In the 50s of the last century, Soviet polar explorers began active exploration of the Antarctic. For these purposes, special reliable transport was required, since the existing equipment could not withstand harsh operating conditions. The first vehicle that met these requirements and could operate at extremely low temperatures was the Kharkovchanka all-terrain vehicle. Let's consider the features and characteristics of this technology.

History of creation

Separately, it is worth noting the predecessor of the machine in question. In 1957, the Penguin swamp rover was developed and quickly created, the basis for which was the base of the PT-76 tank. This representative of off-road equipment provided great assistance in the development of the Antarctic expanses. The unit has proven itself to be a reliable machine with a decent running life. But there were two significant drawbacks in its design: it was not intended to travel long distances and was cramped inside.

The all-terrain vehicle "Kharkovchanka" has lost these disadvantages. The car became more comfortable and spacious, which made it possible to send large groups of people on transatlantic expeditions who spent a long time on the road. Some experts compare the car to a snow cruiser designed for polar climates.

Description

The new machine was built as part of the “Product No. 404-C” project. The creation of the equipment took place at the transport construction plant in Kharkov. The base for the design was the AT-T heavy tractor, intended for artillery needs. Its base was increased by a couple of rollers, the frame turned out to be hollow and completely sealed. A diesel power unit with 12 cylinders is located in its front part. They also placed a gearbox with five modes, oil reservoirs, controls and the main fuel tank.

The other eight fuel tanks of the Kharkovchanka all-terrain vehicle were installed in the middle frame compartment. Their total capacity was 2.5 thousand liters. Heaters with a capacity of 200 cubic meters of hot air per hour, as well as a powerful hundred-meter winch, were installed at the rear. As a result, the overall arrangement of large parts under the floor made it possible to free up more space for passenger modules and significantly reduce the center of gravity of the equipment, the total height of which reached almost four meters.

Design and equipment

The dimensions of the Arctic all-terrain vehicle “Kharkovchanka” are impressive. The length of the vehicle was 8500 millimeters and the width was 3500 mm. The rectangular single-volume body inside was equipped with a room with a total area of ​​28 “squares” with a ceiling height of 2.1 m. Such dimensions made it possible for the team to move freely around the cabin. This area was carefully isolated from the running block, had serious insulation and was divided into special compartments.

Inside the Kharkovchanka all-terrain vehicle, in the front part above the engine, there was a control room where the navigator and driver worked. On the right side (in the direction of travel) a radio headquarters was installed, which was equipped with the most modern equipment at that time. Behind the partition on the left there was a sleeping area for eight people, and behind it was a wardroom. The layout even included a kitchen (galley). However, it was not suitable for full-fledged cooking; it was more often used for heating canned food. A heated toilet was installed behind this compartment. The design features of the machine included the presence of a small clothes dryer, as well as a vestibule, which made it possible not to cool the air when boarding and leaving.

Exploitation

Since the Antarctic all-terrain vehicle "Kharkovchanka" was intended for operation in conditions of loose snow, and its composition is not inferior in hardness to sand, forming "quicksands", the designers made serious modifications to the tracks. To prevent the elements from sinking at the slightest contact with snow layers, their width became 1000 millimeters, and a snow hook was equipped on each track.

This solution made it possible to increase traction force, allowing the car to literally bite into the crust. Hooks now have additional functionality. They helped the equipment overcome water obstacles if necessary. Despite the fact that the Kharkovchanka all-terrain vehicle did not belong to the amphibious class, it could easily swim a certain distance through the water. Here the driver and navigator had to be especially careful, ensuring that the car did not sink below floor level. The buoyancy parameter was ensured by a hollow and sealed frame.

About the engine

Below are the main parameters of the power unit that set this equipment in motion:

• nominal power rating is 520 “horses”;
• the presence of turbine superchargers that double the power;
• fuel type - diesel fuel;
• operating/maximum speed - 15/30 km/h.

The engine of the Antarctic all-terrain vehicle “Kharkovchanka” (see photo below) easily ensured the transportation of the vehicle’s own weight (about 35 tons), and also made it possible to tow a weight of up to 70 tons. Most often these were containers with fuel, since in such expeditions it is the most important cargo. Its share of the total volume was about 70%. It is worth noting that the speed of movement in the sleigh train was about 12-15 km/h.

Design features

Among the design nuances, the presence of moisture absorbers with a constant influx of hot air masses should be emphasized. This made it possible to avoid possible frosting of the windows. Electric heating was provided on the windshields, similar to modern automobile analogues. The generator of the machine in question was capable of generating about 13 kilowatts of electricity per hour. This was quite enough for the needs of the expedition members.

Judging by the reviews, thanks to its unique layout, the first-generation Kharkovchanka all-terrain vehicle was in use for quite a long time (until 2008), and some models are still in service. The second generation of this equipment appeared already in 1975 and was equipped with a separate residential module. Let's look at the features of this machine below.

As for Kharkovchanka-1, the operation of these modifications indicates that it is convenient to service the engine without leaving the cabin. Nevertheless, it was not possible to completely neutralize the exhaust gases breaking through. And this significantly reduced the comfort of staying in the living compartment. The thermal insulation of the first versions was also not at the highest level.

Second generation

The first generation of the all-terrain vehicle in question was quite reliable, but did not meet modern requirements. In this regard, the Kharkov plant in 1974 received a new order for five improved machines. Taking into account operating experience and recommendations from polar explorers, the designers made certain adjustments to the design and life support system of the equipment. The updated unit was called “Kharkovchanka-2”. The modernization of the residential part presented a particular challenge for the engineers. It was also necessary to equip the complex with radio navigation support.

As a result, they achieved a comfortable microclimate inside, despite the severity of the frost outside. Even if the system failed, the temperature in the cabin decreased by no more than 3 degrees per day. The implementation of this solution was made possible thanks to the use of modern thermal insulation materials. The engine hood and driver's cabin remained in the traditional configuration. At the same time, the living area was moved to an extended loading platform. Taking into account the recommendations of polar explorers, the developers at the last moment made a window for ventilation. This innovation was installed literally before sending the updated cars to Antarctica. The all-terrain vehicle “Kharkovchanka” received another restyling with a base in the late 80s, but after the collapse of the USSR the project was never implemented.

Bottom line

Judging by the reviews, this technique is still functioning. Moreover, some experts are convinced that a better car cannot be found in its segment. This fact is confirmed by the fact that in 1967 the expedition reached the most remote point of the South Pole and returned back without any problems. No one else has visited this part of the Earth after “Kharkovites”.

In 1955, with the beginning of active exploration of Antarctica by Soviet polar explorers, the question arose about reliable transport for movement around this harsh continent. It was almost impossible to operate conventional equipment in conditions of firn snow, high mountains, winds of 50 m/s and extremely low temperatures. The first sign in a series of unusual vehicles for the exploration of the South Pole was the “Kharkovchanka”

Although, of course, it would be more correct to start this story not with “Kharkovchanka”, but with “Penguin”. Created in 1957 in the shortest possible time on the basis of the PT-76 amphibious tank, it provided invaluable assistance in the development of Antarctica. The car was quite reliable and, importantly, with a fairly large power reserve. However, it was not very suitable for traveling long distances, and it was also cramped. As a rule, a lot of people went on a trans-Antarctic expedition, and a long stay in cramped conditions was problematic. Something more spacious and comfortable was needed. Sort of like a yacht. But a yacht is something for pleasure, and when it’s minus 76 C 0 outside, the last thing you want to do is take a walk. For such conditions, at least a cruiser was required.

This “Snow Cruiser” was Product 404 C “Kharkovchanka”, built in 1958 at the Kharkov Transport Engineering Plant. The AT-T heavy artillery tractor was taken as the basis for this vehicle. To begin with, its base was increased by 2 skating rinks. The frame was made hollow and sealed. A 12-cylinder diesel engine, a 5-speed gearbox, controls and oil tanks were placed in the front part of the frame. The fuel tank was also placed there. The remaining 8 fuel tanks with a total capacity of 2500 liters were placed in the middle part of the frame. In the rear, heaters with a capacity of 200 cubic meters of hot air per hour and a powerful 100-meter winch were installed. Thus, the arrangement of the main components and assemblies under the floor made it possible not only to free up more space for the residential module, but also to significantly reduce the center of gravity of the vehicle, the total height of which was about 4 meters.

In general, if we talk about the size of the Kharkovchanka, they were quite impressive. The car was 8.5 m long and 3.5 m wide. In a single-volume, almost rectangular body, it was possible to create a room with a total area of ​​28 m2 with a ceiling height of 210 cm. The latter was required for comfortable movement around the cabin. Carefully isolated from the chassis and seriously insulated, this area was divided into compartments.

In the front part, above the engine, there was a control compartment, which was shared between the driver and the navigator. To the right in the direction of travel, behind the control compartment, was the radio room, equipped with the most advanced equipment at that time. On the left side, behind the partition, there is a sleeping area for 8 people, and behind it is the wardroom. Well, what is a cruiser without a galley! There was a place for him too. However, the size of the latter did not allow organizing a full cycle of food preparation there, so its main purpose was to heat canned food. Behind the galley there was a place for a latrine, and it was heated. Taking into account the peculiarities of operation, the Kharkovchanka was also equipped with a vestibule, which allowed the vehicle not to get cold when entering/exiting, and a small dryer for clothes.

Since the all-terrain vehicle was planned to be used in conditions of loose firn snow, when supercooled crystals are as strong as sand and “float” at the slightest touch to them, the tracks had to be seriously modified. Their width was increased to 1 meter, and each track was equipped with a snow hook. This made it possible to significantly increase traction force. The all-terrain vehicle literally bit into the snow. And these same lugs, if necessary, allowed the vehicle to cross water obstacles. And although “Kharkovchanka” was not an amphibian, it could still cover some part of the route by water. The main thing was to ensure that the car did not sink below floor level. Buoyancy was provided by a hollow, sealed frame.

The engine power of this cruiser was 520 hp. Not much, but thanks to turbochargers, at peak moments it could be almost twice as much. This diesel engine provided the all-terrain vehicle with a speed of 30 km/h, which was quite impressive by those standards, and also allowed it not only to easily carry its own weight of 35 tons, but also to tow a trailer weighing up to 70 tons. As a rule, these were tanks with fuel. After all, the main cargo on such expeditions is fuel, and its volume of the total mass of cargo reached 70%. However, as part of such a sleigh train, the speed rarely exceeded 10-15 km/h.

Among the design features, I would also like to note that in order to avoid freezing, all portholes were equipped with desiccant absorbers and had a constant flow of hot air. The windshields were equipped with electric heating, similar to the one now used on modern cars. By the way, the Kharkovchanka generator was capable of generating up to 13 kWh of electricity, which more than provided all the needs of the expeditioners.

The Kharkovchankas were operated for quite a long time, until 2008 (there is video evidence of this on the Internet). And this despite the fact that back in 1975 they were replaced by “Kharkovchanki-2”, the design feature of which was a separate residential module mounted on the same AT-T. The operation of the first-generation Kharkovchanok showed that although it is convenient to service the engine without leaving the confines of the all-terrain vehicle, it is not possible to completely get rid of the exhaust gases breaking into the living compartment. But this did not add comfort. The thermal insulation of the car was also not very strong. For example, the Kharkovchanki-2 residential module without heating lost no more than 2-3 degrees per day.

However, many polar explorers still believe that to this day it has not been possible to come up with anything better than the “Kharkovchanka” for moving around Antarctica, although there have been attempts...

Inside “Kharkovchanka”, modern footage:

The feature film “72 degrees below zero”, where this all-terrain vehicle was filmed:

Many cities have people, names and events that glorify the city itself, creating unforgettable “trigger” associations, including in our creation precise “geographic coordinates”.
In this sense, Kharkov is a special city. Throughout its history, many talented people have been born here, a huge number of discoveries have been made, and, thanks to its powerful industrial potential, countless new machines, products and services have been created. Some things remain in history, some continue to develop, but, in any case, Kharkov has forced itself to be respected not only in Ukraine, but also far beyond its borders.

In the photo: near the An-140 - the first aircraft in the history of our country, developed and put into mass production during the independence of Ukraine. Despite the fact that the airliner was developed in Kiev, the license for its production was sold to Russia and Iran, it was thanks to Kharkov and the Kharkov residents that the An-140 became a truly production machine that “made its way” to the world market. Despite the difficulties of operating the initial period, accidents and catastrophes, the “chill” of the developer and the weakness of suppliers of components, sometimes producing them in single quantities, the Kharkov Aircraft Plant with this aircraft regained its fame, and in 2004 was awarded the “Aviation Week and Space Technology” award. "(USA) for success in promoting the An-140 on the international market. The first aircraft developed by Oleg Antonov - An-2 - among others, had the affectionate female name “Annushka”. We also called ours An-140. He was the first for our country, and for us he became "Annushka - from Kharkov"- beloved, with a complex character, a lady who fully reflects that difficult time... (photo by the Aviafilm studio, August 11, 2005)

Of course, the main value of any city is its people. Great and ordinary, successful and not so successful, patriots and cosmopolitans, happy and striving for happiness...

Kharkov residents are able not only to clearly and carefully formulate their goals, but also to achieve them, no matter where they will live and work later..

Inimitable Kharkov dialect and unique “words” unique to this city: trempel(hanger), handel(eatery), brand(tram route number), whine(Gopnik), raklo(tramp), ampoule(ballpoint pen refill), snake(zipper), curl(curling iron), bag(plastic bag), chair(stool), delis(waffle cake), sortie(picnic in nature)…

Great Kharkov woman - Lyudmila Markovna Gurchenko - having left for Moscow forever, she remained faithful to her hometown. In her book “My Adult Childhood” (L.M. Gurchenko, Moscow, Publisher: Our Contemporary Magazine, 1980) she wrote about the “Kharkov speech” like this: « In Kharkov everyone speaks with a Ukrainian accent. At Valya's[Valentina Sergeevna Radchenko - neighbor and friend of the Gurchenko family] there was such an accent that even I could hear it. She said “troops”... Her powerful Ukrainian accent did not go well with her appearance.”.

In the photo (from left to right): Klavdiya Shulzhenko (1906-1984), Lyudmila Gurchenko (1935-2011), Natalya Fateeva(born in 1934) - great women born in Kharkov, self-made women, “sex symbols” of their time, glorifying themselves and their country. “The Blue Handkerchief” by Shulzhenko, Lenochka Krylova from “Carnival Night” by Gurchenko or Zoya from the film “Three Plus Two” by Natalya Fateeva - all this will be listened to and watched for many years and decades to come. And despite the fact that Moscow and St. Petersburg became their springboard to fame, they will forever remain real and legendary Kharkovites...

When I became the general director of the Kharkov State Aviation Production Enterprise (KSAPP), together with a huge production complex located not only on 2 sites in Kharkov, but also in Konotop, Chuguev and Bezlyudovka, the sanatorium-preventorium “Polyot” came under my management. in Kharkov, the Sokolniki recreation center in Stary Saltov (Petrovskoye village, Volchansky district, Kharkov region), the Lesnoy Ogonyok children's health camp in Pomerki, the Sokolyatko kindergarten and first-level school in Kharkov Sokolniki. In addition to this, there were numerous dormitories and small-family houses, as well as the housing stock of the KSAPP.

It was a discovery for me that one of the most famous buildings in Kharkov on the street. Sumskoy, 36/38 was part of the housing stock of KSAPP. At that moment, almost all apartments were privatized by residents, but the management of housing issues and premises for general or commercial use remained with the Kharkov Aircraft Plant.
It turns out that before the construction of a large and prestigious residential building in the very center of Kharkov in the post-war years, a branch of the Industrial Energy Institute was located on this site, where Yuri Kondratyuk worked in 1933–1934 (birth name - Alexander Ignatievich Shargei). Yu.Kontratyuk (1897-1942) was the founder of astronautics, the author of the theory of a multi-stage launch vehicle, but became world famous thanks to the fact that he calculated the optimal flight path of a spacecraft to the Moon. These calculations were used by NASA in the Apollo lunar program. The trajectory proposed in 1916 by Shargei - Kondratyuk was subsequently called the “Kondratyuk route”.

In the photo: on the left is a memorial plaque installed on a residential building on the street. Sumskoy, 36/38 in Kharkov in honor of Yuri Kondratyuk. On the right is the “Kondratyuk route” - the most profitable (from the point of view of energy costs) trajectory of space flight to the Moon. Shargei-Kondratyuk first published this concept in the book “The Conquest of Interplanetary Spaces” (1929). The “snail” trajectory of a spacecraft’s flight to the Moon was used in practice by the Americans during their flights to the Earth’s natural satellite

In the photo: with another great designer of rocket and space technology - Vladimir Sergeev(1914-2009) - Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, long-term head of the Kharkov plant "Hartron" (OKB-692 / plant 67 / NPO "Electropribor") I happened to know. Vladimir Grigorievich and his wife lived in a house on the street. Sumskoy, 36/38 from 1960 to 1997. After the creation of control systems for strategic ballistic missiles developed by design bureaus led by Mikhail Yangel and Vladimir Chelomey, V. Sergeev’s team in the 80s of the last century was developing a control system for the launch vehicle of the reusable space transport system "Energia - Buran" (pictured in the center )

But, to be honest, I, like many Kharkov residents, used to be connected with the house on Sumskaya, 36/38 something else.

In the photo (on the left) of the 70s - early 80s - a house on the street. Sumskaya, 36/38 with the cafe “Kharkiv’yanka” located on the ground floor. The cafe, with a total area of ​​1400 m² and located in the very heart of Kharkov, was a unique catering establishment. It was here that vending machines selling sandwiches, coffee and even cognac were located, which they did instead of the usual barmaids and bartenders

On the picture: the first article in the press about the Antarctic “Kharkovchanka” (Popular science magazine “Technology for Youth” No. 3, March 1959)

To create an Antarctic all-terrain vehicle, it was necessary to find two enterprises belonging to different departments, but located in the same city. Such factories were found in Kharkov. One of them is the Kharkov Aviation Plant, the other is the Transport Engineering Plant named after. V.A. Malysheva (until 1960 - machine-building plant No. 183). Plant named after Malysheva had extensive experience in the production of tanks and tractors, which was of decisive importance for the traction characteristics of the future snowmobile, and the Kharkov Aviation Plant created aircraft interiors, which could become the basis for arranging a residential complex for a snow SUV. Since 1958, joint work has begun.

Historians Dmitry Gladky and Alexander Govorukha say:
“The novelty and unusual nature of the task assigned to enterprises required unusual approaches. No one had any experience. It was necessary to come up with a machine from scratch that could withstand Antarctic loads. The same AT-T [heavy artillery all-terrain tracked tractor] was taken as a basis, but modified. Its chassis was lengthened by two rollers, which increased the load capacity, the tracks were expanded to reduce the specific pressure on the snow cover, and a special gearbox was made.
The aircraft manufacturers were tasked with designing and manufacturing a special body with an area of ​​almost 30 square meters. m. The body must be of a bus type and have reliable insulation. It was necessary to equip a work compartment, a galley, a control department, a bedroom for 6 people, as well as an equipment room, a drying compartment, and a vestibule. That is, a comfortable work and living complex in one room must be designed. The deadline was determined, like everything in those days, very strict - just three months. It was necessary to have time to complete the drawings, translate them into metal and at the same time immediately make adjustments during the work process. The people involved in this project worked almost continuously, with only night hours left for rest.
Then the individual finished components were brought together. The new tractors had impressive characteristics: their carrying capacity with a towed sled trailer was 70 tons[the weight of the all-terrain vehicle itself was 35 tons], the operating speed when driving on snow is 5-11 km/h [in practice, a speed of 30 km/h was achieved], the average specific pressure on snow is 0.4 kg/sq. see As people involved in this work told us, all components and mechanisms of tractors were literally “licked” so that the Kharkov cars on the southern “crown” of the Earth do not let us down”.

Technical characteristics of “Kharkovchanka”: length - 8.5 m; width - 3.5 m; height - 4.0 m (antenna - 6.5 m); weight - 35.0 t, trailer - 70 t; engine - 520–1000 hp (995 hp at an altitude of 3000 m); caterpillar width - 1.0 m; Power reserve - 1500 km (2500 l of fuel); speed - 30 km/h; rise – 30°; can float (immersion depth at cabin floor level); power supply - 2 generators, total 13 kW; Ambient air temperature is below -70°C.
Crew cabin: area - 28 m², volume - 50 m³, height - 210 cm; walls - duralumin, thermal insulation - 8 layers of nylon wool; Heater productivity - 200 m³/hour of air; It is possible to repair units from inside the cabin during a trip.
On the diagram: (1) - 4-seater crew cabin; (2) - engine compartment; (3) - engine; (4) - hydromechanical gearbox; (5) - cardan shaft; (6) - final drive; (7) - rotary coupling device; (8) - support roller; (9) - fuel tank; (10) - cargo platform or living compartment, depending on the version; (11) - awning

The first test of the Kharkovchanka in Antarctica began on February 10, 1959. A batch of 3 vehicles was delivered to the South Pole and literally immediately the task was set to carry out a trip on new all-terrain vehicles from the Mirny station to the “dome of the planet” with a length of 2700 km. The month-and-a-half-long campaign ended triumphantly at the American polar station, located right at the Pole. By the way, then an “important political task” was also accomplished: the USSR flag was raised next to the Stars and Stripes at the pole, which signified the conquest of the South Pole by Soviet explorers. “Kharkovites” passed the exam with honor, proved to be extremely successful and extremely durable machines.

In the photo: this is what the first “Kharkovites” looked like in Antarctica. Everything inside was primitive, but so reliable that many of these machines are in use to this day, that is, almost 60 years! In the photo above on the right is an aviation thermos boiler KU-27-2S in the living compartment (the same ones were used on the Tu-104, Tu-124, Tu-134 and many others), and in the photo below are the sleeping places of polar explorers near the aircraft windows " Kharkiv women"

In the photo: the design and style of the windows of Tupolev aircraft, produced at the Kharkov aircraft plant at that time, were used in the development of the living compartment of the Arctic all-terrain vehicle

In 1976, at the Lenfilm film studio, directors Sergei Danilin and Evgeny Tatarsky shot a feature film based on the book by Vladimir Sanin "Seventy-two degrees below zero" on the transportation of fuel and cargo from the Mirny station to the Vostok station in Antarctica. Brilliant cast - Nikolai Kryuchkov, Alexander Abdulov, Mikhail Kononov, Oleg Yankovsky, Sergei Ivanov and others - played brave polar explorers. But, perhaps, the main character of the film was the all-terrain vehicle “Kharkovchanka”. Based on the heroism of some, despite the sloppiness and betrayal that did not pass the test of the difficulties of some crew members, thanks to a unique machine a very complex logistical task was completed.

The author of this film and book - polar explorer writer - Vladimir Sanin (1928-1989) will write this: “Hope and support, the “insurance policy” of the polar explorer - “Kharkovchanka”. The tractors will stall, the tractors will fail, but “Kharkovchanka” remains - it will shelter everyone, save them, and bring them home. She's the only one capable of doing this. Cruiser of the white desert!(V. Sanin “Seventy-two degrees below zero”, 1975)

In the photo: stills from the film “Seventy-two degrees below zero.” “Kharkovka” always went first, paving the way in the snow...

Over time, the concept of the “single-volume” “Kharkovchanka” was changed when, in December 1974, an order was received for the development and production of 5 new “snow cruisers” for Antarctica. Then they decided to separate the driver’s cabin from the living compartment - this is how the “hood” version of the all-terrain vehicle appeared, which was called “Kharkovchanka-2”.
The first to get to work at the Kharkov Aviation Plant were design engineers, including

Before placing a bid, please read the information below to the end.

I am selling an Electric massager Elektropribor 1987 USSR Kharkovchanka 3 Passport Instructions Box Working. Condition and size in the photo (there is no foam on one attachment). Traces of use are present or may be if overlooked.

Dear customers!

Most of the goods I sell have already been used, have traces of use and use, hidden defects and other things that I may not see or know about them, and may not be aware of their presence. Please take this into account when purchasing. Do not confuse distance selling of new goods with trading of used (commission) goods.
To avoid rash purchases on the site, carefully read the lot, its photographs and description. If you don’t understand something, ask for additional pictures (different angle, scale), ask a clarifying question about the characteristics. If after this you still think that the information is not complete and you are in doubt, then I strongly recommend that you refrain from rash bets and purchases. I have a lot of goods offered for private sale; physically, I cannot be an expert in all categories of goods and control where the purchase took place and where it was just a bid. Tastes, preferences, concepts of quality, and requirements are different for all people, so please think before purchasing, so as not to be disappointed later whether you need this item or not. After the parcel is handed over to the department, especially after receipt, no returns or exchanges are made.
The restriction for buyers with a zero rating is a necessary measure caused by the presence of not entirely conscientious buyers. You can buy lots from me, but you will have to contact me through the “ask seller a question” form and confirm your intention to pay for the item. I leave my review after the buyer receives the lot and his review. I indicate the shipping price for which I will send the lot (postage costs are not negotiable, since I have a lot of experience in shipping).
By purchasing a lot, you agree to the stated terms of sale.

Dear Buyers from the regions of the Far East, the Urals, Trans-Urals, the North, Siberia, Yakutia, KOMI (I will not list further), please check the delivery (postal rates) before bidding so that there are no misunderstandings and unfounded claims.

Educational program, what is a parcel post (information from the Russian Post website, so as not to say: “Send by parcel post, it’s cheaper”: https://www.pochta.ru/support/banderoles/banderole

Only printed materials are sent by parcel post.

Delivery price is indicated without insurance. If you transfer the amount yourself without insurance, then I do not bear responsibility for the delivery and operation of the post office, but I guarantee high-quality packaging and dispatch. Cheap shipping is entirely at your own risk.

Enjoy the shopping!!!