It's no secret that in order to maintain vital functions at a high level, a person needs protein - a kind of building material for body tissues; Proteins contain 20 amino acids, the names of which are unlikely to mean anything to the average office worker. Every person, especially if we talk about women, has at least once heard about collagen and keratin - these are proteins that are responsible for the appearance of nails, skin and hair.

Amino acids - what are they?

Amino acids (or aminocarboxylic acids; AMK; peptides) are organic compounds consisting of 16% amines - organic derivatives of ammonium - which distinguishes them from carbohydrates and lipids. They participate in the biosynthesis of protein by the body: in the digestive system, under the influence of enzymes, all proteins supplied with food are destroyed to AMC. In total, there are about 200 peptides in nature, but only 20 basic amino acids are involved in the construction of the human body, which are divided into replaceable and essential; sometimes there is a third type - semi-replaceable (conditionally replaceable).

Nonessential amino acids

Replaceable amino acids are those that are both consumed in food and reproduced directly in the human body from other substances.

• Alanine is a monomer of biological compounds and proteins. It carries out one of the main pathways of glucogenesis, that is, it is converted into glucose in the liver, and vice versa. A highly active participant in metabolic processes in the body.
• Arginine is an amino acid that can be synthesized in the body of an adult, but is not capable of synthesis in the body of a child. Promotes the production of growth hormones and others. The only carrier of nitrogenous compounds in the body. Helps increase muscle mass and reduce fat mass.
• Asparagine is a peptide involved in nitrogen metabolism. During the reaction with the enzyme asparaginase, it splits off ammonia and turns into aspartic acid.
• Aspartic acid - takes part in the creation of immunoglobulin, deactivates ammonia. Necessary for malfunctions of the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
• Histidine - used for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases; has positive dynamics in the fight against AIDS. Protects the body from the harmful effects of stress.
• Glycine is a neurotransmitter amino acid. Used as a mild sedative and antidepressant. Enhances the effect of some nootropic drugs.
• Glutamine - in large quantities Activator of tissue repair processes.
• Glutamic acid - has a neurotransmitter effect and also stimulates metabolic processes in the central nervous system.
• Proline is one of the components of almost all proteins. They are especially rich in elastin and collagen, which are responsible for skin elasticity.
• Serine is an amino acid that is found in neurons of the brain and also contributes to the release of large amounts of energy. It is a derivative of glycine.
• Tyrosine is a component of animal and plant tissues. Can be reproduced from phenylalanine by the action of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase; the reverse process does not occur.
• Cysteine ​​is one of the components of keratin, which is responsible for the firmness and elasticity of hair, nails, and skin. It is also an antioxidant. Can be produced from serine.

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body are essential

Essential amino acids are those that cannot be generated in the human body and can only be supplied through food.

• Valine is an amino acid found in almost all proteins. Increases muscle coordination and reduces the body's sensitivity to temperature changes. Maintains the hormone serotonin at high levels.
• Isoleucine is a natural anabolic steroid that, through the process of oxidation, saturates muscle and brain tissue with energy.
• Leucine is an amino acid that improves metabolism. It is a kind of “builder” of protein structure.
• These three AMKs are part of the so-called BCAA complex, which is especially in demand among athletes. Substances in this group act as a source for increasing muscle mass, reducing fat mass and maintaining good health during particularly intense physical activity.
• Lysine is a peptide that accelerates tissue regeneration, the production of hormones, enzymes and antibodies. Responsible for the strength of blood vessels, found in muscle protein and collagen.
• Methionine - takes part in the synthesis of choline, the lack of which can lead to increased accumulation of fat in the liver.
• Threonine - gives elasticity and strength to tendons. It has a very positive effect on the heart muscle and tooth enamel.
• Tryptophan - supports emotional state, as it is converted into serotonin in the body. Indispensable for depression and other psychological disorders.
• Phenylalanine - improves the appearance of the skin by normalizing pigmentation. Supports psychological well-being by improving mood and bringing clarity to thinking.

Other methods for classifying peptides

Scientifically, the 20 essential amino acids are divided based on the polarity of their side chains, or radicals. Thus, four groups are distinguished: (but not having a charge), positively charged and negatively charged.

Non-polar are: valine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, proline. In turn, polar acids that have a negative charge include aspartic and glutamic acids. Polar, having a positive charge, are called arginine, histidine, lysine. Amino acids that have polarity but do not have a charge include cysteine, glutamine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, and asparagine.

20 amino acids: formulas (table)

Based on this, it can be noted that all 20 in the table above) contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.

Amino acids: participation in cell activity

Aminocarboxylic acids are involved in the biological synthesis of protein. Protein biosynthesis is the process of modeling a polypeptide (“poly” - many) chain of amino acid residues. The process takes place on the ribosome, an organelle inside the cell that is directly responsible for biosynthesis.

Information is read from a section of the DNA chain according to the principle of complementarity (A-T, C-G); when creating m-RNA (messenger RNA, or i-RNA - information RNA - identical concepts), the nitrogenous base thymine is replaced by uracil. Then, using the same principle, a transporting amino acid molecules to the place of synthesis is created. T-RNA is encoded by triplets (codons) (example: UAU), and if you know what nitrogenous bases a triplet is represented by, you can find out which amino acid it carries.

Food groups with the highest content of AMK

Dairy products and eggs contain important substances such as valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine and phenylalanine. Fish and white meat have a high content of valine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan. Legumes, grains and cereals are rich in valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine, methionine. Nuts and various seeds will saturate the body with threonine, isoleucine, lysine, arginine and histidine.

Below is the amino acid content of some foods.

The largest amount of tryptophan and methionine can be found in hard cheese, lysine - in rabbit meat, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine and phenylalanine - in soy. When creating a diet based on maintaining normal BUN, you should pay attention to squid and peas, while the poorest in terms of peptide content are potatoes and cow's milk.

Lack of amino acids in vegetarianism

It is a myth that there are amino acids that are found exclusively in animal products. Moreover, scientists have found that plant protein is absorbed by the human body better than animal protein. However, when choosing vegetarianism as a lifestyle, it is very important to monitor your diet. The main problem is that one hundred grams of meat and the same amount of beans contain different amounts of BUN in percentage terms. At first, it is necessary to keep track of the amino acid content in the food consumed, then this should become automatic.

How many amino acids should you consume per day?

In the modern world, absolutely all food products contain the nutrients necessary for humans, so there is no need to worry: all 20 protein amino acids are safely supplied from food, and this amount is enough for a person who leads a normal lifestyle and at least slightly monitors his diet.

An athlete’s diet must be saturated with proteins, because without them it is simply impossible to build muscle mass. Physical exercise leads to a colossal consumption of amino acid reserves, so professional bodybuilders are forced to take special supplements. With intensive building of muscle relief, the amount of protein can reach up to one hundred grams of protein per day, but such a diet is not suitable for daily consumption. Any food supplement implies instructions containing different AMKs in doses, which must be read before using the drug.

The influence of peptides on the quality of life of an ordinary person

The need for proteins is present not only among athletes. For example, the proteins elastin, keratin, and collagen affect the appearance of hair, skin, nails, as well as the flexibility and mobility of joints. A number of amino acids affect the body, maintaining fat balance at an optimal level, providing sufficient energy for everyday life. After all, in the process of life, even with the most passive lifestyle, energy is expended, at least for breathing. In addition, cognitive activity is also impossible when there is a lack of certain peptides; maintaining the psycho-emotional state is carried out, among other things, by AMK.

Amino acids and sports

The diet of professional athletes involves a perfectly balanced diet that helps maintain muscle tone. Designed specifically for those athletes who are working on gaining muscle mass, they make life much easier.

As previously written, amino acids are the main building blocks of proteins necessary for muscle growth. They are also able to speed up metabolism and burn fat, which is also important for beautiful muscle definition. When training hard, it is necessary to increase your BUN intake due to the fact that they increase the rate of muscle building and reduce post-workout pain.

The 20 amino acids in proteins can be consumed both as part of aminocarbon complexes and from food. If you choose a balanced diet, then you need to take into account absolutely all grams, which is difficult to implement when the day is very busy.

What happens to the human body when there is a lack or excess of amino acids

The main symptoms of amino acid deficiency are: poor health, lack of appetite, brittle nails, increased fatigue. Even with a lack of BUN alone, a huge number of unpleasant side effects occur, which significantly impair well-being and productivity.

Oversaturation with amino acids can lead to disruptions in the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, which, in turn, is no less dangerous. In turn, symptoms similar to food poisoning may appear, which also does not entail anything pleasant.

You need to know moderation in everything, so maintaining a healthy lifestyle should not lead to an excess of certain “useful” substances in the body. As the classic wrote, “the best is the enemy of the good.”

In the article we looked at the formulas and names of all 20 amino acids; the table of the content of the main AMAs in products is given above.

AMINO ACIDS

Low molecular weight organic compounds containing one or two carboxyl groups (-COOH) and one or two amino groups (-NH2). Amino acids are widely present in the cells and tissues of living organisms. General formula of the most important natural amino acids

where the radical R can be hydrogen (as in the case of the simplest amino acid glycine), a methyl group - CH3 (as in alanine) or have a more complex structure.

Since amino acids are amphoteric, that is, they have the properties of both acids and bases, they react with each other. The carbon atom of the carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the nitrogen atom of the amino group of another to form the so-called. peptide bond, and water is released.

If two amino acids are combined, a dipeptide is formed; if three amino acids are combined, a tripeptide is formed; if 20 or more amino acids are combined, a polypeptide is formed (see peptides). Found in living organisms approx. 150 amino acids, but only 20 of them are involved in the construction of polypeptide chains of proteins - translation. The sequence of amino acids in the synthesized polypeptide chain is determined by the genetic code.

Of the 20 amino acids necessary for the construction of proteins in the body of animals and humans, only the so-called amino acids are synthesized from simpler substances. nonessential amino acids. The rest - essential amino acids - must come from food. Different animals have different sets of essential amino acids. For humans, these are 8 amino acids - valine, leucine, lysine, methionine, etc. The absence or deficiency of one or more essential amino acids in the human body leads to metabolic disorders and various diseases. Plants and chemosynthetic microorganisms themselves synthesize all the necessary amino acids.

In addition to building proteins, amino acids (including those not included in proteins) serve as starting materials for the synthesis of vitamins, nitrogenous bases, mediators and other biologically active compounds in cells.

Amino acids are used in medicine, as food additives, for fortification of feed and for other purposes. On an industrial scale, they are obtained by microbiological synthesis (see biotechnology).

When studying possible ways of the origin of life, a number of amino acids were obtained by passing electrical discharges through a mixture of gases, recreating the primary atmosphere of the Earth. Thus, the possibility of abiogenic (without the participation of organisms) synthesis of the most important organic compounds was demonstrated.

Encyclopedia Biology. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what AMINO ACIDS are in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• AMINO ACIDS in the Popular Medical Encyclopedia:
  - basic structural units of protein molecules: carboxylic acids containing...
• AMINO ACIDS in Medical terms:
  (syn. aminocarboxylic acids) organic (carboxylic) acids containing one or more amino groups; are the basic structural units of protein molecules, determine their biological...
• AMINO ACIDS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• AMINO ACIDS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  a class of organic compounds that combine the properties of acids and amines, i.e., containing, along with the carboxyl group -COOH, the amino group -NH2. ...
• AMINO ACIDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  a name recently used in some manuals of organic chemistry instead of the name “amido acids,” which is more correct, because in these compounds ...
• AMINO ACIDS in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• AMINO ACIDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  a class of organic compounds containing carboxyl (-COOH) and amino groups (-NH2) have the properties of both acids and bases. Participating in the exchange...
• AMINO ACIDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -from, units amino acid, -s, w. (specialist.). A class of organic compounds that have the properties of both acids and bases. II adj. amino acid, -aya, ...
• AMINO ACIDS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  AMINO ACIDS, organic class. compounds containing carboxyl (-COOH) and amino groups (-NH 2); have the properties of both acids and bases. Participate in…
• AMINO ACIDS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? a name used recently in some manuals of organic chemistry instead of the name “amido acids,” which is more correct, because in these ...
• AMINO ACIDS in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  
• AMINO ACIDS in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  a class of organic compounds characterized by the properties of both carboxylic acids and amines; A. play an important role in the life of organisms...
• AMINO ACIDS in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  
• AMINO ACIDS in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  
• AMINO ACIDS in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  amino acids, -from, units. -ota...
• AMINO ACIDS in the Spelling Dictionary:
  amino acids, -from, units. -ot`a, ...
• AMINO ACIDS in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  a class of organic compounds that have the properties of both acids and...
• AMINO ACIDS in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  a class of organic compounds containing carboxyl (-COOH) and amino groups (-NH2); have the properties of both acids and bases. Participate in the metabolism of nitrogenous substances...
• AMINO ACIDS in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  amino acids plural Organic compounds that have the properties of acids and alkalis and are the main element of plant and animal...
• AMINO ACIDS in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  pl. Organic compounds that have the properties of acids and alkalis and are the main element of plant and animal...
• AMINO ACIDS in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  pl. Organic compounds that have the properties of acids and alkalis and are the main element of plant and animal...
• BROADCAST in the Encyclopedia Biology:
  , synthesis of proteins (polypeptides) on ribosomes using messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) as a matrix; the final stage of implementation...

All amino acids can be divided into two categories: essential and essential. The name speaks for itself. Essential amino acids are an “essential” component of the diet. In other words, our body cannot synthesize them on its own. Nonessential amino acids are those that can be created through metabolism from other amino acids and nutrients from food.

Essential amino acids include:

• Asparagine
• Glutamic acid
• Glycine
• Proline
• Serin

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body, and therefore, if they are absent from food, the body begins to use reserve reserves of amino acids, for example, albumin. In the worst case scenario, the need for amino acids is met by muscle tissue - a process that is extremely undesirable for all bodybuilders and representatives of other sports.

Essential amino acids:

• Histidine

Essential amino acids

Histidine

Histidine is present in all tissues of the human body. It plays an important role in the formation of red and white blood cells and takes part in the exchange of information between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. The immune system needs histidine to prevent autoimmune and allergic reactions, and in the stomach, with the participation of this amino acid, gastric juice is formed, which is necessary for normal digestion. Histidine deficiency contributes to the development of rheumatoid arthritis. The reserves of histidine in our body are depleted quite quickly, and therefore we must regularly obtain it from external sources.

Histidine is found in meat, dairy products, and grains (wheat, rice, rye).

Application: improving digestion. Sources: dairy products, meat, fish, rice, wheat, rye.

One of the main amino acids for bodybuilding, because isoleucine is one of the three amino acids. Isoleucine helps increase physical endurance and accelerates the recovery of muscle tissue, stimulates recovery after training and supports continuous replenishment of energy reserves.

Good sources of isoleucine include meat products, eggs, fish, nuts, seeds, peas and soy.

Promotes muscle recovery. Sources: chicken, cashews, fish, almonds, eggs, lentils, liver and meat.

The second amino acid from the BCAA class, which, along with isoleucine and valine, plays an important role in the processes of muscle tissue restoration. Leucine is converted into glucose more efficiently and faster than other amino acids, thereby stopping catabolic processes in muscles during grueling training sessions. It is also involved in muscle recovery after microdamage, regulates blood sugar levels, increases the secretion of growth hormone and promotes fat burning.

Sources of leucine: brown rice, beans, meat, nuts, soy flour and whole wheat.

Application: natural anabolic agent. Sources: All protein sources including brown rice, legumes, nuts and whole wheat.

This amino acid is known for its antiviral properties. With the participation of lysine, antibodies are synthesized that strengthen the immune system; lysine is also necessary for the formation of hormones that regulate the processes of growth and renewal of bone tissue. Thanks to its antiviral properties, lysine helps treat and/or prevent colds and herpes infections. This amino acid also stimulates the production of collagen and muscle protein, which leads to faster recovery.

Good sources of lysine include red meat, cheese, eggs, fish, milk, potatoes and yeast.

Application: fights fatigue and overtraining. Sources: cheese, eggs, milk, meat, yeast, potatoes and beans.

Helps process and utilize fats. Takes part in the formation of glutathione, cysteine ​​and, which contribute to the neutralization and removal of toxic substances from the body. Methionine is needed for the synthesis of creatine, a substance that increases endurance and performance of skeletal muscles. It is extremely important for the synthesis of collagen, which ensures healthy skin and nails. For people with allergies or arthritis, taking this amino acid may help reduce histamine levels in the body.

Sources of methionine: meat, eggs, fish, garlic, beans, lentils, onions, soybeans, seeds and yogurt.

Application: metabolism. Sources: meat, fish, legumes, eggs, garlic, lentils, onions, yogurt, and seeds.

An essential amino acid necessary for the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Since phenylalanine easily penetrates the blood-brain barrier, it has been successfully used to treat neurological diseases. This amino acid also helps control symptoms of depression and chronic pain. Research has shown that phenylalanine can also help treat vitiligo (white patches of depigmentation on the skin). Taking phenylalanine can improve memory and concentration, and also improves mood and emotional well-being. This amino acid is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, but anyone wishing to take phenylalanine as a dietary supplement should consult a physician first. Persons with hypertension and/or migraines, as well as phenylketonuria, should avoid this amino acid and foods containing it in large quantities. High doses of phenylalanine can cause damage to nerve tissue.

Application: promotes maximum muscle contraction and relaxation. Sources: dairy products, almonds, avocados, nuts and seeds.

Vital for the formation of muscle tissue, collagen and elastin, and is involved in the creation of strong bone tissue and teeth (enamel). Stimulates growth processes and normalizes protein metabolism in the body. Supports almost all body systems: central nervous, cardiovascular and immune. Prevents fatty liver degeneration.

Given a healthy, balanced diet, threonine deficiency is unlikely, as it is present in dairy products, meat, grains, mushrooms and green vegetables.

Application: normalizes protein metabolism. Sources: Meat, dairy and eggs.

Tryptophan

Can be converted to niacin. Used in the synthesis of methionine and serotonin. Serotonin helps regulate blood pressure and respiratory function. An increase in the amount of serotonin in the body leads to calm and improved sleep.

One of the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Along with other BCAAs, it promotes normal tissue growth and repair. Provides the body with energy, thereby preventing the breakdown of muscle tissue, regulates glycemic levels. Valine is necessary for normal mental activity, is involved in the removal of excess nitrogen compounds by the liver, and, if necessary, can be transported to other organs and tissues. Valine may help treat liver and brain damage due to alcohol, drug, or substance abuse. This amino acid should be taken in combination with other BCAAs: leucine and isoleucine.

Natural sources of valine: meat, dairy products, mushrooms, peanuts, soy protein.

Application: promotes the restoration and growth of muscle tissue. Sources: dairy products, meat, mushrooms, soy, peanuts.

Nonessential amino acids

Alanin

Used as a source of energy, accelerating the conversion of glucose during energy metabolism, and also helps eliminate toxins from the liver. Prevents the breakdown of muscle tissue due to the so-called alanine cycle, which can be simplified as follows: glucose - pyruvate - alanine - pyruvate - glucose. The alanine cycle increases intracellular energy reserves and thereby prolongs cell life. During this cycle, excess nitrogen is removed from the body (urination). Alanine can relieve symptoms caused by prostate enlargement.

Sources of alanine: meat, poultry, eggs, dairy products, fish and some plant foods such as avocados.

One of the most important amino acids in the human body, which is necessary for maintaining healthy joints, liver, skin and muscles. Due to its restorative properties, it can be used by people suffering from arthritis and other joint diseases. Strengthens the immune system by increasing the formation of T-lymphocytes. Participates in the synthesis of creatine and nitrogen metabolism, which is of enormous importance for every bodybuilder. It also helps reduce the proportion of fatty tissue in the body and accelerates the healing of damaged tissue. Although arginine is produced in the body, supplementation of the amino acid should be considered for those suffering from infection or burns, as well as for people wanting to lose weight, strengthen the immune system, or gain muscle mass.

Natural sources of arginine: meat, dairy, wheat, chocolate, coconut, gelatin, oats, peanuts, soy and walnuts.

Application: Helps increase muscle mass and reduce fat accumulation. Sources: whole wheat, nuts, seeds, rice, chocolate, raisins, and soy.

Asparagine

Closely related to aspartic acid, it is necessary for the functioning of the nervous system, in addition, our body uses this amino acid to synthesize ammonia.

Asparagine can be found in animal and plant foods: beef, poultry, whey, eggs, fish, dairy products, asparagus, potatoes, nuts, seeds, whole grains.

Aspartic acid, also known as L-aspartate

Helps improve metabolic processes and takes part in the synthesis of other amino acids, in particular arginine, lysine and isoleucine. Aspartic acid is of great importance for the synthesis of cellular energy, since it takes part in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a universal fuel that provides energy for all intracellular processes. Supports the nervous system by increasing concentrations of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a substance that stimulates the production of neurotransmitters and other compounds necessary for normal brain function.

Aspartic acid can be synthesized in the body, and sources include poultry, dairy products, beef and sugar cane.

Contained in beta-keratin, the main structural protein of skin, nails and hair. Cysteine ​​is best absorbed as N-acetyl cysteine ​​(NAC). Cysteine ​​may be effective in treating cancer, bronchitis, smoker's cough, cardiac pathology and septic shock.

This amino acid is produced in the body, but can also be obtained from meat, eggs, broccoli, onions, garlic and red peppers.

Application: promotes faster recovery and maintaining good physical shape. Sources: poultry, wheat, broccoli, eggs, garlic, onions and peppers.

Glutamic acid, also known as glutamate

The most important excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain and spinal cord. Plays a key role in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, participates in the transport of potassium into the cerebrospinal fluid and across the blood-brain barrier. The brain can use glutamic acid as fuel. Can be converted to glutamine or GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid).

Helps build and maintain muscle and remove toxins from the liver. Can cross the blood-brain barrier and, once converted to glutamic acid, act as a fuel for the brain. May also increase GABA levels. Glutamine is an essential source of energy for the nervous system. L-glutamine preparations are used mainly in bodybuilding, but when taking glutamine, people also note a general increase in strength and an improvement in their emotional background. Glutamine is formed by amination (addition of an amino group) of glutamic acid, which helps remove toxic ammonia from the liver - nitrogen does not turn into ammonia.

Glutamine also helps transport nitrogen to other organs and tissues, especially muscles, where it helps increase glycogen stores. This is of great importance in preventing the breakdown of muscle tissue. Up to 60% of the amino acids contained in muscles are glutamine. Glutamine is also important for the immune system and can help treat rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue and scleroderma.

Glutamine is found in many foods, but it is quickly destroyed during cooking. Raw parsley and spinach are excellent sources of this amino acid.

Application: An additional source of energy during a diet. Sources: Large amounts in all protein foods.

Glycine

This amino acid helps build muscle tissue, is involved in converting glucose into energy and increases creatine levels, which contributes to muscle gain. Collagen is approximately 30% glycine. In fact, without this amino acid, the body will not be able to heal wounds and other tissue damage.

Excellent sources of glycine are high-protein foods such as fish, meat, milk, beans or cheese.

Proline

Proline is needed for the formation of collagen and cartilage tissue. It stimulates collagen synthesis, which in turn promotes cartilage remodeling, and may therefore be beneficial for people suffering from injuries and joint diseases. This amino acid accelerates the healing process and is successfully used during the recovery period after injuries, such as burns.

Good sources of proline include meat, dairy products and eggs. Vegetarians should consider taking this amino acid through dietary supplements.

Serin

The main function of serine is to maintain the normal functioning of the brain and central nervous system. Proteins of nervous tissue and its protective cells contain this amino acid. It also takes part in the synthesis of serotonin, a chemical compound that has a significant effect on mood. In addition, serine is involved in the metabolism of fats and fatty acids and promotes the absorption of creatine.

Meat, dairy products, wheat (gluten), soy and peanuts are examples of good sources of this amino acid.

Tyrosine

This amino acid contributes to the normal functioning of the entire body. Tyrosine helps control appetite, and its deficiency can lead to lower blood pressure, slower metabolic processes, and increased fatigue. In addition, tyrosine promotes the formation of neurotransmitters, which has a great influence on the interaction of the human body with the environment.

Conclusion

Amino acids are of great importance for the functioning of the body. Supplements can be helpful, but sometimes they can cause side effects, so be sure to consult with a qualified healthcare professional before taking amino acid supplements. This is very important, since hidden health problems can worsen while taking amino acids. In addition, some of these amino acids are produced in the body, and many amino acids come from food, so it is important to determine whether additional supply of these nutrients is really necessary. It should be noted that amino acids are sold over the counter and are generally considered safe.

Amino acids amino- group NH 2, from ammonia - ammonia, abbr. from lat. sal ammoniacus - Ammon's salt, ammonia) - organic (carboxylic) acids containing an amino group (-NH 2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group (general formula NH 2 -CR-COOH, where R differs for different amino acids). In nature, the most widespread alpha amino acids are those having (except glycine) one or two asymmetric carbon atoms and an L configuration.

Depending on the nature of the radical (R), amino acids are divided into aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic.

The monomer units of protein molecules are 20 amino acids; they are abbreviated as three-letter symbols, or single Latin letters: A - alanine; C - cysteine; D - asparagine; E - glutamine; F - phenylalanine; G - glycine; H - histidine; I - isoleucine; K - lysine; L - leucine; M - methionine; N - aspartic acid; P - proline; Q - glutamic acid; R - arginine; S - serine; T - threonine; V - valine; W - tryptophan; X - stop codon; Y - tyrosine.

There are nonessential amino acids. (synthesized in animal and human cells) and essential amino acids (not synthesized in animal and human cells). The latter include lysine, methionine, tryptophan and some others. In the tissues of living organisms there are also other amino acids (over 100) that are not part of proteins. Among them are important intermediate metabolic products (ornithine, cystathionine, etc.), as well as rare amino acids, the biological functions of which are still unclear. For household and medical needs, natural isomers (L-form) of amino acids are usually used, which are obtained using microbiological synthesis; they are also isolated from hydrolysates of natural proteins (proline, cysteine, arginine, histidine). Amino acids are widely used as food additives. For example, the feed of farm animals is enriched with lysine, tryptophan, threonine and methionine; the addition of sodium salt of glutamic acid (monosodium glutamate) gives a number of products a meaty taste. In a mixture or separately, amino acids are used in medicine, including for metabolic disorders and diseases of the digestive system, for some diseases of the central nervous system (gamma-aminobutyric and glutamic acids, DOPA); they are used in the manufacture of medicines, dyes, in the perfume industry, in the production of detergents, synthetic fibers and films, etc.

Amino acids are a class of nitrogen-containing organic acids that have common structural features and can be represented by the general formula

H(3)N -CH -- COOH...Rn

Amino acids differ from each other by the type of amino acid residue Rn. Thus, the molecule of each amino acid contains a specific part (side group - Rn) and a non-specific part. Amino acids are the building blocks (monomers) from which all protein molecules (polymers) are built. The main 20 amino acids: alanine (ala, ala, A), arginine (arg, R), asparagine (asn, N), aspartate (asp, D), valine (val, V), histidine ( his, his, H), glycine (gly, G), glutamate (glu, E),. glutamine (gln, gln, Q) isoleucine, (ile, I), leucine, (leu, L), lysine, (lys, K), methionine, (met, M), proline, (pro, pro, P), serine (ser, ser, S), tyrosine, (tyr, Y), threonine, (tre, thr, T), tryptophan (tri, trp, W), phenylalanine (phen, phe, F), cysteine ​​(cis, cys, C). Free amino acids make up approximately 0.5% of the cell's weight, while those contained in proteins account for about 15%.

Amino acids are carboxylic acids containing one or two amino groups. A common feature of the amino acids that make up a protein (with the exception of proline) is the presence of a free carboxyl group and a free unsubstituted amino group at the alpha carbon atom. The most rational classification of amino acids is based on differences in the polarity of R groups. R-groups are divided into four main classes:

The table shows all 20 amino acids that make up proteins, belonging to the above groups.

Essential amino acids:

AMINO ACIDS AMINO ACIDS

organic (carboxylic) acids containing, as a rule, one or two amino groups (- NH2). Depending on the position of the amino group in the carbon chain in relation to the carboxyl, a-, b-, y-, etc. are distinguished. In nature, a -A. are widespread, having (except for glypin) one or two asymmetric carbon atoms and, basically L-configuration. Usually approx. is involved in the construction of protein molecules. 20 L= a -A. (proline - a -amino acid). Specific the sequence of alternation of A. in peptide chains, determined by the genetic code, determines the primary structure of the protein. Higher plants and chemosynthetic organisms synthesize all the amino acids they need from ammonium salts and nitrates (in plants and cells they are reduced to NH3) and keto- or hydroxy acids - products of respiration and photosynthesis. Humans and animals synthesize most of the g. replaceable A. from ordinary nitrogen-free metabolic products and ammonia nitrogen; Essential amino acids must come from food. They occupy a center, a place in the metabolism of nitrogenous substances (they are part of proteins, peptides, participate in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, mediators, alkaloids and other compounds). In the body it will oxidize, decompose A. by deamination (especially intense in the kidneys and liver) Ch. arr. glutamic acid, formed by transamination, leads to the formation of keto and hydroxy acids - intermediate products of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Then they are converted into carbohydrates, new amino acids, etc., or oxidized to CO2 and H2O with the release of energy. At the same time, nitrogen in the form of ammonium salts, urea and uric acid is excreted from the body. In plants, fixed nitrogen is used more fully and nitrogenous waste is practically absent. In the tissues of living organisms, there are A. (over 100), which are not part of proteins. Among them are important intermediate metabolic products (ornithine, cystathionine, etc.), as well as rare A., biol. the functions of which are unclear. In microbiol. industries use the ability of mutant strains of certain microorganisms to produce separate. A. (glutamic acid, lysine, etc.). A., as well as their mixtures, are used in medicine, animal husbandry (for enriching feed), as starting products for industrial applications. synthesis of polyamides, dyes. Mn. A. were obtained abiogenically under conditions simulating the atmosphere of the primitive Earth.

.(Source: “Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary.” Editor-in-chief M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial Board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

Low molecular weight organic compounds containing one or two carboxyl groups (-COOH) and one or two amino groups (-NH 2). Amino acids are widely present in the cells and tissues of living organisms. General formula of the most important natural amino acids

where the radical R can be hydrogen (as in the case of the simplest amino acid glycine), a methyl group - CH 3 (as in alanine) or have a more complex structure.
Since amino acids are amphoteric, i.e. They have the properties of both acids and bases; they react with each other. The carbon atom of the carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the nitrogen atom of the amino group of another to form the so-called. peptide bond, and water is released.
If two amino acids combine, a dipeptide is formed; if three amino acids are combined, a tripeptide is formed; if 20 or more amino acids are combined, a polypeptide is formed (see. Peptides). Found in living organisms approx. 150 amino acids, but only 20 of them are involved in the construction of polypeptide chains of proteins - broadcasts. The sequence of amino acids in the synthesized polypeptide chain is determined genetic code.
Of the 20 amino acids necessary for the construction of proteins in the body of animals and humans, only the so-called ones are synthesized from simpler substances. nonessential amino acids. The rest - essential amino acids - must come from food. Different animals have different sets of essential amino acids. For humans, these are 8 amino acids - valine, leucine, lysine, methionine, etc. The absence or deficiency of one or more essential amino acids in the human body leads to metabolic disorders and various diseases. Plants and chemosynthetic microorganisms themselves synthesize all the necessary amino acids.
In addition to building proteins, amino acids (including those not included in proteins) serve as starting materials for the synthesis of vitamins, nitrogenous bases, mediators and other biologically active compounds in cells.
Amino acids are used in medicine, as food additives, for fortification of feed and for other purposes. On an industrial scale they are obtained by microbiological synthesis (see. Biotechnology).
When studying possible ways of the origin of life, a number of amino acids were obtained by passing electrical discharges through a mixture of gases, recreating the primary atmosphere of the Earth. Thus, the possibility of abiogenic (without the participation of organisms) synthesis of the most important organic compounds was demonstrated.

.(Source: “Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Chief editor A. P. Gorkin; M.: Rosman, 2006.)

See what "AMINO ACIDS" are in other dictionaries:

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