The design of the outer walls is classified according to the following features:

The static function of the wall determined by its role in the construction system of the building;

Material and technology of construction, determined by the building system of the building;

Constructive solution - in the form of a single-layer or layered enclosing structure.

According to the static function, it is distinguished (Fig.4.4) bearing walls (4.3), self-supporting walls(4.4) and non-relaxing walls (4.5).

Fig.4.4. Classification of external walls on the bearing capacity: A - carriers; b - self-supporting; in - nonsense

Non-relaxing walls flooring on the adjacent interior designs of the building (overlap, walls, frame).

Bearing and self-supporting walls are perceived along with vertical and horizontal loads, being vertical elements of rigidity of structures. In buildings with unbending outer walls, the functions of the vertical elements of stiffness are performed by the frame, the inner walls, aperture or rigidity trunks.

Bearing and non-relaxing outer walls can be applied in buildings of any floor. The height of the self-supporting walls is limited in order to prevent the mutual displacements of self-supporting and internal supporting structures, accompanied by local damage to the decoration of premises and the appearance of cracks. In panel houses, for example, it is permissible to use self-supporting walls with a building height of not more than 4 floors. The stability of self-supporting walls provide flexible connections with internal structures.

Bearing outer walls are used in buildings of different heights. The limiting floors of the carrier wall depends on the bearing capacity and the deformability of its material, the design, the nature of the relationships with internal structures, as well as from economic considerations. For example, the use of panel light concrete walls is advisable in houses with a height of up to 9 - 12 floors carrying brick outer walls - in the buildings of the middle floor, and the walls of the steel lattice shell design - in 70 - 100 storey buildings.

According to the material there are four main types of wall structures: concrete, stone, non-poor materials and wooden. In accordance with the construction system, each type of wall contains several types of structures: concrete walls - from monolithic concrete, large blocks or panels; Stone walls - brick or small blocks, walls of stone large blocks and panels; Wooden walls - chopped, frame-shield, shield and panel.

The outer walls can be a single-layer or layered design. Single-layer walls are brought from panels, concrete or stone blocks, monolithic concrete, stone, bricks, wooden logs or bars. In the layered walls, the execution of different functions is assigned to various materials. Strength functions provide concrete, stone, wood; durability functions - concrete, stone, wood or sheet material (aluminum alloys, enameled steel, asbestoscert or other); The functions of thermal insulation are effective insulation (mineral wool slabs, fibrololite, polystyrene foam, etc.); Functions of vaporizolation - Rolled materials (laying runner, foil, etc.), dense concrete or mastic; Decorative functions - various facing materials. The layers of such a fixed design may include an air layer. Closed - to increase its heat transfer resistance, ventilated - to protect the room from radiation overheating or to reduce the deformations of the outer facing layer of the wall.

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