Country of cities presentation for the lesson on the world around (grade 4) on the topic. Homework assignments
Western neighbors called Ancient Russia the land of cities. And how did the cities appear in Russia? The Slavs lived in settlements surrounded by strong log walls and deep wide moats. Such fenced-in villages were safe havens from the attacks of enemies and wild animals that lived in abundance in the thicket. Gradually expanding, the settlements became cities.
Work with the historical map and schemes
- Find on the map (see the previous page) the cities of Kiev and Novgorod. What can you find out about them on the map?
- Consider the schemes of ancient Kiev and ancient Novgorod. With their help, tell about these cities.
The center of the ancient Russian city was usually fortified and called the Kremlin. Inside were the princely palace and the houses of the nobility, the main city church towered. Artisans, merchants and other city people lived outside the Kremlin. It was noisy and lively in the main shopping area of the city.
Choose one of the trips to work in a group - to ancient Kiev or to ancient Novgorod. Take a look at these cities in the textbook. Complete tasks in workbook... Present the results to the class.
Journey to ancient Kiev
There were many beautiful cities in Russia. But most beautiful of all is Kiev, the capital city of the great dukes. Trade routes-roads diverged from Kiev in different directions. They went north and south, east and west. Rooks and merchant flotillas stopped at the Dnieper quays.
Far beyond the borders of Russia, there was a rumor about the beauty and splendor of Kiev. And there was something to marvel at! Each prince strove to decorate his capital.
Kiev flourished under Prince Yaroslav, nicknamed the Wise (reigned in 1019 - 1054). By his order, the Golden Gate, the solemn St. Sophia Cathedral, are being built in Kiev. The travelers considered Kiev to be a worthy rival of Constantinople. Like a miracle miracle, wooden towers with intricate carvings, golden domes of temples flaunted.
Before being destroyed by the conquerors in the 13th century, Kiev was one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the world.
Journey to ancient Novgorod
The north of our country is an amazing land of rivers and lakes. Here, on the banks of the Volkhov River near Lake Ilmen, stands Velikiy Novgorod.
From the very beginning, nature was a loyal ally of Novgorod. The swamps and marshes that surrounded the city reliably protected it.
As a hospitable, hospitable host, the city opened its gates wide to its friends. Novgorod was located on a busy trade route. Wealthy merchant ships crowded at the docks on the banks of the Volkhov. Multilingual speech sounded on the streets of the city (1).
Boyars, merchants and artisans lived in Novgorod. Among artisans, gunsmiths, jewelers, stone cutters, tanners were famous for their skill.
Children amused themselves with clay toys, whistles. Women of fashion sported gold and silver jewelry, wore beads, rings, amber bracelets.
The domes of the Sophia Cathedral are visible from afar (2). Before the battle, the Novgorod warriors swore to stand up for St. Sophia. These words meant to defend their city, Novgorod land.
The mighty Novgorod Kremlin has stood for almost ten centuries (3). Here important events took place in the life of Novgorod.
Novgorodians were famous for their freedom-loving, proud, independent character. The city was ruled by mayors, who were chosen from the noble boyars at the veche - a meeting of all the townspeople. The people gathered at the veche on the ringing of the bell. The prince was in the city, but the Novgorodians did not get along with him. But it was also impossible to do without the prince - Novgorod needed a military leader. And the Novgorodians began to invite a prince who would appeal to them more.
The amazing life of ancient Novgorod was revealed thanks to the finds of archaeologists. For example, it became known that Novgorodians walked on wooden pavements. During excavations of one of the ancient streets of Novgorod, 28 "floors" of pine pavements were discovered. They were laid from the 10th to the 15th century - 500 years.
Birch bark letters became an outstanding discovery of archaeologists.
Ancient Novgorodians wrote on birch - birch bark. The letters were scratched out with special pointed sticks - writing. Relatives and friends exchanged birch bark messages. Business calculations were carried out on the birch bark. After reading, unnecessary letters were thrown away.
- Read the text. Use it when talking about birch bark letters.
Hundreds of years later, birch bark mail brought to us the names of some Novgorodians. One of them - a small Novgorodian Onfim - learned to read and write. His birch bark school notebooks are covered with letters, syllables and whole sentences. Probably, he was a restless and mischievous person, he loved to be naughty and, distracted from his studies, made funny drawings on a birch bark.
check yourself
- What is the Kremlin?
- What magnificent buildings adorned ancient Kiev?
- What occupations were held in high esteem by the Novgorodians?
- What is the importance of the finds of birch bark letters?
Homework assignments
- Come up with a story "At a literacy lesson in ancient Novgorod" on behalf of a student or teacher (optional).
- On behalf of a Novgorod citizen, tell about your city: a) to a foreign merchant; b) a resident of another Russian city.
Pages for the curious
Glorious feast in the city of Moscow
In the XII century, Russia was divided into many principalities. Their princes did not always get along with each other. Prince Yuri ruled in the Vladimir-Suzdal land. So he waged frequent wars with neighbors. That is why he received the nickname Dolgoruky - he wanted to take everything into his own hands.
In 1147, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky invited the prince of Chernigov Svyatoslav to a meeting: "Come to me, brother, in Moscow." In Moscow, the princes agreed to jointly oppose their enemies. A feast was given in honor of the distinguished guests.
A Russian chronicler told about this event. This is how Moscow was first mentioned. No one could have foreseen then that a small town among impenetrable forests would be destined to become the capital of the Russian state and that even the country itself would be called Muscovy by foreigners for a long time.
In the next lesson
We will learn about education and schools, annals, manuscript books of Ancient Russia. Let's compare old Russian books and modern ones. We realize that Ancient Russia was a country of high culture. Let's understand what significance the ancient Russian annals have for scientists.
Remember what you know about Slavic alphabet and its creators.
Slide 2
To start our conversation about cities, we need to know how cities came to be. We already know how the ancient Slavs lived, what their dwellings looked like, what the villages of the Slavs-tillers were like. The Slavs still had many enemies, and to protect them from them, they began to build fortresses.
Slide 3
First of all it was necessary to choose appropriate place for a fortress where nature itself would help defend against enemies. Such a place was usually a high bank at a steep bend in the river: if enemies came, they could be seen from afar. In addition, the river reliably protected the fortress from three sides. From the side not protected by the river, they dug a ditch, filled it with water. It turned out to be an island. The Slavs built their houses on it. A high earthen rampart was poured around the settlement, and a strong fence of sharp oak logs closely adjacent to each other was erected on the rampart.
Over time, such fortresses-villages began to be called cities - from the words "fence", "fence".
Slide 4
New words:
- Merchant - a wealthy merchant, owner of a trading enterprise
- Craftsman - a person who is engaged in, owns a professional craft
Slide 5
Ancient Kiev
Slide 6
Scheme of Ancient Kiev
- Sofia gate
- Saint Sophia Cathedral
- Golden Gate
- Lviv gate
Slide 7
Ancient Kiev in the X century occupied a small area. The entire city was surrounded by strong log walls. The only way to get to the city was through the Sofia Gate. Churches and stone palaces were built in the city. The city changed significantly in the XI century. The area occupied by it has increased several times. St. Sophia Cathedral was erected in the center of the city, several more churches and stone palaces were built. It was now possible to enter the city through the Golden Gate and the Lviv Gate.
Slide 8
Far beyond the borders of Russia, there was a rumor about the beauty and splendor of Kiev. And there was something to marvel at! Each prince strove to decorate his capital. Kiev flourished under Prince Yaroslav, nicknamed the Wise. By his order, the Golden Gate (1), the magnificent St. Sophia Cathedral (2) are being built in Kiev. Foreigners considered Kiev a worthy rival of Constantinople. Wooden towers with intricate carvings, golden domes of temples, stone palaces flaunted like a miracle.
Slide 9
Kiev-Pechersk Lavra
Slide 10
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev
Slide 11
Yaroslav was a very educated person, not without reason he went down in history under the name of Yaroslav the Wise. He knew several languages, reading was his favorite pastime. He wanted to pass on his love for knowledge not only to his children, but also to ordinary Russian people. Under him, new cities and churches were founded, schools and colleges were opened, the first Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" was written down, the majestic St. Sophia Cathedral was erected in Kiev, the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra was laid. Foreign guests visiting the capital of Kievan Rus admired their beauty.
Slide 12
Yaroslav was the son of Prince Vladimir. After the death of their father in 1015, a deadly struggle for the princely throne began between the brothers. Only in 1036 Yaroslav became the sole ruler of Russia.
Slide 13
The chroniclers called Kiev during Yaroslav's time "the adornment of the East". After all, it was at this time on the site of the last battle with the Pechenegs that the St. Sophia Cathedral, and the stone walls around Kiev, and the famous Golden Gate were built. St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is a monument of ancient Russian architecture, the main church and public building of the Old Russian state. Laid down in 1037. The 13-domed brick-stone church in the XI century was decorated with majestic mosaics and frescoes. Since 1934 it has been a museum-reserve. Currently transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church.
Slide 14
Yaroslav with a book
Slide 15
Ancient Novgorod
Slide 16
Scheme of Ancient Novgorod
- Antoniev monastery
- Saint Sophia Cathedral
- Churches
Slide 17
Ancient Novgorod is located on the banks of the Volkhov River. On all sides, the city was surrounded by an earthen rampart and the Tarasovets and Gzen rivers. The only way to get to the city was by water. The whole city was, as it were, divided by the Volkhov River into two sides: the Sofia side and the trading side. On the Sofia side there were monasteries: Nikolsky, Zverin, Dukhov and the Kremlin. The Kremlin was surrounded by fortress walls and a moat with water. And on the trading side were the trading square and the Pavlov monastery. The city gradually expanded.
Slide 18
Yuriev monastery
Slide 19
Millennium of Russia
Slide 20
Saint Sophia Cathedral
Slide 21
Wooden church
Slide 22
A.M. Vasnetsov. "Veche"
Plan
1. Ancient city
2. Ancient Kiev
3. Ancient Novgorod
5 Mention of Moscow
1. Ancient city
Western neighbors called Ancient Russia the land of cities. Their settlements the Slavs fenced off with walls of logs and deep, wide ditches. This protected the villages from the raids of enemies and wild animals, which were quite numerous in the forests. The settlements grew, turned into cities. The center of the ancient Russian city was Kremlin ... It was well fortified. Inside the Kremlin there was a princely palace, houses of the nobility and the main city church. Artisans, merchants, and ordinary city people lived outside the Kremlin.
Old Russian cities were decorated with wonderful buildings that were created by ancient masters. During excavations, birch bark letters were found in most ancient Russian cities.
Let's go on a trip to Ancient Kiev and Ancient Novgorod.
2. Ancient Kiev
Kiev - a beautiful city and the capital of Ancient Russia ... Trade routes ran in different directions from Kiev. The rumor was about the beauty of Kiev. He was considered a rival of Constantinople. There was something to admire. Each prince tried to decorate the capital.
When reigning Yaroslava nicknamed Wise (1019-1054) were built:
Golden Gate and
Saint Sophia Cathedral .
Saint Sophia Cathedral was built Yaroslav the Wise in 1037 year in honor of the victory over the Pechenegs. The temple was named after Saint Sophia - the wisdom of God.
On the territory of Kiev there were magnificent wooden towers with intricate carvings, golden domes of temples towered.
Kiev was ravaged in the 13th century by the conquerors.
3. Ancient Novgorod
In the north of our country, on the banks of the Volkhov River and Lake Ilmen, there is a city - Velikiy Novgorod ... Novgorod was the richest city in Russia. Veliky Novgorod is mentioned since 859 .
Was located Velikiy Novgorod on a busy trade route. It was protected from uninvited guests by an earthen rampart, a moat, and mighty towers. On the left bank of the Volkhov River was the Kremlin, on the right there was a trade side.
Boyars, merchants and artisans lived in Novgorod: gunsmiths, jewelers, tanners, stone cutters. The children had fun - clay toys-whistles. Wealthy women wore gold and silver jewelry, beads, and amber rings.
Novgorod Kremlin has been standing for almost ten centuries.
Golden domes burned in the sun on the territory of the Kremlin Sophia Cathedral ... The cathedral was built in the middle of the 11th century. It was the main temple and symbol of the city.
Novgorodians were free-loving, proud people. At the meeting of the townspeople - at the veche - the mayors were elected who ruled the city. At the veche, the people were summoned by the bell ringing.
4. Archaeological excavations of Novgorod
Thanks to archaeological finds, it became known about the amazing life of Novgorodians. In Novgorod, the pavements were made of wood. For 500 years, 28 "floors" of pine pavements were laid.
The ancient inhabitants of Novgorod wrote on birch bark - birch bark. Letters were scribbled with sharpened sticks. Relatives and friends exchanged birch bark messages, business calculations were carried out. If the letter became unnecessary, it was thrown away. So birch bark school notebooks were found, covered with letters, syllables, sentences and painted with funny drawings.
Birch bark letters found not only in Novgorod, but also in many ancient Russian cities.
5. Mention of Moscow
In the 12th century, Ancient Rus was divided into principalities. The princes did not always get along.
Prince Yuri ruled in the Vladimir-Suzdal land. He now and then waged wars with neighbors, trying to seize their lands. For this he received the nickname Dolgoruky.
In 1147, the prince Yury Dolgoruky invited to Moscow the prince of Chernigov - Svyatoslav. In Moscow, they agreed to oppose the enemies together. A feast was given in honor of the princes.
The monument to Prince Yuri Dolgoruky was erected in Moscow in 1954.
This is how Moscow was mentioned for the first time in the annals. Who would have thought then that a small town among deep forests would be destined to become the capital of the Russian state. BUT Russian state foreigners will name for a long time Muscovy .
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