typology of states of survival by Virginia Satir

I begin by describing the first "behaviour" or neurotic "survival state."

Virginia Satir describes each type according to the following parameters, attention (!):

1. General characteristics of his words (in one word) + his typical expressions
2. Approximate metaphorical description of a favorite posture in which his body unconsciously always stays
3. His inner feelings and true thoughts about himself
4. His outward behavior in public
5. How people perceive him
6. The reaction he expects from people
7. His undeniably valuable resource, plus his fortunes

Once again I ask for your attention.

In the seventh point, psychologists disagree, and Satir herself did not say anything specifically, so it can be interpreted broadly.

So, some experts believe that each neurotic type of adaptation to life really has ITS VALUABLE RESOURCE, without irony.

After all, if this role did not have any useful resource at all, then this role would become absolutely losing. Good for nowhere.

Other psychologists (who take a tougher position) call each such positive quality from paragraph 7 just a PARODY OF A VALUABLE QUALITY ...

We take an intermediate position and offer you to do the same. At least at first. When you get to know each type.

Think of The Virtue of the Neurotic as both genuine dignity and a parody of it. This "middle way" will be closest to the truth, in our opinion.

Crouching before the world - peacemaker

Here is the first way to communicate with the world, the first neurotic state of survival

General characteristics of his words (in one word) + typical expressions of an ingratiating peacemaker

Agreement

You are beautiful, no doubt (And without any subsequent “buts” and “Princesses”)

Everything you want, think and say is right.

You didn't do anything bad.

I and only I will make you happy.

(I propose to take these words also as a kind of parody and then you will understand a lot. For example, why this type is called - neurotic.)

Approximate metaphorical description of a favorite posture in which his body unconsciously always stays

The body of the ingratiating peacemaker, as it were, says: “I am helpless!”

This person constantly hurts his eyes, neck and head - he firmly holds the expression of the “crooking” face. To do this, he always tries to look "from the bottom - up" and forcefully smile.

Often, after talking with someone, this person begins to wheeze as a result, the voice sits down - from abnormal tension of the ligaments, keeping oneself from the words of the truth.

His inner feelings and true thoughts about himself

I am nothing. Without you (without you) I'm nobody.

His outward behavior in public

He agrees with everyone, as in the parable "And you are right." (I remind you that all the behavior of a neurotic is a parody of real, genuine feelings).

Constantly waiting for approval in his address.

Grateful simply for being addressed in conversation.

How people perceive him

It causes them a strong sense of guilt, they perceive it as a "silent reproach" to their strength, health, wealth, happiness.

The reaction he expects from people

Constant support in his affairs, pity

His undeniably valuable resource, plus his fortunes

Empathy is a natural gift. An ingratiating peacemaker feels the pain of another as his own, he is tolerant, he knows how to take care, he has developed sensitivity in himself.

(In the worst case, this will be a PARODY of all the above virtues)

Ingratiating peacemakers (when they cease to be neurotic) subsequently make good psychotherapists and representatives of other helping professions.

These are the so-called "good psychologists". (There are also "evil")

Read the next state of survival in the next article on our website.

We often curry favor with the authorities, when a person who fears God calls himself a slave, who will condemn him for this, or condemn God?

Issue resolved and closed.

best answer

Answers

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6 (9172) 3 4 14 6 years

A person who fawns is pathetic. You don’t have to fawn or be rude, you have to be adequate, don’t do crap and know your business and adequate management will appreciate it. Lick-lickers around themselves are produced by inadequate, stupid and arrogant bosses.

There was such a fairy tale - a Christian and a pagan died, and in the next world the first became a slave and set the table, at which the second sat. The Christian went to God and asked: "I prayed to you all my life, lived according to the rules, limited myself and had to serve a pagan - who went out into the field a couple of times a year and gave praise to the gods, lived as he wanted, etc." God answered him: "Everyone got what he wanted, you wanted to be a servant of God all your life and became him, and he considered himself the grandson of the gods, so you serve him"

0 0

6 (6664) 2 6 13 6 years

Potato, asking questions is an art. That's what you wanted to ask, I didn't understand a damn thing. But I will write my opinion about currying before anyone.
To fawn - to be afraid of the consequences of one's encroachments on a person who is stronger than you, or higher in rank. Constant ingratiation requires a lot of strength, therefore such ingratiators need to compensate for the loss of energy. They are pulled, as a rule, on the weakest or household members. A person who fawns over another is afraid of him and hates him. It's subconscious.
The same song about God. If you are afraid of him, you cannot love him. Nature does not allow the unity of opposites.
And the Judeo-Christian God will condemn you in any case, because he came to the Jews so that the rest of the nations would serve them. And the feeling of guilt is what will make you an obedient and ingratiating slave of the Jews and their god.

I personally fear no one but God; Try to judge me for this.

if I'm afraid, I'll hide under the covers. no one will get me there

everything that goes against my concept of life

It is always easier to blurt out than to realize and understand.

On the other hand, if everyone only did what they understood and constantly entered into the position of another, without judging the thoughts, words and deeds of a person, there would be no difference between the concepts of "good" and "bad".

Both understanding and judgment are equally good in their own way.
It is bad when one or the other is in excess.

The method of stick and carrot should be understood as a combination, and not as the presence of two extremes.

To condemn officially or in private life? With the first, everything is clear - corruption decides. And with the second it will be more difficult - there is an emotional outburst. It is difficult to determine what is true and what is false.
In two cases, an investigation is necessary. In the first case, it is expensive and, again, may turn out to be unreliable. And in the second - the collapse of all illusions and dreams is possible, which leads to condemnation.
If there are suspicions, they must either be refuted or proven.

no.
KL 5.pants. Krimināllikuma spēks laikā

(1) Nodarījuma (darbības vai bezdarbības) noziedzīgumu un sodāmību nosaka likums, kas bijis spēkā šā nodarījuma izdarīšanas laikā.

(2) Likumam, kas atzīst nodarījumu par nesodāmu, mīkstina sodu vai ir citādi labvēlīgs personai, ja vien attiecīgajā likumā nav noteikts citādi, ir atpakaļejošs spēks, proti, tas attiecas uz nodarījumiem, kas izdarīti pirms attiecīgā likuma spēkā stāšanās, kā arī uz personu , kura izcieš sodu vai izcietusi sodu, bet kurai saglabājusies sodāmība.

(3) Likumam, kas atzīst nodarījumu par sodāmu, pastiprina sodu vai ir citādi nelabvēlīgs personai, atpakaļejoša spēka nav.

any person can be understood. But not everyone wants to.

Annoying signs of attention? When the girl will. let's say over 30, let him remember this question and answer it herself

Ingratiation as a quality of personality is the desire to appease, flatter, servility to gain someone's favor for a selfish purpose.

Once, two of his neighbors quarreled near the Hodja's house. The high was raised so high that the Khoja was forced to come out to them. He took the first one aside. He explained everything to him and at the end asked: “Well, how? Am I wrong?" Khoja willingly supported him: “You are right, brother! Now I will explain to this jackal that you are right. Go easy on yourself." Hodja approached the second, who told him the matter, of course, biasedly, in a light favorable to himself. “Well, Hodja, what do you say? Am I wrong?" Khoja replied: “Of course, you are right! I explained it to him, the dog, and, you see, he understood your innocence and left ashamed! Khoja went home satisfied, but then his wife demanded an explanation: “Efendi, I heard everything here, you were talking near the window. How does it work? That one is right and that one is right! How can two arguing people be right at the same time? Khoja calmly said: “And you are right, wife! Calm down".

The ingratiating peacemaker agrees with everyone, constantly waiting for approval for himself. With a pleading and apologetic intonation, he tries to raise his status in any situation, hiding the manipulative nature of his actions. In achieving his goals, he uses the richest arsenal of techniques and means that, in a literary context, meets the most demanding requirements of a poet or writer: walking on half-bent, servile, walking on hind legs, fawn, curl like a weed, wag, wag your tail, walk on tiptoe, swindle, crumble like a petty demon, look into your mouth, crumble smaller than a poppy, drive up, servile and break your hat.

You can't think of a better example for revealing the essence of fawning than the events described in A.P. Chekhov's story "The Death of an Official". During the performance, the official Chervyakov accidentally sneezed and saw that General Brizzhalov, who was sitting in front, was carefully wiping his bald head and neck with a glove and muttering something. ""I splashed him! thought Chervyakov, whispered into the general's ear: 'Excuse me, yours, I splashed you... I accidentally...' 'Nothing, nothing...' 'For God's sake, excuse me.' I… I didn't want to! - Oh, sit down, please! Let me listen!" But from that moment on, the obsequious official lost his peace. “During the intermission, he went up to Brizzhalov, walked around him and, overcoming his timidity, muttered: “I splashed you, yours. Excuse me... I'm... not that... - Oh, come on... I already forgot, but you're all about the same! said the general, and moved his lower lip impatiently. "I forgot, but there's malice in his eyes himself," thought Chervyakov, glancing suspiciously at the general. And he doesn't want to talk. I should explain to him that I did not want to at all ... that this is the law of nature, otherwise he will think that I wanted to spit. He won’t think now, he will think so later! .. ""

The quiet life for the general ended, at every step the ingratiating figure of Chervyakov with a strained smile was waiting for him. For the hundredth time, he went up to him and muttered: “Your-stvo! If I dare to disturb you, it is precisely out of a feeling, I can say, of remorse!... Not on purpose, if you please know yourself!” The general made a tearful face and waved his hand. "Yes, you're just laughing, sir!" he said, hiding behind the door. "What kind of jokes are there? thought Chervyakov. “There are no jokes here! General, but can not understand! When so, I will no longer apologize to this fanfaron! Damn him! I'll write him a letter, but I won't go! By God, I won't!" So Chervyakov thought as he went home. He did not write a letter to the general. Thought and thought, and did not invent this letter. I had to go explain myself the next day. “Yesterday I came to disturb you,” he muttered, when the general looked up at him with inquiring eyes, “not to laugh, as you deigned to say. I apologized for the fact that, sneezing, I splashed, sir ... but I didn’t even think to laugh. Do I dare to laugh? If we laugh, then there will be no respect for persons ... there will be no ... "-" Get out !!! " barked the general, who suddenly turned blue and trembling. - "What-with?" Chervyakov asked in a whisper, trembling with horror. - "Go away!! repeated the general, stamping his feet. Something broke in Chervyakov's stomach. Seeing nothing, hearing nothing, he backed away to the door, went out into the street and trudged along ... Arriving home mechanically, without taking off his uniform, he lay down on the sofa and ... died.

Flattery never parted with the fear of causing someone's discontent, and from it one step to ill will. This is already dangerous, no matter what happens? Fawning with the conviction of a fatalist perceives the potential danger as the inevitability of fate. What starts bad ends worse. If urgent action is not taken, everything will be done in the worst possible way. The impending threat deprives the fawning of sleep and peace. Taught by the bitter experience of past experiences, it is terribly afraid of the discontent of others, perceiving it as a bad sign of fate. The mafia sent a dead fish to a traitor sentenced to death. Fawning, equating dissatisfaction with itself with a black mark, is trying with all its might to ingratiate itself with itself.

He justifies his actions with life logic, not realizing that the true reason for his behavior is self-doubt, spinelessness, low self-esteem, lack of endurance and self-control. Even the body of an ingratiating person shouts to others: “I am helpless! I am nothing, I am nobody and call me “No way!”. His whole appearance appeals to people: "Support and have pity on me." Where a confident person will not feel any fear, fawning will fan a fire in his soul from the slightest concern, simple indifference, indifference or unwillingness to communicate with him.

The favorite position of fawning, in which his body unconsciously always remains, is fraught with consequences: eyes, head and neck hurt. Try to hold tightly the face of a fawning person, for this you need to constantly look “from bottom to top” and smile strainedly. Oh, and this is a difficult job - to curry favor! The voice is mysteriously mutated, the booming bass and velvety baritone move towards the coloratura soprano. Fyodor Chaliapin becomes Robertino Loretti - his voice is artificially raised, becoming unpleasantly squeaky. From the abnormal tension of the vocal cords, the voice sits down, fawning, after talking with the “right” person, begins to wheeze and cough.

In the end, it harms itself. Trying to be invisible to life, it is deprived of the opportunity to show the world its best qualities and present the merits of its thoughts. Fawning is the negative of photography that never wants to show up. . It is impossible to achieve success by following the strategy of "stay low" and the line of behavior of "avoiding" the slightest threat of conflict and trouble. The ability to get along with all people is a sign of a reasonable person, but in fawning this positive property takes on its negative extreme. Wanting to be a respected person, he dissolved into the reagent of life. How can you position yourself and not become an obstacle in the way of others? Clearly manifested personalities become the favorites of success. People around, having met a person on their hind legs, feel only a strong sense of guilt, perceiving it as a silent reproach to their position, wealth and happiness.

In the world of passions and desires, people from time to time are forced to look for someone's support, protection and location, to look for compromise solutions and alternative options. Unlike most people, flattery sees this as the only acceptable means to achieve their own selfish goals. Having convinced itself that the end justifies the means, it humiliates, grovels, licks Famous places while losing human dignity.

You will not envy a person who desires and is afraid, in whom anxiety, anxiety, irritation and anger are constantly registered. Suppressed, canned emotions only exacerbate the tension of his being. Over time, they turn into hatred of themselves and the outside world. The sycophant hates the objects of fawning, seeing in them his humiliation and lack of freedom. Unrealized, unexpressed hatred finally decomposes and destroys the personality. An ingratiating person is prone to black melancholy. If a blind chance takes pity on him, throwing him into a commanding chair, his subordinates will have to unbearably hard to adapt to his terry tyranny.

The psychological portrait of fawning will acquire new details when we recall the meeting of the fat and the thin in the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov: “Probably, already a civilian? A? - No, my dear, raise it higher, - said the fat one. - I have already risen to the secret ... I have two stars. The thin one suddenly turned pale, petrified, but soon his face twisted in all directions with the broadest smile; it seemed as if sparks were falling from his face and eyes. He himself shrank, hunched, narrowed ... His suitcases, bundles and cartons shrank, grimaced ... The long chin of his wife became even longer; - I, Your Excellency ... Very pleased, sir! A friend, one might say, of childhood, and suddenly turned out to be such grandees, sir! Hee hee s. - Well, it's full! the fat man grimaced. “What is that tone for? You and I are childhood friends - and what is this veneration for! “Excuse me… What are you…” the thin one chuckled, shrinking even more. “Your Excellency’s gracious attention… it seems to be life-giving moisture… The fat one wanted to object something, but so much reverence, sweetness and respectful acidity were written on the thin one’s face that the Privy Councilor vomited. He turned away from the thin one and gave him his hand in parting. The thin one shook three fingers, bowed with his whole body and giggled like a Chinese: "hee-hee-hee."

Petr Kovalev

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

I [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired hard, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

V unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], shoulder strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, it changes common feature for two adjacent consonants: the combination "GK" sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o'h'k'y], soft [m'a'h'k'y].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ Borsch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter parsing, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: buster [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: ity];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i't'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [patch’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m'e´sny], reed [tras'n 'i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: giant [g'iga´nsk 'y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • "-tsya", "-tsya" → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e´ts k'y], fraternal cue [brother's cue];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn] : late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [Gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [Narman’nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • ndts → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart e [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [c]: factory [zavac ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal parsing of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

), at someone and in front of someone (outdated in someone). Flattery, servility to try to win someone's favor in order to get some benefits. To curry favor with the authorities.

Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

See what "SEARCH" is in other dictionaries:

Fawn. The verb to fawn as a word of the literary language was first registered in the dictionary of V. I. Dahl. Here it is defined as follows: “... to curry favor with someone, to seek flattery, servants, to please, seeking patronage”; “Seeking, fawning ... ... The history of words

Cm … Synonym dictionary

- (inosk.) flattering to seek someone's friendship, mercy, help. Wed Petersburg Freemasons all came to him, fawning over him. Gr. L. N. Tolstoy. War and Peace. Wed Pasynkov was very polite and meek with everyone, although never in anyone ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

Fawn, ayu, aesh; inconsistency, before whom. Flattery, servility to achieve someone's n. location. Z. in front of the authorities. Ingratiating smile (flattering). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

From whom, to seek flattery, promises, to please, seeking patronage; fawn, fawn to find, find or get. The flap looked for the color, psk. found, approached. fawning ·dt. fawning ·finish. Zaisk male., ob. action under ch. I'm going... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Fawn- Crouching in a dream in front of someone means that in reality you will deliberately part with something dear to you in the vain hope of acquiring more. If they curry favor with you, they may offer you Good work, abandoning which in ... ... Dream Interpretation Melnikov

curry favor- This word is usually understood as "the desire to achieve the location of someone by any means." Etymology given word quite transparent: "crouch" from "search". In this case, to seek the attention or location of someone. WITH… … Etymological dictionary of the Russian language Semenov

- (inosk.) flatteringly seek someone's friendship, mercy, help Cf. Petersburg Freemasons all came to him, currying favor with him. Gr. L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace. Wed Pasynkov was very polite and meek with everyone, although he never fawned on anyone. Turgenev ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary

Nesov. neperekh. To please, flatter, seeking someone's attention, location, patronage. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, fawn, ... ... Forms of words