There are many words in Russian borrowed from other languages. Getting into the Russian language, a new word obeys its orthoepic norms. So, in accordance with the laws of Russian pronunciation, before e a soft consonant is pronounced: [d "] el, but [d] ol. However, this rule does not apply to all words of foreign origin, which leads to fluctuations in the norm and the appearance of errors in speech: you can hear, for example, [te] rmin instead [term, shi[ne]l instead shi [n "] spruce.

The reason for the fluctuation of this orthoepic norm is the influence of the source language, in which the word was pronounced with a solid consonant. It often takes a lot of time to fully "learn" a new word. For example, the word dean(derived from the Latin decim - ten; originally dean - senior over ten monks) came into the Russian language long ago, but the variant hard and soft pronunciation front e: [de]kan and [d "] ekan.

Remember some words in which the consonant before e is pronounced firmly: anes T esia, d ekol T e, gro T esk, d e-gradation, d ecadance, d Christmas tree T eu, d e T active, computer T ep, m e n ed-zher, mik With ep, With service, st R ess, T esis, anti T eza, non With ens, pro T ek-tion, sw T ep, T hermos, boo T erbrod, T temp, T ennis, T ent, sha T en, extra With ence, beefsh T ex, biz n es, and n erty, and T spruce, and d antique, la h er, in T check, pass T spruce, R egby, T ember, T en d ence, fo n ethics, in d ex, in T errier, be h e, R barely With sexy.

Words from soft consonant before e: aka d emic, b bullshit, boor T series, d fuck and n emia, bru n uh, clar n uh, computer T ence, con T text, to R eat, mu h her, pa T ent, pash T no, p R essa, prog R ess, T er-min, fla n spruce, shi n spruce, es With sion, jurisprudence d sion, yachts m en.

In many cases, a variant pronunciation is allowed;

[d "] ekan and [de] kan, [d "] ekanat and [de] rope, [s"] session and [se] ssia, but [ve] lla and but [in "] ella, ag [r" ]session and additional ag[re]ssia, [d "]ep[r"]session and additional [de]p[re]ssia, ba[ss"]ein and ba[sse]ine, stra[t" ] egiya and additional strategy [te] gia, lo [te] rey and additional lo [t "] here.

Pronunciation [ch], [shn] in place of spelling ch

Competition of pronunciation options in place of spelling and graphic combination ch has a long history, the echoes of which we feel when we have to choose one or another use: boring[ch]o or boring[shn]o, skvore[ch]ik or skvore[shn]ik?

There is a gradual displacement of the old Moscow pronunciation [shn] and a convergence of the pronunciation with the spelling, so the variants of kori[shn]evy, bulo[shn]ay, gorni[shn]ay are obsolete. At the same time, it should be remembered that some words retain as a mandatory pronunciation [shn] in place of spelling n: boring, boring, on purpose, of course, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, trifling, eyeglass case(case for glasses), laundry, mustard plaster, loser, candlestick. The pronunciation [shn] is also normative in female patronymics: Kuzminichna, Fominichna, Ilyinichna.

Pronunciation [e] and [o] under stress after soft consonants and hissing

In modern speech, one often hears af yo ra, op yo- ka instead of the norm af e ra, op e ka. Why do such fluctuations occur? Long transition process [e] v [O], in writing denoted by the letter yo , in a stressed position after soft consonants before hard ones, is reflected in the state of the modern norm. In most cases, under stress in a position between a soft and hard consonant and after hissing, the sound [o] is pronounced (graphically yo). Wed, for example, resh e then - resh yo fabric, sound e building -star yo zdny, tear - tearful.

Remember the words with this pronunciation:

raznosh yo rstny, w yo forehead, no yo many, see yo weaving, from yo kshiy, w yo heart, mark yo p, start yo p, forget yo, grav yo r, shof yo r, ks yo ndz, start yo r, double yo nstvo, ist yo k-shey (blood).

However, in many words, most often borrowed, there is no transition [e] to [o] in the indicated position: op e ka(not op yo ka!) af e ra(not af yo ra!) deb e ly, grenade e r, double e German, ist e kshiy (day), w e rd, w e evil, spineless e tny, carbine e r, os e duration, wa-l e zhnik, at the same time e changeable.

The possibility of variant pronunciation of some words testifies to the fluctuation of this orthoepic norm. It should be borne in mind that the main, most preferred options are yo: white yo syy, bl yo cool, w yo lie, w yo personal, man yo vr, man yo vrenny, pobl yo whip. Options with e ri-words are fixed as permissible, that is, less desirable in use: whitish, faded, bile, bilious, maneuver, maneuverable, fade.

Combination ch in most cases, it is pronounced in accordance with the spelling: greedy, decent, accurate, candlestick, cute, urgent, lowercase, eternal, excellent etc. Only in some words in place ch pronounced [ sh]:of course, boring, on purpose, scrambled eggs, laundry, birdhouse, mustard plaster, Savvichna, Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna, Nikitichna, Lukinichna, Fominichna etc. In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed: bakery, alarm clock, enough, penny, shopkeeper, decent, candlestick, trifling, etc. The same word in different combinations can be pronounced differently: heart attack, but cordial friend; shapo [ch’n] workshop, but hat [shn] th acquaintance. According to the old Moscow norm, the pronunciation [ sh] was necessarily in a large number of words and prevailed. The current trend is to replace the pronunciation [ sh] and influenced by spelling replacing it with [ ch].

Pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e in loanwords

The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants. Wed: small and crumpled,WHO and carried,Sir and ser,mouse and bear.

In many European languages ​​there is no such opposition. When borrowing, the word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. Yes, before e in Russian, a soft consonant usually sounds: chalk,No. Many borrowed words begin to be pronounced in the same way: meter,rebus. However, in other cases, the pronunciation of a hard consonant is retained in the borrowed word: adept[adept], amber[ambre], although this is not graphically reflected. Usually after a solid consonant in Russian it is written uh , after soft e . In borrowed words, as a rule, it is written e . Consonants can be pronounced both softly and firmly.

When pronouncing a borrowed word, several parameters must be taken into account.

1. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved by foreign surnames: Shope[e]n, Volte[e]r.

2. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved in book words, little used, recently included in the Russian language: de[e]-facto, apart[e]id, re[e]yting.

As the word is fixed in the language, the pronunciation of a hard consonant can be replaced by the pronunciation of a soft one (in accordance with the spelling). So, now it is possible to have a double pronunciation of the consonant in words: de[e/e] grade, de[e/e] valvation, de[e/e] induction, de[e/e] odorant, de[e/e] kan.

3. A certain role is played by the type of consonant located before e .

So, in borrowed words with a combination de- the process of softening the consonant is regularly going on (in accordance with the spelling): de[e]coration, de[e]clamation, de[e]mobilization.

The process of softening the consonant is quite active in words with combinations no, re :aggreg[e]ssia, watercolor[e]l, take[e]t, re[e]gent, re[e]yter, re[e] feri, brunet[e]t, tire[e]l.

On the contrary, the combination of consonants those quite stably retain the solid pronunciation of the preceding consonant: ate [e] lie, jewelry [e] ria, bute [e] rbrod, de [e] te [e] active, te [e] rier.

4. A certain role is played by the source of borrowing and the place in the word of combination with e .

So, the pronunciation of a solid consonant sound is stably preserved by those words that are borrowed from French with a final stressed syllable: entre [e], meringue [e], corrugated [e], curé [e], paste [e] l.

5. In place of letters uh,e after vowels in borrowed words, a non-otated sound is pronounced [ uh], i.e. without preceding [th]: project [e] ct, project [e] tsirovat.

It is absolutely unacceptable to pronounce [j] in the word poet and its derivatives ( poetic, poetess).

Change in the quality of consonants before e in words of foreign origin - a living process, which is connected with the presence of pronunciation options, and discrepancies in the assessment of these options. Softening consonants before e occurs primarily in well-known, most commonly used words and less actively in special vocabulary of limited use.

1. A certain kind of difficulty may arise when pronouncing consonants before E in foreign words.

Some book words and words of a terminological nature are pronounced with a hard consonant before E: in [te] rvyu, tone [ne] l, sin [te] z, [te] st, [manager] dzher, [te] zis, coc \ te \ yl.

In modern Russian, the main trend in the pronunciation of borrowed words is the transition from a hard pronunciation to a soft one. Some words that were previously only pronounced hard now allow soft pronunciation: artery, vaudeville, devaluation, deduction, deodorant, dismantling, criterion, panther.

2. As a rule, remember: in all borrowed words, the sounds [k], [g], [x] and [l] before E are softened according to the laws of Russian phonetics: \ k "e \ ks, s [x" e \ ma, [g "e \ nesis, suf [l" e], ba [g "e] t. In most cases, the soft pronunciation of consonants becomes the main one, and the variant with solid pronunciation deprecated and characterized by dictionaries as valid, for example: aggression[r "e and additional re], dean[d "e and additional de], depression[d "e, p" e and add. de, re], hyphen[d "e and additional deh], congress[r "ei additional re], progress[r "e and additional re], express[p "e and additional re].

Of particular note are the pronunciations of compound words (abbreviations): they are pronounced as the names of the letters that make them up are pronounced: VAT [en de es], FSB [ef es ba], CIS [es en ge]. Pronounce proper names correctly: Lodeynoye Pole(district center of the Leningrad region) [d] is pronounced softly Lo [d "e \ ynoe, not [de]; Oh [d "e] ss, not O[de]ss, as we sometimes hear.

However, many foreign names and surnames, as well as geographical names, are pronounced with a firm consonant: \De]kart, Wol[te]r, Gyo[te], Ma[ne\, Ro[de]n, Ba[de]n-Ba[de]n, Manhat[te]n and others. The norm regarding borrowed names developed in the 19th century and is associated with the habit of pronouncing proper names as they sound in the original language.

3. It is necessary to distinguish between sounds [e] and [o] after soft consonants. Remember: a) only [e] pronounced in the words: af e ra, be e, foreign e nny, ist e kshiy, op e ka and etc.; b) only [O] pronounced in the words: zat ë kshiy, newborn ë ny, sharp ë , prin ë sshiy and etc.

Pronunciation options can also be noted: equal ( white e syy and white ë syy, resh e woven and resh ë woven), semantic ( n e bo - n ë bo, yellow e zka - yellow ë zka), normative-chronological ( midwife e r - Akush ë R(outdated), hopeless ë zhny - hopeless e zhny(obsolete) and others).

Pronunciation of the combination CHN. The combination of CHN requires special attention, because mistakes are often made in its pronunciation.

In modern Russian, the combination CHN is pronounced in most cases as [Ch"N], especially in words of book origin: al [h "n] th, anti \ h "n \ th, por [h" n \ th, removable [h "n] th, interpersonal [h" n] ostny, commander [h" n] th, matrix [ h "n] th and etc.

In some cases, the same word can be pronounced differently depending on the figurative meaning, which appears in stable combinations: heart disease and friend heart [shn] th, kopee [h "n] th coin and kopee [shn \ th soul.

Back at the beginning of the 20th century, many words with the combination [CHN] were pronounced with [shn], and not [h "n]: bulo [shn] th, weekday [shn] yy, youthful [shn \ yy, brusni [shn] yy etc., in modern language such a pronunciation is characterized as obsolete or even colloquial.

Now the pronunciation of this combination corresponds to the spelling [h "n]. Only in some words should only [shn] be pronounced: kone [shn] o, boring [shn] o, naro [shn] o, yai [shn] \ ica, square [shn] ik, laundry [shn] th, very [shn] ik, bitter [shn] ik, empty [sh] th. The same pronunciation is preserved in female patronymics: Ilyini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Nikiti[shn]a, Savvi[shn]a, Fomini[shn]a. This is a traditional departure from general rule, which is legalized by dictionaries, so it should be followed in your speech.

The pronunciation of the combination Th. Combination thu usually pronounced as it is written, for example: ma thu a, by thu about thu and and etc.; but only combination [PC] pronounced in a word what and its derivatives (with the exception of the lexeme something). In a word nothing double pronunciation is allowed.

Pronunciation of double consonants. It is necessary to correctly pronounce double consonants in Russian and borrowed words. The following recommendations should be followed here: 1) double consonants in Russian words at the junction of morphemes are usually preserved in pronunciation, for example: be zz clean, centuries erh, to nn oh, be ss ovestny etc.; the same in prefixed passive participles: conceived nn oh, except nn oh, defuse nn th etc. In non-prefixed participles, one sound is pronounced n : wound nn th in the leg, the heat nn fried potatoes; the exception is those cases where words like purchase nn oh, brooch nn ouch, yes nn th etc. are used as adjectives; 2) in borrowed words and in Russian words with foreign morphemes, the double consonant is usually pronounced for a long time if it comes after the stressed syllable: va nn a, ka ss a, ha mm ah, cape ll a, ma nn a (celestial) etc. A double consonant is not pronounced in cases where it stands: a) before a stressed syllable: a ss ambleya, co pp respondent, mi ll yard, gra mm atika, and kk reditive; b) at the end of a word: meta ll, gra mm, gri pp ; c) before a consonant: grue pp ka, cla ss ny, program mm ny etc. In some words, variant pronunciation is allowed, for example: a nn aly, and nn otation, and ss imitation, di ff uzia, ka ss eta and etc.

Pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words. Certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words: 1) in some words of foreign origin (including in proper names), an unstressed sound is preserved O , For example: wet O, credit O, With O no, fl O ber, Z O la and etc.; at the same time, in most well-learned words, akanye is observed: R O man, ar O checkmate, to O comfort etc. In some cases, variant pronunciation of unstressed O : v O calism, p O Asia and etc.; 2) in place of letters uh, e after vowels in foreign words, a sound is pronounced [e](no previous [th]): about e kt, piru uh t, by uh zia, audi e nation and etc.; 3) labial consonants before e in most cases pronounced softly ( b engali, b enefis, P elerin, v spruce v no etc.), but in some cases labial before e stay solid: b eta, business m en, Kar m yong, sho P en etc. Dental consonants t, d, h, s, n, r more often than others retain firmness before e (en T enna, ge n ethics, polo n ez, pho n ema, gro T esk, d e T active etc.), but only soft teeth are pronounced before e in words: bulletin T en, clar n no, T enor, f n era, shi n spruce, o d essa etc. In many words before e possible variant (hard and soft) pronunciation of consonants: d ekan, pre T enzia, T therapy, T error, T rivers and etc.

Accentological norms (stress norms). stress - highlighting a syllable in a word by various means: intensity (in Czech), duration (in Modern Greek), tone movement (in Vietnamese and other tonal languages). In Russian, the stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity, and tone movement. In many languages, setting stress does not cause any difficulties, because. their accent is fixed. In Polish, Latin, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, in French - on the last; in English - on the first syllable. Russian accent is various places , since it can fall on any syllable, for example, on the first - etc a fork, On the second - walls a , on the third - beauties a etc. Diversity allows you to distinguish between grammatical forms of words: st e us - walls s, R at ki - hands and, US s pat - embankment a be etc. Stress in Russian can be characterized as mobile and fixed. motionless is called such an accent that falls on the same part of the word: G O hospital, g O hospital, g O hospital, g O hospital, oh O hospital - the stress is attached to the root; ringing Yu, ringing and m, ringing and those ringing and shh, ringing and t, ringing I am T - the stress is attached to the ending. An accent that changes place in different forms of the same word is called mobile : start a t, n a started, started a; right, right a you are right a; could at, m O chew, m O gut; Mon I am t, p O understood, understood a.

Within the literary norm, there are a significant number of stress options. There are, for example: 1) equal options (interchangeable in all cases, regardless of style, time, etc.): hw a vet and rusty e be, tv O horn and creation O G, b a rust and barges a ; T e fteli and teft e whether; at the same time e exactly and at the same time e no and etc. There are about 5000 such words in Russian. 2) unequal: a) semantic (differ in meaning): jokes a (blades) and acute O that(witty expression); tr at sit(afraid) - coward and be(to run); burial at feminine(placed in transport) - dip e ny(lowered into the water); b) stylistic (refer to different language styles), in particular bookish and colloquial ( points a be and b a catch, great danes O R and d O dialect), common and professional ( To O mpas and comp a With, and scar and sparks a, a languid and at O many; excited O and excitation at born); v) normative-chronological (manifested in the time of their use), for example, modern and obsolete: apartments e nts and apart a cops, steal and nsky and Ukrainian a indian.

A certain difficulty is the setting of stress in derivative forms of words. Here you should be guided by some rules.

Noun

1. A number of nouns have a fixed stress on the stem in all forms: St. a T – St. a you, T O rt – T O mouths, shr and ft – shr and ft etc.

2. Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the genitive case of the singular: b and nt - bandage a, With e rp - sickle a, h O nt - umbrella a etc.

3. Feminine nouns in the accusative singular have an accent or on the ending ( troubles at, wine at, plates at, nor at etc.), or based on ( b O kind, in O du, s and mu, p O RU etc.).

4. Some monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd declension when used with a preposition v and on the have an accent on the ending: in chest and, in honor and, in connection and, at night and .

5. Nouns of the 3rd declension in the genitive plural have the accent then on the basis ( raise s shennosti, ch at posts, m e ness etc.), then at the end ( news e th, queues, shadows and etc.); double emphasis: O trasley and industry e y, p I am dey and span e th, statement e th and v e houses.

Adjective

1. If in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in the short forms of the middle and masculine gender the stress is placed on the basis, while it usually coincides with the stress in the full form: b e ly - white a, b e l, b e lo; I am sleepy - clear a, I am sen, I am clear etc.

2. In the plural form, double stress is possible: b e ly - white s, bl and zki - close and, P at sta - empty s, n and zki - low and etc. But only easily and, etc a you.

3. If in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in comparative degree- for suffix: long a- long e e, visible a- visible e e, full - full e e and etc.

4. If in the short form of the feminine gender the stress falls on the basis, then in the comparative degree the stress is also placed on the basis of: lil O wah lil O wow, beautiful and wa - beautiful and Vee, linen and va - linen and in her etc.

Verb

1. The stress in the forms of the past tense can be on the basis and on the ending. There are three groups of words: a) verbs with stress on the basis in all forms: blow - blew, d at la, d at lo, d at whether; put - put, cl a la, cl a lo, cl a whether and etc.; b) verbs with stress on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it passes to the ending: take - took, took a, br a lo, br a whether; swim swam swam a, pl s lo, pl s whether etc.; c) verbs with stress on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it passes to the ending: to take - a took, took a, h a noo, s a nyali; start - n a started, started a, n a chalo, n a chali and etc.

2. In short passive participles of the past tense, the stress in the feminine form in some cases falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix: a) taken - taken a, started - started a, accepted - accepted a ; b) in participles on - swearing, - tattered, - called the accent falls on the prefix: h a bran, pr e torn, pr and rank etc.

3. Among the verbs in -ing two groups are distinguished: a) with an emphasis on and (cop and rove, debate and rove, adviser and rovat); b) with emphasis on a (standards a th, premium a th, ice cream a b). Passive past participles formed from verbs in -ing , are divided into two groups: a) form on -and rove corresponds to the form on -and roved (block and rove - block and forged, planned and rove - plan and roved); b) form on -irov a be- form on -ir O bathroom (premier a t - premir O bathroom, shaping a t - shaper O bathroom).

Variation and mobility of stresses lead to errors. The main reasons for the occurrence of errors include the following.

1. Ignorance of the origin of the word. Words that come from French, will have the stress on the last syllable. These include: apostre O f, blinds and, quart a l, coccle Yu sh, fet and sh, exp e rt.

2. The absence of the letter Y in the printed text, because it is always under stress: bewitched, newborn, fastened, taken away, condemned.

3. Poor knowledge of morphology. In case of incorrect formation of case forms, errors are made, for example: keychain a instead of wandered O ka, towels instead of canvas e net, rake e th instead of gr a linen.

TASKS ON THE THEME

Exercise 1. Place the stress on the following nouns:

Gas pipeline, contract, leisure, nap, sign, invention, flint, chunk, garbage chute, thinking, intention, bowl, dowry, beetroot, statue, petition, sorrel.

Apostrophe, bureaucracy, gastronomy, diopter, significance, icon painting, rubber, aches, libel, funeral, convocation, consolidation, extravaganza, phenomenon.

Asymmetry, gas pipeline, religion, bungalow, genesis, dispensary, life support, catalogue, quarter, obituary.

Dialogue, game, spark, pantry, colossus, ailment, parterre, bonuses, purple, angle, carpenter, legalization, Christian.

Task 2. Explain the meanings of words with different stresses, make up a phrase with each of them.

A tlas - atl a s, br O nya - bron I am, v and denia - view e nie, and rice - ir and s, cl at would - club s, acute O ta - sharpness a, st a rina - old a, tr at sit - coward and th, at naked - ug O linen.

Task 3. Form the genitive singular from the following nouns and place the stress on them. What is the reason for setting the stress in this or that case?

Screw, coat of arms, hump, mushroom, goose, tourniquet, wand, tuft, hook, layer, fruit, pond, rod, cake, pole, barley.

Task 4. Put the stress in the genitive plural of 3rd declension nouns.

Insolence, posts, poles, brushes, fortresses, whips, planes, stories, sermons, tablecloths, canes, pranks, cracks.

Task 5. Put the emphasis on initial forms adjectives.

Peanut, rampant, gross, stamp, long-standing, cousin, notched, sparkling, cedar, miserly, simultaneous, wholesale, statutory.

Task 6. Form all short forms from these adjectives and stress them.

Lively, hungry, proud, bitter, rough, cheap, long, miserable, green, strong, right, rare, light, well-fed.

Task 7. Point out the stress in the adverbs. Are there forms with variant stress among them?

Incessantly, cleanly, masterfully, enviably, for a long time, long time ago, gradually, at exorbitant prices, at great prices, backhanded, obliquely, for a long time.

Task 8. Place the stress on the following verbs.

Pamper, memorize, stick, jam, clog, rust, call, spoil, exhaust, cough, start, began, ease, borrow, voice, vulgarize, cheer, force, notify, deepen, aggravate, intercede.

Task 9. Form all possible forms of the past tense from these verbs and place the stress in them. What rules determine the placement of stress in the forms of the past tense?

Shave, heed, lie, pester, ask, freeze, steal, pour, acquire, hire, hug, transfer, submit, understand, arrive, tear, be known, disappear, sew.

Task 10. Form short passive participles from the following verbs and stress them. Indicate what determines the placement of stress in participial forms.

Take, take away, borrow, get rid of, recruit, name, hire, recall, re-elect, pick up, give, cover, accept, live, distribute, convene, sew.

Task 11. Place the stress in the following verbs on -ing. Determine which two groups these words fall into depending on the place of stress.

Ballot, block, bombard, waltz, gas, guarantee, engrave, make-up, debate, graduate, disqualify, distill, drape, inform, compromise, compete, copy, lacquer, liquidate, mask, march, furnish, polish, reward, rehabilitate, register, summarize, transport, exaggerate, form, formulate, force.

Task 12. From the above verbs to –ing(task 10) form the full passive past participles and stress them. What rule should be followed in this case?

Task 13. Rewrite the words, distributing them into two groups: 1) with b to indicate the softness of a consonant; 2) without b. Make a conclusion about the peculiarities of pronunciation and spelling of the words of each group.

Walking, wedding, carving, request, mowing, bridge, shyness, nanny, nurse, tempting, bathhouse, attendant, tinsmith, lamplighter, take, Kuzmich, horses, people, Lyudmila, four, help, helper, helplessness, ice floe, in the dark , in a dream.

Task 14. Point out incorrect statements.

1. Orthoepic norm governs the use of words.

2. The orthoepic norm regulates stress.

3. The orthoepic norm regulates the use of case forms.

5. Within the literary norm, there are a number of stress options.

6. To clarify the norms of pronunciation, you should refer to the etymological dictionary.

In oral speech, the pronunciation of a hard or soft consonant before the letter e in borrowed words causes certain difficulties: t [em] p or [t "e] mp? bass [se] yn or bass [s "e] yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.

In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of a word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite distinctly: aegis, evolution, duelist, etc.

Many borrowed words have orthoepic features that must be remembered.

1. In some words of foreign origin, in place of an unstressed o, the sound [o] is pronounced: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulator, veto, gross, net, advice note, oasis, renome. The pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, Sacramento, etc.

Soft pronunciation:

Solid pronunciation:

4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:

6. In loanwords with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains firm before e: gene zis [g "ene], relay [rel" e], etc.

7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in the words para shyu t [shu], bro shyu ra [shu]. In the word of the jury, a soft hissing is pronounced [ w"]. The names Julien, Jules are also softly pronounced.

8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear.

Should be pronounced:

incident, not inc[n]dent;

precedent, not precedent;

to compromise, not to compromise;

competitive, not competitive [n]capable;

extraordinary, not h[e] extraordinary;

institution, not institution;

future, not future;

thirsty, not thirsty

The distinction in the pronunciation of consonants, paired in hardness-softness, has a phonemic meaning, since in Russian hard and soft consonants distinguish the sound shells of words (cf. was - true story, brother - take, etc.). The pronunciation of soft consonants differs from the pronunciation of the corresponding hard consonants by "iot" articulation, which consists in the fact that the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate.
At the end of a word and before some consonants, as well as before vowels [a], [o], [y], the hardness and softness of the consonants are clearly distinguished. The softness of consonants in these positions is indicated in writing: at the end of a word and before some consonants - the letter b (cf. ripple - ripple, treasure - treasure, blow - hit, jackdaw - pebble, housekeeper - save, etc.) , and before the vowels [a], [o], [y] - with the letters i, e, u (cf. mother - knead, knock - bale, nose - carried). The use of the letter b after hissing [w], [w], [h], [u] does not affect the pronunciation of these consonants, since it has a morphological meaning, indicates the form of words (cf. knife - multiply, ours - give, bream - thing, weaver - jump, cry - cut, etc.).

1. The softness of consonants, indicated in writing(b and letters i, e, e, u): brother - take, jackdaw - pebbles, shaft - sluggish, nose - carried, tuk - bale - [brother - brother "], [galk - gal" k), [val - in "al], [nose - n" os], [tuk - t" uk].

The final labials, in accordance with the spelling, are pronounced softly: flail - chain, shelter - blood, slave - ripples - [cep - cep "], [krof - krof"], [rap - r" ap "].
Soft labials before i, yo, yu are pronounced without additional articulation of softness: five, knead, chalk, led, engraving, mashed potatoes - [n "at"], [m "at"], [m "ol], [v" ol ], [grav "ur", [n "ype].
The softness [m] in the words seven, eight is preserved in complex numerals: seven - seventy - seven hundred, eight - eighty - eight hundred - [with "eat" - with "eat" ds "at - with "em" sot], [vos" um "- vos" um "d" ls "ut - vys" iem "com).

1. Softness of consonants, not indicated in writing. In a position before consonants, the hardness and softness of consonants often have a dependent, assimilative character, i.e. depends on the hardness and softness of the subsequent consonant. The softness of consonants in this case is not indicated on the letter.

The softening of hard consonants before soft ones depends on various conditions: what are these consonants, before which soft consonants are they, in what part of the word there is a combination of consonants, to what style of speech this or that word belongs:
a) inside the word before the sound [j], consonants soften in some cases: fish, leaves, judge, guest - [fish "b], [leaf" b], [court "ja], [state "t" b];
b) dental consonants [s], [s], [d], [t] before soft dental and labial are pronounced softly: mushroom, sadness - [sad "t"], [sad "t"], wall, song -, [n "e" s "nj]. In a number of words, softening is variable: ripe, star, hard, door - [s" n "spruce] and [sp "spruce], [z "v" departure] and [star" departure ], [t "in" hordes] and [tv" hordes], [d" in "yeno] and [dv" ierno];
c) the consonant [n] before soft [d], [t], [n] (less often before [h], [s]), as well as before [h], [u] is pronounced softly: cantik, bandit, equestrian, pensioner, claim, chick - [kan "t" ik], [b? n" d "it], [ko" ik], [n" ns "and? ner], [pr" yeten "z" ii], [pt "en" h "ik];
d) the consonant of the prefix s- and the preposition consonant with it, as well as the final consonants of the prefixes on z and the prepositions consonant with them before soft dental and dividing b are pronounced softly: loafer, idle, products, from the case, remove - [b "ez" d "eln" ky], [b" iez "-del], [from" d "el" ii], [from "-d" el], [from "jat]. In other cases, softness is variable: removed, from it - [s "n" al] and [sn" al], [s "-n" ievo] and [s-n" ievo];
e) the labials do not soften before the posterior ones: rates, breaking, clinging - [stafk "and], [breaking" and], [cepk" and];
f) final consonants [t], [d], [b] in prefixes before soft lips and dividing b do not soften: ate, drank - [? tjel], [? tp "it"];
g) the consonant [r] before soft dental and labial, as well as before [h], [u] is pronounced firmly: artel, cornet, feed, samovar, welder - [? rt "el"], [k? rn" em] , [k?rm "ut], [simlvarch" uk], [swar" ik].

More on the topic 77. Pronunciation of hard and soft consonants:

1. § 11. The concept of orthoepy. consonant combinations. Unpronounceable consonants. double consonants. Pronunciation of consonants in some grammatical forms.