sheet on which the cuts are marked;

It is very easy to execute such a drawing in AutoCAD if you use the special tools of the GraphiCS SPDS add-on (If you have not installed this program yet, you can do it using).

In this article, we will get acquainted with the interface of the LIRA program, and also perform the calculation of a beam on two supports with a uniformly distributed load. Commands of the lira program discussed in the lesson: Selecting a feature of the scheme Creating a new file Arranging nodes Creating rods Setting restraints Assigning stiffnesses Applying loads Static analysis Reading calculation results Saving the calculation file. See the video tutorial for more details. […]

Lessons on LIRA SAPR. Click>>> Hollow-core floor slabs 4.8–6.3 m long (PC grade) with 0.3 m pitch, 1, 1.2 and 1.5 m wide and 220 mm high are made of heavy concrete. The strength class of concrete is determined by the manufacturer. Reinforcement of the slab in the lower (stretched) zone is made of high-strength wire of a periodic profile with a diameter of 5 mm with pronounced anchor heads, along the contour […]

Lessons on LIRA SAPR. Click>>> Find out more: Author's supervision work experience Can the author's supervision be carried out by another organization (which did not carry out the project)? In accordance with SP 11-110-99 3.5 Designer is an individual or legal entity who, as a rule, has developed working documentation for the construction of an object and carries out architectural supervision. Architectural supervision works can be performed by a third party organization, i.e. follow […]

1. Rules for the design of architectural and construction drawings (according to GOST 21.501-93): implementation of the building plan.

General information.

The main and working drawings are carried out in line drawing, using lines of different thicknesses, due to which the necessary expressiveness of the image is achieved. In this case, the elements that fall into the cut are highlighted with a thicker line, and the visible areas behind the section are thinner. The smallest thickness of lines made in pencil is approximately 0.3 mm, in ink - 0.2 mm, the maximum line thickness is 1.5 mm. The thickness of the line is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and its content - plan, facade, section or detail.

Scales images in the drawings should be selected from the following row: to reduce -1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:25; 1:50; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000; 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; to increase - 2:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1; 100:1.

The choice of scale depends on the content of the drawing (plans, facades, sections, details) and the size of the object depicted in the drawing. Plans, facades, sections of small buildings are usually made on a scale of 1:50; drawings of large buildings are performed on a smaller scale - 1:100 or 1:200; very large industrial buildings sometimes require a scale of 1:400 - 1:500. Units and details of any buildings are performed on a scale of 1:2 - 1:25.

Coordination axes, dimension and extension lines. Coordination axes determine the position of the structural elements of the building, the dimensions of steps and spans. Axial lines are applied with a dash-dotted thin line with long strokes and are marked with marks that are put down in circles.

On the plans of buildings, the longitudinal axes, as a rule, are taken out to the left of the drawing, the transverse ones - from the bottom. If the location of the axes of the opposite sides of the plan does not match, then their markings are placed on all sides of the plan. In this case, the numbering is done through. The transverse axes are marked with ordinal Arabic numerals from left to right, and the longitudinal ones are marked with capital letters of the Russian alphabet (except for E, Z, Y, O, X, Y, E) down up.

The diameter of the circles must correspond to the scale of the drawing: 6 mm - for 1:400 or less; 8 mm - for 1:200-1:100; 10 mm - for 1:50; 12 mm - for 1:25; 1:20; 1:10..

The font size for designating the axes should be 1.5-2 times larger than the font size of the dimensional numbers used in the drawing. Marking of axes on sections, facades, nodes and details must comply with the plan.
To apply dimensions on the drawing, dimension and extension lines are drawn. Dimension lines (external) are drawn outside the contour of the drawing in an amount of two to four in accordance with the nature of the object and the design stage. On the first line from the drawing indicate the dimensions of the smallest divisions, on the next - larger ones. On the last dimension line, the total size between the extreme axes is indicated with the binding of these axes to the outer faces of the walls. Dimension lines should be applied so that it is not difficult to read the drawing itself. Based on this, the first line is drawn at a distance from the drawing no closer than 15-21 mm. The distance between the dimension lines is taken at 6-8 mm.
The segments on the dimension lines corresponding to the dimensions of the outer elements of the walls (windows, partition, etc.) are limited by extension lines, which should be applied starting at a small distance (3-4 mm) from the drawing, to the intersection with the dimension line. The intersections are fixed with serifs having a slope of 45 °. With very closely spaced small sizes in the drawings of parts and assemblies, serifs are allowed to be replaced by dots. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1-3 mm.

The internal dimension lines indicate the linear dimensions of the premises, the thickness of the partitions and internal walls, the width of the door openings, etc. These lines should be drawn at a sufficient distance from the internal edges of the walls or partitions so as not to obstruct the reading of the drawing.


Rules for drawing up plans in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing): a - coordination axes; b - dimension lines; in-wire lines; g - area of ​​premises; e - cut lines (dimensions are given in millimeters).

Dimensional and extension lines are drawn with a thin solid line. All dimensions are given in millimeters without a dimension designation. The numbers are applied above the dimension line parallel to it and, if possible, closer to the middle of the segment. The height of the numbers is selected depending on the scale of the drawing and must be at least 2.5 mm when done in ink and 3.5 mm when done in pencil.

^ Level marks and slopes. Marks determine the position of architectural and structural elements on sections and facades, and on plans - in the presence of differences in floor levels. The level marks are counted from the conditional zero mark, which, as a rule, is taken for buildings as the level of the finished floor or the upper edge of the floor of the first floor. Marks below zero are indicated with a "-" sign, marks above zero - without a sign. The numerical value of the marks is put down in meters with three decimal places without indicating the dimension.

Rules for applying marks, sizes and other designations on sections in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS (schematic drawing).

To indicate the mark on facades, sections and sections, a symbol is used in the form of an arrow with sides inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 45 °, based on the contour line of the element (for example, the edge of the finished floor or ceiling plane) or on the extension line of the element level (for example, the top or the bottom of a window opening, horizontal ledges, exterior walls). In this case, the marks of the external elements are taken out of the drawing, and the internal ones are placed inside the drawing

On the plans, marks are applied in a rectangle or on a leader line shelf with a “+” or “-” sign. On architectural plans, marks are usually placed in a rectangle, on structural drawings to indicate the bottom of channels, pits, various openings in the floors - on the leader line.

The magnitude of the slope on the cuts should be indicated as a simple or decimal fraction (up to the third digit) and denoted by a special sign, the acute angle of which is directed towards the slope. This designation is applied above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line

On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes should be indicated by an arrow indicating the magnitude of the slope above it.

Designation of cuts and sections show an open line (trace of the beginning and end of the cutting plane), which is taken out of the image. With a complex broken cut, traces of the intersection of cutting planes are shown

At a distance of 2-3 mm from the ends of the open line extended beyond the drawing, arrows are drawn that indicate the direction of view. Sections and sections are marked with numbers or letters of the Russian alphabet, which are placed under the arrows in transverse sections and on the side of the outer side of the arrows - in longitudinal ones. See the illustration on the right for the arrows' style and size.

^ Designation of the areas of premises. The areas, expressed in square meters with two decimal places without a dimension designation, are usually put down in the lower right corner of the plan of each room. The numbers are underlined.

In the drawings of projects of residential buildings, in addition, the residential and useful (total) area of ​​\u200b\u200beach apartment is marked, which is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the living area of ​​​​the apartment, and the denominator is useful. The fraction is preceded by a number indicating the number of rooms in the apartment. This designation is placed on the plan of a large room or, if the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe drawing allows, on the plan of the front.

^ Remote inscriptions, explaining the names of individual parts of structures in nodes, are placed on a broken leader line, the inclined section of which with a dot or arrow at the end faces the part, and the horizontal one serves as a shelf - the basis for the inscription. With a small scale of the drawing, the leader line can be completed without an arrow and a dot.

Remote inscriptions to multilayer structures are applied in the form of so-called "flags". The sequence of inscriptions relating to individual layers must correspond to the order of the layers in the structure from top to bottom or from left to right. The thickness of the layers is indicated in millimeters without dimension.

Marks of structural elements on the layout diagrams are applied on the shelves of leader lines. It is allowed to combine several leader lines with a common shelf or put a mark without a leader next to the image of the elements or within the contour. The font size for designating brands should be larger than the font size numbers on the same drawing

Marking nodes and fragments- an important element in the design of drawings that help to read them. The main purpose of marking is to link nodes and fragments taken out on a larger scale with detailed areas on the main drawing.

When placing nodes, the corresponding place on the facade, plan or section is marked with a closed solid line (circle or oval) with an indication on the shelf of the leader line with a number or letter of the serial number of the element to be taken out. If the node is located on another sheet, then under the shelf of the leader line, indicate the number of the sheet on which the node is placed

Above the image or on the side of the rendered node (regardless of which sheet it is placed on), a double circle is placed with the designation of the serial number of the node. Circle diameter 10-14 mm

Technical construction drawings are accompanied by the names of individual images, textual explanations, tables of specifications, etc. For these purposes, a standard roman font with a letter height of 2.5 is used; 3.5; 7; 10; 14 mm. In this case, the font height is 5; 7; 10 mm is used for the names of the graphic part of the drawing; 2.5 and 3.5 mm high - for text material (notes, stamp filling, etc.), 10 and 14 mm high - mainly for illustrative drawings. Image titles are placed above the drawings. These names and headings of text explanations are underlined line by line with a solid line. Headings of specifications and other tables are placed above them, but not underlined.

^ Floor plan.

In the names of plans in the drawings, it is necessary to follow the accepted terminology; architectural plans should indicate the mark of the finished floor or the floor number, for example, “Plan for elev. 0.000", "Plan of 3-16 floors", it is allowed to indicate the purpose of the premises of the floor in the names of the plans, for example, "Plan of the technical underground", "Plan of the attic"

Floor plan depicted as a section by a horizontal plane passing at the level of window and door openings (slightly above the window sill) or 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor. With a multi-tiered arrangement of windows on one floor, the plan is depicted within the window openings of the lower tier. All structural elements that fall into the section (steles, pillars, columns) are outlined with a thickened line

On floor plans apply:

1) coordination axes of the building with a dash-dotted thin line;

2) chains of external and internal dimensions, including the distances between the coordination axes, the thickness of walls, partitions, the dimensions of window and door openings (in this case, internal dimensions are applied inside the drawing, external - outside);

3) marks of the levels of clean floors (only if the floors are located at different levels);

4) cut lines (cut lines are carried out, as a rule, in such a way that the openings of windows, external gates and doors fall into the cut);

5) marking of window and door openings, lintels (it is allowed to mark the openings of gates and doors in circles with a diameter of 5 mm);

5) designations of nodes and fragments of plans;

6) names of premises, their area

The names of the premises are allowed, their areas are given in the explications in form 2. In this case, instead of the names of the premises, their numbers are put down on the plans.

Form 2

Explication of premises

Built-in premises and other sections of the building, on which separate drawings are made, are schematically depicted as a solid thin line showing load-bearing structures.

Platforms, mezzanines and other structures located above the cutting plane are depicted schematically by a dash-dotted thin line with two points

^ An example of a floor plan for a residential building:

Floor plan elements.

Lightweight concrete block walls. ^ Symbol in plan:

The wall thickness is a multiple of 100mm.

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 200 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 500, 600 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

The dimensions of the standard block are 390x190x190mm.

^ The walls are brick.

The wall thickness is a multiple of 130mm (130, 250, 380, 510, 640mm).

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 250, 380 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 510, 640 mm + 50, 100 mm of insulation.

The dimensions of an ordinary ceramic brick are 250x120x65 (88) mm.

^ Timber walls.

Wall thickness (150) 180, 220 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 180, 220 mm.

^ The walls are timbered.

Wall thickness 180, 200, 220 - 320 mm (multiple of 20mm).

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is min 180 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 180 - 320 mm.

^ Walls - a wooden framework with filling from an effective heater.

The thickness of the frame rack is 100, 150, 180mm + 40-50mm double-sided plating.

The thickness of the inner (bearing) wall is 100 + 40-50 mm.

The thickness of the outer walls is 150, 180 + 40-50 mm.

Partitions:

from lightweight concrete blocks, thickness 190mm;

brick, thickness 120mm;

three-layer wooden, thickness 75mm;

plasterboard on a metal frame, thickness 50-70mm.

Window openings:

in brick walls;

in timber, log and frame walls.

External doorways:

in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks;

brick walls;

and frame walls.

Doorways internal:

for all types of walls.