Archaeological finds indicate a long need for a needle. The first needles were made from fish bones. The earliest needles from the metal in Europe, dating from the III century BC, were found in Bavaria. The needles of the time, as for many centuries later, was a ring of a curved stupid end. Starting from the XII century in Europe for the manufacture of needles, it began to use wire dragging technology, which significantly increased their production. The invention in the second half of the XIV century of Damascus Steel contributed to improving the quality of the needles. An important milestone in the history of this tool was the creation of the machine in 1850, the machine, which allows not only to stamp the needles, but also to do in them. The scale of mechanized manufacturing needles made the country with a monopolist in the production of this product. The use of a new needle, which was not deformed, did not break, did not rust, was well polished, contributed to the improvement of sewing skills.

In the XVII century, steel needles of Hanseatic merchants were delivered from Germany to Russian lands, and before that, bone, bronze, iron and silver were used. In Russia, it began its industrial manufacture of needles. This was facilitated by the Decree of Peter I, who stated the construction of a needle factories. Factories were built on Ryazanchin, in the villages of the knees and columns, merchants Sidorom Tomilin and Rummy brothers. In the knees, the needle factory consisted of four departments: needle, wire, pin and machinery. From England, it was delivered to 1,200 pounds of steel wire per year - for the best needles, and for ordinary - from the Etian plant. Peter I issued a decree "On duties from foreign needles" in order to protect domestic production. Over 32 million needles and pins per year have been produced on Ryazan factories - which ensured the needs of the domestic market and exporting to other countries.
The needle image is one of the most mythologized in folk culture. The symbols of the needle is based on the properties of sharpness, a small magnitude, the ability of penetration through objects. For mythopoietic consciousness, it was also important that the metal from which the needles did, had an underground, that is, the magical functions of the needle were preserved. So, she was considered a powerful faith, which was used in dangerous situations: at the birth of a child, at the wedding, funeral, during the disease, in cattle rites. From the evil eye or damage, for example, the needle stuck into the robe of the child. In the hem of the bride and breast dresses, the new unused needles, specially purchased to the wedding, were crucified. The needles sometimes put in the coffin of the dead woman, so that it was something to sew on that light. In the Russian north, the needle without a ears stuck in the horses clamp, the lucky deceased to the church - so as not to stumble. The needle was often used in medical practice as an item for ATD. The image of a girl with a wound with a wound with a needle is stable in conspiracies to stop blood. On the day of the first breakfast of livestock, the needle was attached to the tail or horns of the cow, so that no one could damage it.

At the same time, the needle could be dangerous: she became an instrument of damage, if a conspiracy was made. According to the ideas of the Eastern Slavs, the needle was able to turn the sorcerers. These features explain the existed ban to raise the needle found on the road. The use of the needle for sewing in traditional culture was strictly regulated. The prohibition not only sew, but also to look at the needle spread, for example, for the celebration of the Annunciation, associated with the beginning of a new stage of life - the awakening of nature. The prohibition disorder threatened with a fright or snake bite in the forest. In this belief, the basis of correlation of snake images and needles lie them general signs: Surface glitter, sharpness of the tip of the needle and sting snake, a chtonic origin. The last sign of the needle was meaningful in the Sacatul Destination: the girl threw a needle in the millstone and, spinning them, tried to hear the prediction in the sounds that arose from the contact of the needle with metal details. In Siberia, they walked in another way: they tried to conceive a thread into the finest needle - good luck from the first attempt was to get married.

If the Patent Bureau existed in the Stone Age primitive brought there an application on an instrument for sewing, which said that "Needle is a pointed rod for sewing with an ear at the end"All inventors for the next millennia would not add anything to any needle perfect.

Perhaps, no instrument of labor has passed so unchanged through the entire history of mankind. Fish bone, in the stupid end of which a hole was made - that's all the invention.

But the same "bone", only from the metal, we use today. Some time after the creation of a bone needle (it is very fragile!) Began to look for her replacement. In the case went thunder spikes, then the needles began to do from bronze, iron. Steel in Europe appeared in the 14th century, when they learned the mystery of strong Damascus steel. I didn't know how to do the ear at first - just fucked by a stupid tip. The appearance of a drawing board greatly facilitated the manufacture of needles, improved their appearance.

Steel needle was delivered to Russia in the 17th century from Germany by Hansean merchants.And soon the Russian masters mastered the art of its manufacture. Of course, earlier Russia knew the needles - they were killed from bronze and iron, and for rich houses and palaces - silver. But all the best were steel.

From the hands of uncomfortable craftsmen who kept this simple sewing device, and the breathtaking outfits of the fashionista of all times and peoples, and the finest embroidery paintings, and shied with pearls and beads of salaries icons, and casual wear, and children's toys ...

For each type of needlework, its needle is prediated, in this case it changes the thickness, the magnitude of the "Ear", then the trottered on the end, then arcuate.

Sometimes the needle acquired a completely new "specialty" for her. So, in the 16th century it began to use artists to create etchings. The etching is the form of engraving, the drawing of which is scratched on a metal chalkboard covered with a layer of varnish. After applying the drawing, the board is immersed in an acid that corrosive the grooves left by the artist's hand. The engraving needle is very similar to the usual sewing, only the tip is sharpened in the form of a cone, blades, cylinder.

Perhaps this kind of engravings was born due to the fact that the needle was in any house, always "at hand". And the artist wanted to get copies of his works with paper and lithographic stone. But cut on the stone with a cutter - a fairly grave work. Here, a needle and acid came in handy, which greatly made it easier and accelerated the case.

The first etchings were created in Germany in the 16th century Albrecht Durer, D. Hopfer and other artists. In the 17th century, A. Van-Dyak, A. Wang Odete, X. Ribera and the greatest of Rembrandt, created the needle. 17th century - J. B. Tapolo, A. Watto, F. Bush, W. Hogart, F. Goya. In Russia, at this time, the etching also conquers positions: with the help of the needle, A. F. Zubov, MF Kazakov, V. I. Bazhenov and others worked. The needle often painted chests, including folk pictures of times Patriotic War 1812, illustrations to books, caricatures. And today this technique is alive, many modern artists enjoy it.

And by the way, why is the needle called a needle? Here is one of the origin of its name. In the ancient times, the oxen was harnessed in the yoke, which was fixed finely pointed from one end with a wooden stick - a needle. Hence the name on our familiar. The linguistic "relative" needle is the sadly famous word "IHO". Yarm and clamp - words of Turkic origin. And the Version Slavic name of this hardened - IHO. The people of Yarmo and the clamp always symbolized oppression, enthusiasm. There is no chance of saying "there would be a neck, there will be a clamp." And therefore, the terrible years of the invasion and dominion of the Golden Horde in Russia received their brief and such a capacious name - IHO.

Surprisingly, how many values \u200b\u200band items carry such a simple word - needle !

Recently, on the coast of Florida under the thick layer of sand, treasure seekers discovered a huge wooden chest with the inscription "San Fernando". Indeed, it was such a vessel and sank it almost 250 years ago on the way from Mexico to Spain with solid prey on board: 150 million silver pesos. The treasurefooters were long over the castle, finally, there was a long-awaited click, a few trembling hands were thrown into the lid, and ... the ancient treasure appeared with greedy eyes: thousands, tens of thousands of sailors for Latania sails!

Site and site loss

The history of ordinary needle.

I think everyone knows that the main tools for sewing clothes are sewing needles.

For the tailor, the sewing needle and thread are real helpers, and therefore they put them in verses and songs, do not forget in proverbs, sayings and riddles.

In Italy, there is even a monument to a needle and a thread installed on the area of \u200b\u200bCainan in Milan, near one of the stations in honor of the high Italian fashion. Threads are painted in three different colors - red, green and yellow.

The question that appeared earlier, a sewing needle or a wheel, introduces many people to a stupor, who still suffer from the question of the initiation of the appearance of an egg or chicken. Nevertheless, scientists have proven that the history of the sewing needle is still a few older wheels.

Without a doubt, the ancient needles were completely different and made from another material, however, they served exactly for what modern needles serve. That is for sewing.

But the truth, at all times, a small needle, was still one of those attributes that must be in every home. Back in the XIX century, with the appearance of the world firstsewing machine , Women craftsmen were fond of sewing and embroidery with a needle.

The history of the sewing needle says that the first sewing needles were found in the southern part of France and in Central Asia, and their age was 15-20 thousand years. Primitive people We used a needle to sewing clothes, consisting of skins of killed animals. The needles, most likely, were from fish bones, which were able to pierce thick skins.

Among the cultural states of antiquity, especially I would like to highlight ancient Egypt, the inhabitants of which not only could be sewed by iron needles, but also actively engaged in embroidery. Moreover, in favor of the history of the sewing needle, the Egyptians say the fact that even then the needle was almost an ideal form, very much resembled a modern, habitual needle for us, but with one but .... She had no ears for thread. The edge of the needle, opposite to the edge, was simply fucked into a small ring.

And if the iron needles were spread very widely, then with steel needles, things were somewhat worse. The history of the sewing needle tells that in Europe they appeared only in the Middle Ages, where their eastern merchants were delivered. In the East, Steel was known much earlier, therefore, simultaneously with the production of weapons steel in Damascus, artisans made steel needles. In Europe, the mass production of sewing needles began only in the XIV century. True, I did not come to anyone to anyone to do in her the ear for thread. Despite the massability of production, the needles were very expensive and were on the pocket only to wealthy people. This continued, practically until the British, in 1785, did not apply a mechanized method for the production of needles. But about 60 years old, the sewing needles were produced, without usual for us, the ear. Appearance They resembled modern English pins.

In the middle of the XIX century, again, in England, the machines were invented, which "skilled" in a small pieces of wire, to do the ear. From now on and for a long time, England has become one of the main manufacturers and exporters of sewing needles, in the design of which an innovation was introduced, namely, the ear for thread.

In our country, there is also a history of a sewing needle, a decree prescribing the beginning of the production of sewing needles, for the first time Petr I., True "brought" needles to the territory Russian Empire, even at the end of the XVII century. From those distant times and have been producing needles in the Ryazan region, in the same factors. Here it is where, the connection of times!

To date, despite the fact that the needle firmly entered the master's life of each house or apartment, there are still legends about it and all kinds of conjectures, like the needle you cannot pick up on the street, you can not sew it or you can not take it someone else's needle, etc. But why the needle acquired such a mystical meaning and why the death of Koschery is at the end of the needle, one God knows.

If it happened so that the ancient craftsmen would have been able to look into the casing for sewing modern Shvent, they would probably die of envy. And indeed, there is something to envy, because the price of the needles is now just a kopeck, but the range is really royal. Not only are there 12 sizes of needles, and there are also needles and sewing, and frown, embroidery and gold-plated, not leaving traces on the fabric, and double-sided needles with a hole in the middle. Even for weak there are special needles, with an eye for a thread made in the form of a carbine. And platinum needles significantly reduce the sewing time and resistant to acids and alkalis.

But, probably, the greatest revered, the needles are in Japan, where for about 1000 years, the festival dedicated to broken needles is held annually. Moreover, everyone may participate in it. During such a festival, all participants demolish broken needles and put them in a special box, at the same time, thanks to the needle for a good service. After that, the box is lowered in the sea.

What a rich was the story of a sewing needle in such a small and usual object in every home.

Sewing needles are hand and machine.

Manual sewing needles

The manual sewing needles includes needles with an eye for thread, as well as portno pins.

Manual sewing needles are different in size and in shape. Depending on the length and diameter, the needles are divided by numbers from 1 to 12.

For sewing clothes to the needle, threads of the corresponding numbers are selected, and the size of the needle is the corresponding structure, type of material and the number of the thread. For example: the bottom of the woolen fabric skirt is fed by a thin short needle (number 1 or 2) with a thin silk thread under the color of the fabric according to the rules: the thinner the fabric, the thinner of the needle; For short stitches - a short needle, for long stitches (adamasters) - a long needle.

Needle numbers and for what fabrics they are intended in the table. Notice - the smaller the number, the thinner and shorter the needle. Needles with a big ear can not be used for sewing products from thin fabrics.

Sewing needles are distinguished not only in size, but also in shape.

There are needles with a smooth edge, with sharp edges and needles with a rounded end. The needles with a smooth edge do not destroy, but push the threads of the woven materials (tissues).

Needles with sharp edges do not leave tracks from the punctures of the material with a needle, so they are used for tailoring of products from leather, rubber, non-marked materials.

The needles with a rounded end are used for knitted canvases, knitwear.

The table shows the number of sewing hand needles depending on the type of fabric treated and the number of the thread.

Sewing machines needles

The machine sewing needle is equipped with a flask with a pricing, a rod with two grooves: long and short, and edge. When flowing tissue, the thread is stacked in a long chute so that the needle easily passed through the material.

Needles for household sewing machines are divided by numbers. The number specified in the name of the needle denotes the thickness (diameter) of the needle in hundredths of a millimeter (for example, the needle No. 80 has a rod diameter of 0.8 mm). The letters specified in the needle number are designated. For example, a needle number 130/705 H-M is used to sewing products from thin dense tissues.

Deciphering the letter designations of sewing needles for household sewing machines:

H - Universal needles have rounded edges and can be from 60 to 110 rooms. Universal needles are intended for sewing cotton, woolen, half-walled fabrics.

H-J - Needles for dense tissues. Such needles have acute edges. Needles are used to sew thick dense tissues, such as jeans, sarza, tarpaulin, etc.

H-M - Microtex needles. These needles are very sharp and thin. The needles Microtect are used for tailoring products made of fine and density material, for example, for silk, taffes, etc.

H-S - needles for elastic fabrics. On such needle, there is a special edge that reduces the passage of stitches when tensile material, and rounded edge. Such needles are used to sewing clothing from loose knotty and synthetic elastic tissues.

H-E - Embroidery needles. On embroidery needle, there is a special excavation and rounded edge, an enlarged ear hole, which prevents damage to the material or thread. These needles are designed for decorative embroidery with special embroidery threads.

H-suk - needles with rounded edge. Such needles are developing tissue filaments or knitwear loops pass between threads or loops without damaging them. Apply to sewing thick knitwear, jersey and knitted materials.

H-LR - skin needles with cutting edge. The incision is made at an angle of 45 degrees to the seam direction. The result is a decorative seam, whose stitches have a small slope.

In order for the line to be smooth, the threads in the lines are evenly tightened, the needles and threads are grateful according to each other. Needles must be sharp, elastic, harmful.

To lay the two parallel lines on household sewing machines There are double needles.

For thin cotton, silk chiffon fabrics, needles number 75 and thread No. 80 are used;

For thin woolen tissues - needles number 90 and thread number 50-60;

For Citz, staples and canvas - needles number 80-90 and thread number 60;

For thick woolen fabrics, venels, cloth, cloaks, jeans - needles number 100-110 and thread No. 30-40;

For palp fabrics - needles No. 110-120 and thread No. 30- -40.

Portnovo pins

Portnor pins with flat loops at the ends or glass or plastic heads are designed to fasten the details of clothing.

Pins 3-4 cm long are used to rock parts, to translate lines from one half of the product to another, to clarify the design lines during fitting, etc.

Also, sometimes instead of mixing, replacing, hungry and other manual operations, portor pins are used.

For knitwear and loose tissues, it is recommended to use pins with a glass or plastic ball at the end.

\u003e Thoughts for the Duma

The longest testament was one of the founding fathers of the United States Thomas Jefferson. Instructions regarding the property were intermitted in a document with reasoning about the history of America. In this will, Jefferson's heirs received their inheritance shares only provided that they were released on the will of all their slaves.

Most offensive. One medieval farmer left 100 livra to his wife, but ordered if she married, add another 100 livra, motivating the fact that the poor fellow who would be her husband, this money would be needed. Alas, divorces were prohibited in those days.

The most historically useful will left William Shakespeare. He turned out to be a rather small type and made an order regarding all his property, ranging from furniture and ending with shoes. Testament This is almost the only undeniable document, which proves the existence of Shakespeare.

The shortest will wrote a banker from London. It contained three words: "I'm completely ruined."

The most indecent in the history will wrote a shoemaker from Marseille. Of the 123 words recorded in this testa, 94 cannot be pronounced even in a relatively decent society.

The most difficult to understand the will was drawn up with a laboratory director of the famous physics Niels Bora. In the will there were so many special terms and complex phraseological revolutions that expert linguists had to be called for decryption.

The largest cash rate ever bequeathed in one person. Henry Ford was offered to distribute $ 500 million among 4157 educational and charitable institutions.

The most famous testament left Alfred Nobel. It was challenged by relatives. They received only half a million crowns, and the remaining 30 million were given to the establishment of the famous Nobel Prize.

The most secret testament left a billionaire Michel Rothschild. In it, in particular, it is said: "... categorically and unambiguously forbid any inventory of my inheritance, any judicial intervention and publication of my state ..." So the real size of the state is still not known.

The largest condition left by the animal. The foolish story about the inheritance is connected with the same testament. Millionaire and film generator Roger Dorkas All of its 65 million dollars left Maximilian's favorite ps. The court acknowledged such a decision to legal, because during the lifetime the millionaire was made by Maximilian completely human documents. Great Dorkas left 1 cent. But she, according to the same dog documents, married the PSA and, after his death, quietly entered into the rights of inheritance, since the dog, naturally, did not leave the will.

The most ancient invention of a person is a needle. She is probably older wheels!

Primitive clothing made of thick, poorly isolated skins sewed animal cores, thin lianas of plants or residents of palm leaves, as in Africa, and the ancient needles were also thick, clumsy. Over time, people learned to the more thin dressing of the skins, and they needed a thinner needle. They learned how to produce metal and needles began to be made from bronze. Some of the found samples are so small that something like a horse's hair was inserted into them, because no veil, able to withstand the load, they would simply not fit.
The first iron needles were found in the manching, in Bavaria, and date back to 3 centuries BC. It is not excluded, the truth is that these are "imported" samples. The ears (holes) at that time did not yet know and just fucked by a stupid tip with a small ring. In the ancient states, also knew the iron needle, and in ancient Egypt already in the V century BC. Embroidery was actively used. Needles found on site Ancient EgyptIn appearance, it is practically no different from modern. The first steel needle was found in China, they are given by about the years of AD.

It is believed that the needles were imported to Europe in approximately the VIII century AD. Mauritanian tribes that lived in the territories of modern Morocco and Algeria. According to other information, the Arab merchants in the XIV century did. In any case, there, steel needles knew much earlier than in Europe. With the invention of damask steel, the needles began to do from it. It happened in 1370. That year, the first workshop community specializing in needles and other objects of sewing production appeared in Europe. The ears in those needles was still not. And they were made solely by hand using forging.
Since the XII century in Europe, the wire drawing method is known in Europe using a special drawing plate, and the needles began to do in a much larger scale. (More precisely, the method existed for a long time, from ancient times, but then it was safely forgotten). The appearance of the needle has improved significantly. Nuremberg (Germany) became the center of the needle craft. The revolution in needle business was accomplished in the XVI century, when the wire drainage method was mechanized with the help of the hydraulic motor invented in Germany. The main production concentrated in Germany, in Nuremberg and in Spain. "Spanish peaks" - the needles were called at that time - even walked for export. Later - in 1556 - the relay was captured by England with her industrial revolution, and the main production was concentrated there. Before that, the needles were very expensive, rarely in what master was more than two needles. Now they have become more acceptable.
From the XVI century, unexpected use was found - with its help, they began to make etching. Etching - independent view Engravings in which the drawing is scratched with a needle on a metal chalkboard covered with a layer of varnish. Acid, in which then immerses the board, corrosive, and they become more distinct. Then the board acts as a stamp. The needles that have been used for this type of art are similar to sewing, only without a corner and their tips are sharpened in the form of a cone, blades, cylinder. Without strong steel needles, the etchs would hardly be born. Thanks to the needle, the world in the XVI century recognized such German artists as A. Dürer, D. Hopfer, in the XVII - Spaniard H. Ruber, Dutch A. Van-Daik, A. Van Odete, the greatest Out of Rembrandt Wang Raina. In France, A. Watto, F. Bush, in Spain, F. Goya, in Italy, J. B. Tapolo. A.F. Zubov, MF Kazakov, V.I. Benzov worked in Rossi. The needle often painted and loopholes, including the folk pictures of the Days of the Patriotic War of 1812, glorifying, for example, Cavalgard-maiden Durov or Poet-partisan Denis Davydova, illustrations to books, caricatures. This technique is alive and today, many modern artists enjoy it.
But back to the sewing needle. This mechanized production opened in 1785, Europe and America were flooded with new needles. Curious Fact: Recently treasure seekers found on the coast of Florida under the thick layer of sand a huge wooden chest with the inscription "San Fernando". Raised the archives and found that such a ship was really sank along the way from Mexico to Spain in the middle of the XVIII century. On board, judging by Ozi, there was a product worth about 1,50 million silver pesos - the amount for those times the fabulous. When the chest was opened, an unexpected spectacle opened with greedy trends: the chest was full of tens of thousands of sailors for Latan Sails.

In 1850, the British came up with special needle machines, allowing us to make the usual usual in the needle. England comes out in the first place in the world of needling, becomes a monopolist and a very long time is a supplier of this desired product in all countries. Before that, the needles with one degree or another of the mechanization fell out of the wire, the English machine not only the needles stamped, but also the ears did it. The British quickly cut down that good high-quality needles that are not deformed, do not break, do not rust, are well polished, they are valued very high, and this product is win-win. The whole world realized that such a comfortable steel needle, which did not touch the tissue with her handicraft in the form of a loop.
A needle is a thing that is always, at all times was in any house: that the poor man is that the king. During the numerous wars, which our planet is so rich, each soldier had its own needle, rewound with a thread: to sew a button, put in the pay. This tradition has been preserved until today: all servicemen have a few needles with different color of the threads: white for sewing of layer drivers, black and protective for sewing buttons, shoulder strain, for minor repairs.

Literally until the nineteenth century, clothes each sewed for himself, because you knew how to needle up everything regardless of the estate. Even noble ladies were considered mandatory to visit the needlework - with embroidery, with beads, with sewing. Despite the invention at the beginning of the nineteenth century of the sewing machine, manual sewing and embroidery continued to be incredibly popular, created in the literal sense of the word of the work of sewing arts do not get tired of struck us with their beauty and now.

Many paintings of famous artists are devoted to needlewomen. It is enough to remember the "peasant girl for embroidery" A.G.Vetsianova, a number of paintings by V.A.Tropinin - "GOLDOW", "For firmware".
By the way, in Russia, the first steel needles appeared only in the XVII century, although the age of bone needles found in Russia (village of Kostenka, Voronezh region) is determined by experts of about 40 thousand years. Older Cromanonian thimble!
Steel needles were delivered from Germany by Hansean merchants. Before that, in Russia, they used bronze, later iron needles, for rich customers they were from silver (gold, by the way, for the manufacture of needles did not fit anywhere - too soft metal, nits and break). In Tver, in the XVI century, there was a production of the so-called "Tver needles", thick and subtle, which successfully competed in the Russian market with needles from Lithuania. They were selling thousands of Tver and other cities. "However, even in such the largest metalworking center, like Novgorod, in the 80s of the XVI century, there were only seven and one pins:" - writes the historian E.I. Zaozerskaya.
Own industrial production of needles in Russia began with light hands Peter I. In 1717, he issued a decree on the construction of two needle factories in the villages of columns and knees on the Prone River (modern Ryazan region). They were built by the merchant brothers Rumyn and their "colleague" Sidor Tomilin. Russia by that time did not have its own labor market, as it was an agrarian country, so the workers were catastrophically lacked. Peter gave permission to hire them "where they will fit and at what price". By 1720, 124 student scored, mainly landing children from the craft-trading families of the suburbs of Moscow. Studying and work was so heavy that rarely withstanding.
There is a legend transmitted from generation to generation in the factory work environment (the production of the needle still exists in the old place), like Peter, visiting somehow factories, demonstrated working his forge craftsmanship.
Since then, the steel needle has firmly entered the poor man, becoming a real symbol of hard work. There was even such a saying: "Needle and the Broeon is worth the village." What is the poor man! The unfortunate wife of Peter Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina also used these needles, which was driving time for embroidery during his almost thirty-year sharpening in the monastery of the Shlisselburg Fortress. When the queen gave his grandson of Peter II tape and the star on the occasion of his liberation, she said: "I, sinful, niza my own hands."
After the invention of the cervical machine, there was a need and machine needle. From hand needles, they differ primarily by the fact that they have an eye on a sharp tip, and the stupid turned into a certain pin to fasten it into the typewriter. The designs of the machine needle changed with the development of the design of the machine, along the way various additions and improvements of the type of grooves in which thread hides. Now only several countries have a mass production of machine needles. Several kilograms of this high-grade goods can cost more than a representative class car! Yes, and the usual needle to manufacture is a difficult thing despite all the achievements of civilization.
The needle has so long and firmly entered the life that even a certain sacral meaning began to bear. No wonder it is devoted to so much, gadas, prohibitions, fairy tales and legends. And questions regarding the needle much more than about other subjects. Why death wrap on the end of the needle? Why did the needle ever carry a decorative function as most of the items of clothing and accessories, including a pin? Why does the needle can not go into clothes, which is at the moment? Yes, our grandmothers forbade any to store the needles for storage! Why can not be sewn clothes on yourself, and you need to be pre-removed? Why does the needle in no case be chosen on the street, but it is not recommended to use someone else's not recommended? Why are the help of the needle are attributes and are the most terrible damage? Why any hostess carefully stores and hides their needles, despite even that they have them dozens and are they worth a penny? These "why" a lot, if you bring them all, and even remember with dreams to remember - there is no blog.
In Japan, there is one amazing Buddhist ceremony, called the "Broken Needle Festival". The festival is held throughout Japan for over a thousand years of December 8. Earlier, only the tailors took part in it, today - anyone who can sew. For the needles, a special tomb is constructed, in which scissors and thimble. The center put a bowl with Tofu, ritual soy cottage cheese, and in it - all the needles that broke or wondered over the past year. After that, one of Svei says special prayer-gratitude to the needles for a good service. Then tofu with needles wrapped in paper and lowered into the sea.
Currently, sewing needles have a lot of sewing needles, and they are all different, have a different size and form depending on what they sew (there are only twelve sizes). Needles are not only sewing and embroidery, but shore, speed, sailing: long thin needles are used for conventional sewing work and wints, gold-plated are well suited for embroidery - they are literally "flying" through the cloth. For those who embroider with both hands, there are very comfortable bilateral needles. They have a hole in the middle and allow you to calculate the fabric, without turning the needle. For embroidery threads, Moulin needle should be chrome with a gold-plated ear, so that thanks to the contrast is easy to fly color threads. The ear for such needles makes a longer so that the thread freely slid when sewing and did not shine when passing through the fabric. For ducts also use needles with a long ear, but much thicker and necessarily with a sharp tip. For sewing wool, the tip is made stupid, so as not to break thick fibers. For beads and glass chain, the needle must have a thickness almost in hair and it should be the same all over its entirety, and the needle for the skin is thick and with a trigger sharpening of the tip. Tapestry needles are made with a big ear and a rounded end, which does not puncture, and spreads the fibers of the fabric. For embroidery, the cross also use similar needles. The worst (from 2 to 5 mm) and long (70-200 mm) - "Gypsy", they are bagpipes used for coarse tissues of the type of canvas, burlap, tarpaulin, etc. They can be curved. There are special needles used in the manufacture of carpets, nonwoven textile materials. It is no coincidence that one of the ways of their preparation is called - the needle-free. There are needles for the visually impaired, in them very easy to fly thread, because The eye is done on the principle of carbine. Even the so-called "platinum needles" appeared, made of stainless steel and covered with a thin layer of platinum, reducing friction about the fabric. Such needles reduce sewing time and are not affected by oils and acids, so do not leave stains.
As the people constantly enjoyed this subject, and invented Different championships about the needle.
To prick the finger with a needle - it was thought to listen to someone's praise for a girl.
If a person lost a needle without a thread, he is waiting for a meeting with a loved one, and if the loss was with a thread, he will have to part.
If at the level of the heart to keep the cross will cross the two needles, it will protect it from the evil eye and damage.
Assign on the needle - Inceless sign: to be disappointed in friends and to break with them.
Inadically, sitting on the needle - to survive love disappointment and someone's betrayal.
Needles can not be given - to a quarrel; If nevertheless, give a slightly holy in hand.
Believe it or not you are in signs, but that needle an indispensable thing in our house believes everyone.
Machine needles are not lagging behind simple and also divided not only in thickness, but also for its intended purpose. There are ordinary, universal needles, and there are special needles for sewing denim, knitwear and leather. Their spouts are sharpened special for this way.
However, it will be wrong to think that the needles are only for sewing. About one - etched - we told at the beginning. But there are still fatone (more precisely, there were), allowed "shoot" sound with a grocery plate: there are needle bearings as a variety of roller. In the XIX century, even the so-called "needle rifle" existed. On the descent of the juro, a special needle pierced paper bottom of the cartridge and flammored the percussion composition of the capsule. "Needle rifle", though, existed not for a very long time and was crowded with a rifle.
But the most common "not sewing" needles are medical needles. Although why not sewing? They surgeon just sews. Only not a fabric, but people. Do not give us God to get acquainted with these needles in practice, and in theory. In theory it is interesting.
To start the needle, medicine was used only for injections, from about 1670. However, the syringe in the modern understanding of this word appeared only in 1853. Looking like, if you consider that the prototype of the Syringe is a French mathematician, a physicist and philosopher Blaze Pascal invented in 1648. But then his invention did not accept the world. What for? What microbes? What injections? Bessenism and nothing more.
The injection needle is a hollow stainless steel tube with a cut under an acute angle end. Pricks did we all, so everyone remembers not very pleasant sensations from "dating" with such a needle. Now you can not be afraid of injections, because There are already painless micards that do not affect the nerve endings. Such a needle, according to physicians, is not the fact that in the haystack, but on the smoothness, you will not immediately find the table.
A needle in the form of a hollow tubule is used, by the way, not only for injections, but also for suction of gases and liquids, for example, from the chest cavity at inflammation.
"Sewing" The same medical surgery needles are used to crosslinks ("ducts" on their professional slang) fabrics and organs. These needles are not direct, as we used to, but curved. Depending on the purpose, there are semicircular, triangular, semi-housing. At the end, there is usually a split ear for the threads, the surface of the needle is chromed or nickened so that the needle does not rust. There are platinum surgical needles. Ophthalmic (eye-eye) needles, with which they make operations, for example, on the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye, have a thickness in the lobe of the millimeter. It is clear that you can use such a needle only with the help of a microscope.
It is impossible not to mention more of some medical needles - for acupuncture. In China, this treatment method was known before our era. The meaning of acupuncture in determining the point on the human body, which in the projection "answers" for a particular body. At any point (and about 660 pieces are known), a specialist introduces a special needle to twelve length and thickness from 0.3 to 0.45 mm. With such a thickness of the needle for acupuncture, it is not straight, but has a screw-like structure, tangible only to the touch. The tip, which remains "stitching," ends with a kind of embodious manner, so that such a needle reminds the concrete pin, and not a needle.

So smoothly, we moved another sewing item - pin.
Pins for many centuries, humanity has invented quite a lot. They are all different and have a different appointment and history. To begin with, we will talk about sewing pins looking like a needle with a head in the form of a ball or a ear. In the form, in which they are familiar to us, they are known from the XV century. Now the portno pins have not only a metallic, but also a bright plastic ball. Such pins are especially convenient when sewing. There are also the so-called "carnations" - pins for the packaging of men's shirts. They are similar to ordinary, only shorter and the bulb from the metal they have quite small.
In principle, the history of the needle and sewing pins are very similar in their stages, because The need for pins tunnels have always experienced when it was necessary to make parts of clothes for fitting or sewing, and, it means that they also needed needles, and pins at the same time. The story of the pin used for sewing, of course, shorter the history of the needle, because Ancient people have not been tested in pins of necessity due to simple cut and simple tailoring technology. The need appears in the late gothic when clothing has become adjacent to the body, and, it means that requires accurate cut. This in turn changed the technology of sewing: it became difficult to hold numerous parts of the cut during their stitching, and the pins were required. Curiously different: neither the shop communities of the Middle Ages on the manufacture of needles, nor factory or manufactory never paid attention to the requests of the tailors. They made pins, but for other purposes: decorative (we will talk about them in the next room), pins for fastening papers, for fastening clothes (in the sock), etc. The portno pins for some reason did not interest them, and the tailors were forced to use them according to the "residual" principle: which moves, those and content.
The situation stranded gradually. In the middle of the XVIII century, the French made the first pins modern type. England has not been lagging behind both the basic needle supplier. In 1775, the Continental Congress of the North American Colonies announced the establishment of a premium that the one would be able to make the first 300 pins equal to the quality of those were brought from England. But only in the XIX century with the development of the fashion industry, the industry began to produce sewing pins, which is called, personally for tailors.
As for the pins for "paper" purposes, then the need for them acutely stood at the beginning of the Renaissance, when scientists and writers appeared, and they had many papers requiring temporary bond (in contrast to traditional stitching - after all, there were no folders in those days ). Pins were made by stretching metal bars to a wire, which was then cut on parts of the desired length. The metal head was attached to the obtained billets. With the invention of a special drawing board, the work went faster, and about 4 thousand pins were carried out per hour. Work was stopped because the packers did not have time for the car - they managed to pack on the day only about one and a half thousand pieces. It was necessary to come up with something urgently. And invented. The principle of division of labor. (Later, this principle was based on the conveyor line). An outstanding economist of the XVIII century Adam Smith somehow calculated that if it were not for this principle, a few pins were performed on the day. This calculation entered later in economics textbooks and some other disciplines.
Throughout history, only a few machines for the production of pins were invented. The most successful invented the physicist John Arelend Hou, Namesilets Elias Hou, one of the creators of the sewing machine in America. It was not his first invention, before that he experimented perfectly in another area - with rubber, but failed there. For the invention of the pin machine, he was a heavy job in the Laddle, where he made pins manually. The first car turned out badly (not very lucky, it can be seen, there was an inventor). But with the help of the second, 60 thousand pins per day were produced. Immediately it was necessary to invent the car, which immediately packaged pins (in those days they were pounded to cardboard leaves).
It is curious that humanity constantly felt a lack of pins. Heinrich VIII even issued a decree prohibiting the sale of the pin every day, for this was given special days. The situation with the deficit did not improve, even on the contrary - began to be confused, the crush, the shortness, the queue (!); Decree after a while I had to cancel.
Analyzing this situation, you come to completely unexpected conclusions: imagine what people have a thrust for knowledge and teachings, if the pins for secrets were such a terrible deficit?!
It is clear that the pins simply lacked the tailor needs and no one thought about the tailors. Pins were not only a deficit, they were great value and cost expensive. The pin set was so necessary that he served as a wonderful gift for almost any holiday. The reverent attitude to the mappings has been preserved to this day - we carefully collect the scattered pins and remove them in a safe place.