What is orthoepia and orthoepic norms. The concept of orthoepy What does orthoepy study
Orthoepy in translation from Greek means "correct speech". But it should be noted that the term itself has two meanings. The first of them is the norms of the language, among which there are pronunciation and super-segmental ones. And the second meaning is that this is one of the branches of linguistics that studies the basic rules of oral speech.
Features of the definition of the concept
Until now, the scope of this concept has not been fully established. There are linguists who consider it very narrowly. They invest in the definition and norms of oral speech, and the rules by which grammatical ones are formed For example: candles - candles, heavier - harder, etc. Other experts argue that spelling is the correct pronunciation of words and stress in them.
Orthoepy and its sections
As mentioned above, this is a section of phonetics. It covers the entire phonetic system of the Russian language. The subject of this science is the norms of pronunciation of words. The concept of "norm" means that there is one correct option, which fully corresponds to the main laws of the language and the pronunciation system.
The main sections of this science are as follows:
1. Norms of pronunciation of consonants and vowels.
2. Pronunciation of words that are borrowed from other languages.
3. Pronunciation of some grammatical forms.
4. Features of pronunciation styles.
What are speech norms for?
Orthoepic or pronunciation norms are necessary in order to serve the literary Russian language - the one that a cultured and educated person uses in speech and for writing. Such speech unites everyone who speaks Russian. They are also necessary in order to overcome the differences in communication that exist between people. Moreover, along with grammatical and spelling, orthoepic norms are no less important. It is difficult for people to perceive speech that is different from the pronunciation they are used to. They begin to analyze how the interlocutor speaks, instead of delving into the meaning of what was said. Linguistics highlights the concepts of colloquial and literary speech. People who have a high level of intelligence, higher education, use the literary language in communication. It is also used for writing fiction, newspaper and magazine articles, and television and radio broadcasting.
Basic meaning
A lot of people today do not understand the meaning of the word "orthoepia" and do not pay special attention to it. In their communication, they use the dialect spoken by many residents of the area in which they live. As a result, the words are mispronounced, the emphasis is placed on the wrong syllables. Very often, when communicating, you can determine the type of human activity and his intellect. Educated people will pronounce [document], not [document], as you often hear on the street.
Tasks and goals of science
It is important to note that orthoepy is a science, the main task of which is to teach the correct pronunciation of sounds and the setting of stress. Quite often in you can hear [colidor] instead of [corridor]. Many people pronounce the sound [t] in the word computer softly. When the emphasis is misplaced, speech becomes distorted and ugly. Especially often people of a very old age commit this sin. They were brought up at a time when educated citizens were not accepted by society, and incorrect, distorted speech was in fashion. Spelling is necessary to help you speak beautifully and correctly. This is necessary not only for teachers and writers - today many want to be educated. Therefore, this science seeks to teach everyone to pronounce sounds clearly and put stress in words correctly. These days, literate people are in demand in the labor market. The person who has the right speech has every chance of becoming a politician, a successful businessman, or simply building a good career. Russian orthoepy is now very important for the majority of the inhabitants of our country, and they are paying more and more attention to it.
Fundamental rules
Unfortunately, errors are often heard in the speech pronounced from the TV screen. Many celebrities or politicians misplace their words. Some speak so deliberately, while others do not even suspect that they have pronounced the word incorrectly. It is very easy to avoid such misunderstandings - you must first use the dictionary. Or you can read the rules that spelling suggests. Words in Russian sometimes have several pronunciation options. For example, stress in a word alphabet can be both on the second and on the third syllable. Also, before the sound [e], consonants can be pronounced differently. But dictionaries always indicate the main option and the valid one. Philologists study all the rules and regulations very carefully. Before approving a certain pronunciation, they check how widespread it is, what connection it has with the cultural heritage of all generations. Equally important is the extent to which this option corresponds to certain linguistic laws.
Pronunciation styles
We found out that orthoepy is a science that pays special attention to pronunciation. Now it should be noted that there are certain ones that are used to communicate in society:
For colloquial vernacular, an informal atmosphere is characteristic, it is used by people to communicate in a close circle;
In scientific circles, the book style is used, its distinctive feature is the clear pronunciation of sounds and phrases;
Those who know the spelling rules well, have a literary style.
In order to easily master the literary language, there are certain norms that are divided into main sections: pronunciation of consonants and vowels, grammatical word forms and borrowed words.
Phonetics and Orthoepy
The Russian language is very rich and varied. There is a wealth of information on how to pronounce and stress words correctly. In order to understand all the phonetic laws, you need to have special knowledge that will help you figure it out.
The main difference is that orthoepy is a science that distinguishes the only way of pronouncing sounds that corresponds to the norms, and phonetics allows for various options.
Examples of correct pronunciation
For clarity, you need to give examples that will help you clearly define the pronunciation rules. So, before the sound [e], consonants can be pronounced both hard and soft. For this, there are orthoepic norms that remind you of which words you need to pronounce sounds firmly, and in which - softly. For example, in words declaration, temperament, museum[t] is pronounced softly. And in words dean and tempo- firmly. The same is the case with the combination of sounds [chn]. Phonetic laws allow you to pronounce it as it is written, or replace it with [shn] (sku [chn] o, sku [shn] o). And in accordance with the orthoepic norms, one should only pronounce [boring]. This science is also strict in the case of stress. So, you need to say not [alfAvit], but [alphabet], not [kitchen], but [kitchen], not [rings], but [calls]. Knowledge of these rules is very important for a modern person, as it is an indicator of the level of culture of both an individual and society as a whole.
Orthoepy is the field of phonetics, and she is engaged in the study of the norms of pronunciation of sounds and sound combinations in oral speech. The name of this branch of linguistics comes from the Greek word "orthos", which means "correct", and "epos", which means "speech". That's what orthoepy is. The peculiarities of pronunciation in our literary language developed on the basis of the urban spoken language of Moscow by the middle of the 17th century.
The article discusses some of the features of the pronunciation of the sounds of the Russian language.
Features of the pronunciation of vowels
The arrangement of stress in the initial form of words can be remembered, only you need to carefully leaf through the orthoepic dictionary more often. You can also look up the desired word in this dictionary online on the Internet.
Some words in the genitive singular form have two variants of stress: plUTA, prUdA (stress can be both on the ending and on the basis).
There are nouns. genus with endings in -а, -я, the stress of which is in the form B. case singular. the number falls on the basis (mountain, earth, beard, cheek, back, board, wall, winter, time, price, etc.).
Next noun 3rd declension with an emphasis on the ending: in the blood, on the stove, on the chest, on the chains, at night, etc.
Sometimes prepositions become stressed, and independent parts of speech are made unstressed: no use, in a year, in the forest, under the feet, etc.
The main features of the pronunciation of consonants
- [g] is more often deafened by the sound [k] at the end: friend - [druk]. At the place of stunning, the pronunciation of the sound [x] is allowed in some words: God;
- Always hard [w], [w], [c], and [h ’], [u’] are always soft;
- Voiceless consonants are voiced before voiced (but not before sonorant and [v]): mowing - ko [z "] ba. Voiced (but not sonorous) at the end of words are deafened: voy - vo [s]. So it is before deaf consonants: boat - lo [t] ka;
- Instead of the combination "chn" you need to pronounce [shn]: of course, boring, on purpose, etc.
- The combination of letters "thu" in many words is pronounced as [piece]: what, so that, nothing. However, reading, honor, etc. have in pronunciation [ch't '];
- At the junction of parts of a word or preposition with the word sounds [z] and [f], [s] and [f], a long sound [f] is pronounced: squeezed, with fat, from life.
- The sounds [s] and [w], [z] and [w] are pronounced like a long voiceless [w]: with chess, from Sharan;
- At the junction of the root with the suffix [z] and [h ’], [s] and [h’], a long [u] will be pronounced: narrator, informer.
Pronunciation of individual morphemes in the composition of words:
- endings of adjectives in the nominative plural. numbers are pronounced [-s], [-s]: red [red];
- endings of adjectives m and cf. kind in unit. number, R. case pronounced [-ava], [-ova], [-iva]: ballroom, sick, brown;
- the verbs na -sya, -tsya will be pronounced as [tsa]: having fun.
Thus, it can be argued that orthoepy is not the easiest section of linguistics to study, because you need to learn from memory the peculiarities of stressing in words, as well as the pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations. You have already received a definition of what orthoepy is, so now it remains to consolidate the knowledge gained and enrich it.
As a result of studying this chapter, the student must:
know
- laws and rules of Russian literary pronunciation;
- chronological and regional differences in the systems of Russian literary pronunciation;
be able to
- to establish the relationship between the results of the action of modern phonetic laws and the norms of pronunciation;
- highlight in oral speech old and new phenomena in the field of pronunciation;
- to distinguish literary Russian pronunciation from its non-literary forms;
own
- orthoepy terminological apparatus;
- the norms of Russian literary pronunciation;
- the ability to logically competently construct statements on various issues of the studied section of the course.
Key terms and concepts: orthoepy; orthoepic norm; senior norm; junior norm; old Moscow pronunciation.
Orthoepy as a section of the science of language
Orthoepy (from the Greek. oithos- 'right', epos- ‘word, speech’) is a system of norms of literary pronunciation, a set of rules for the sound design of significant units of a language: morphemes, words, sentences. Among the orthoepic norms, they distinguish between proper pronunciation, associated with the peculiarities of the implementation of phonemes in various positions, and accentological, regulating the setting of stress in words and word forms. Orthoepy is also called a section of the science of language that studies pronunciation norms and develops pronunciation recommendations.
Traditionally, all pronunciation norms of the Russian language are referred to the orthoepy, for example, the pronunciation of "-shaped or" -shaped sounds in the first pre-stressed syllable (E [a b] ma - dsh - [p'e] / sh), stunning a noisy voiced consonant at the absolute end of a word (the table is possible only a voiceless consonant [s], and in the word pass before the voiced [d] - only voiced [z]. In accordance with M. V. Panov's point of view, orthoepy should study only those pronunciation norms that allow variation in the literary language: "Orthoepy is a science that studies the variation of pronunciation norms in a literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules)." So, in the same phonetic position, pronunciation is possible bakery and bulo [w] naya, dare [s ’] i and dare [smile. Orthoepy evaluates pronunciation variants, formulates rules and requires their implementation (M. V. Panov did not accidentally call orthoepy "imperative").
The presence of orthoepic variants is due to several reasons. Differences in pronunciation characterize the so-called senior and junior pronunciation norms. The older norm is typical for persons of the older generation, for stage and oratorical speech; junior - for the younger and middle generation, for colloquial literary speech. It is not surprising that the new pronunciation is gradually replacing the old; for a certain period, two pronunciation norms coexist in the language. For example, according to the senior norm, [s'l y] yozy, junior - [sl ’] Ёzy. On the trains of the Moscow metro, announcers pronounce the word differently doors in the phrase "Caution, the doors are closing": [d'v "] yori and [dv ’] Yori.
In accordance with the senior norm, a soft consonant [r '] is pronounced before the subsequent posterior lingual and labial: four [ p '] g, first. In the first half of the XX century. consonant combination | кк] was pronounced as [хк], and the combination [yy] - like [yy]: [x] to whom,[y] the city. Now this pronunciation is obsolete, it has been preserved only in words lekh'k] iy, me [h'k ’] iy(and one-root).
Different orthoepic variants are characteristic for different pronunciation styles - full and colloquial. Full style assumes consistent observance of phonetic laws, clear articulation of sounds, calm speech. The speaking style is used in conditions of unprepared speech, casual communication. This style is characterized by the presence of certain phonetic features, such as a qualitative reduction of the unstressed [y]: vysl [b] shat, typovatyg, full vowel reduction: special (s) alno, t (e) atr, vi (o) loncel, complete reduction of consonants: sko (lb) co, co (g) yes, ho (d) ish, complete reduction of word fragments: right (vi) lno, s (eg) one, in (general) and many others.
Orthoepic variants can characterize professional speech: cf. booty and mining, compass and compass.
Studying the pronunciation options, spelling and epics assesses the place each of them occupies in literary pronunciation. In the event that the options are not recognized as equal, orthoepic recommendations may be of the following character: “recommended”, “acceptable”, “acceptable, outdated”, “special”, “not recommended”, “incorrect”.
- See: Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1954; Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. M „1985.
- See: M.V. Panov, Russian phonetics. M., 1967; Its the same. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. M., 1979. Cf. additional: Modern Russian language / ed. V. A. Beloshaikova. M., 1989.
- For a different emphasis on pronunciation styles, see: L.L. Kasatkin, Sovremennyi russkiyazyk. Phonetics. M., 2006.S. 181.
Introduction
- Orthoepy as a science
- Development of Russian orthoepy
- Misplaced stress (accentological aspect)
- Accentological options
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The relevance of this topic lies in the development and formation of modern trends in the Russian language and linguistics. Modern technologies make it possible to study this topic using new approaches.
The historical development of orthoepy, as one of the directions of linguistics, allows us to look for an answer to long-standing expressions (their correctness and incorrect pronunciation).
The invasion of enemies into Russia was the reason for drastic changes in the pronunciation and spelling of words and phrases. Much for the historical period of development has been erased by time and is irrelevant, the reforms of the Russian made it possible to most actualize the Russian language and unify its composition.
The modern Russian language, which has a long historical basis, should reflect both words from European languages and a historical basis.
The purpose of this work is to trace the development of orthoepy and accentology; and also determine what problems these disciplines study.
1. Orthoepy as a science
Each literary language exists in two forms - oral and written - and is characterized by the presence of obligatory norms - lexical, grammatical and stylistic. At the same time, the written form of the language also obeys spelling and punctuation norms (that is, the rules of spelling), and the oral one - to the pronunciation, or orthoepic, norms.
The word orthoepia is of Greek origin: orthos - correct, epos - speech. It denotes both the set of pronunciation rules and the science that studies these rules. Orthoepy is a teaching about the norms of oral speech: about the rules of pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, about the patterns of stressing.
Good literary pronunciation is one of the important indicators of the general cultural level of a modern person. “Correct pronunciation of a word is as important as correct spelling. It is known that incorrect pronunciation distracts the listener's attention from the content of the utterance, thereby making it difficult to exchange information ... The role of correct pronunciation has especially increased in our time, when oral public speech at meetings and conferences, on radio and television has become a means of communication between thousands and millions of people ".
It is especially important to spread the correct Russian literary pronunciation, since the Russian language is not only the language of the Russian people, but also a means of interethnic communication of all peoples, Russia and one of the international languages of our time.
This is facilitated by special reference and teaching aids, scientific and popular science publications, and regular radio and television broadcasts. However, the school teacher was and remains the central figure in the spread of orthoepic skills. Therefore, a student of a pedagogical university himself must master the norms of orthoepy, clearly imagine in which direction the language norm in the field of stress and pronunciation is developing, and be able to distinguish the variants of the norm from abnormal, incorrect pronunciation.
2. Development of Russian orthoepy
Russian literary pronunciation took shape gradually, mainly on the basis of Moscow pronunciation norms. In the XIV century. Moscow became the center of the Russian state, therefore the pronunciation and many other norms of the emerging Russian literary language were formed on the basis of the Moscow dialect. The Moscow orthoepic norm finally took shape by the end of the 19th century. This was the pronunciation of the native Moscow intelligentsia.
By the second half of the 19th century. Petersburg pronunciation was also formed. If the Moscow pronunciation was based on the characteristic features of a living folk language and was supported by the theatrical tradition (the Maly Theater was the greatest authority in the field of Moscow pronunciation), then the St. Petersburg pronunciation was characterized by the preservation of writing peculiarities in oral speech, bookishness, "literalism." In addition, some features of the North Great Russian dialects, including the so-called ekane, affected the St. Petersburg pronunciation. Petersburg pronunciation was not recognized by the theater, did not become a literary norm, but some of its features subsequently had a noticeable impact on the development of Russian literary pronunciation.
Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the influence of the pronunciation skills of such large cultural centers as Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod on oral literary speech was also noticeable. Therefore, there were pronunciation options, local differences in pronunciation, which prevented the unification of orthoepic norms.
After October, the change in the social composition of the Russian intelligentsia caused a temporary shaking of the culture of oral literary speech. However, as the masses of speakers mastered the literary language, as their general culture increased, they gradually assimilated the pronunciation norms of the literary language. At present, orthoepic norms have become more uniform, more unified than in the pre-October era. The number of pronunciation options has decreased. Disappeared or are gradually disappearing all kinds of pronouncing "idioms", that is, a special pronunciation of individual words or their forms, which does not correspond to the general orthoepic norms of the language. The most significant differences between Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad) pronunciation have been erased. This was due to the loss of many specific features of the pre-revolutionary Moscow pronunciation.
The result was a convergence of the Moscow and Leningrad pronunciation. When at the present time they speak of the "Moscow norm", they mean the old, pre-October Moscow pronunciation. It persisted in Moscow in the speech of the older generation of Muscovites back in the 1920s and 1930s. XX century, but in the post-war period has undergone intensified revision. Now even the actors of Moscow theaters, radio and television announcers noticeably deviate from the specifically Moscow norms.
Some minor differences in the pronunciation of Muscovites and Leningraders still persist, but they are not regular and do not determine the nature of pronunciation as a whole: in Moscow, hiccups are more pronounced, in Leningrad sometimes ekane is still found, cf .: [p'i e] ka and [p 'e] ka, [n'i e] middle and [n'e] middle; in Moscow, an assimilative softening of consonants is more often observed: [z "d" e] s, [s "n" a] t; the stronger is the reduction of non-upper ascent vowels: [g'l ^ va], [gor't].
In the speech of the inhabitants of the Volga region and the North, an okay pronunciation can still be preserved.
However, these deviations from the literary norm are irregular and do not generally affect modern orthoepy.
Thus, the main regularity in the development of pre-modern Russian orthoepy is the elimination of local peculiarities of pronunciation, the establishment of uniform orthoepic norms for all native speakers of the Russian literary language.
The unification of literary pronunciation occurs largely under the influence of writing: pronunciation in many cases approaches spelling. This is due to the strengthening of the social role of written language in the conditions of universal literacy achieved in the Soviet Union. We learn many linguistic facts not from the oral speech of others, but from books and newspapers. The loss of the specific features of the old Moscow pronunciation is primarily related to the influence of the graphic appearance of the word. This is the pronunciation of [l] after hissing (w] and [g] in the first pre-stressed syllable (heat, mischievous, steps); pronunciation of soft back-lingual before [and] in adjectives and verbs (quiet, flexible, strict; tap, scare, wave) ; distinction in the pronunciation of the 3rd person plural endings of the 1st and 2nd conjugations (they say, take out, lay, cackle, but hear, walk, praise, love); pronunciation of a solid long [w:] in the roots of words ( reins, yeast, squeal); pronunciation of the soft [s "] in the postfix -sya (s) (decided, took it, bathed).
3. Differentiation of holding
(accentological aspect)
The diversity and mobility of the Russian stress create significant difficulties in its assimilation. However, these features of Russian stress make it possible to use it to distinguish between different words (homographs) that coincide in spelling: sharpness (blades) and sharpness (witty expression), ear (affectionate ear to the word) and ear (hole), atlas (geographical) and atlas ( silk fabric), sharply (sharpen) and sharply (witty), bald (cut) and bald (keep checkers bald), wrinkle (forehead) and wrinkle (about clothes): dress wrinkles in "shoulders; chaos (in mythology) and chaos (disorder), a pickaxe (Protestant church) and a pickaxe (tool); knocks down (a lumberjack knocks down a pine tree) and knocks down (people are knocking down the street, pouring smoke, snow); flour (suffering) and flour (grains ground into powder); cowards ( afraid) and cowardly (running, jogging), submerged (on the platform) and submerged (in water), etc.
With the help of the place of stress, the grammatical forms of words (homoforms) that coincide in spelling are also distinguished: blood test (R. p.) - in the blood (P. p.); he will not give his hands (R. p.) - clean hands (I. p. pl. ch.); crop (perfect) - crop (imperfect); ship (indicative) - ship (imperative); little coat (short form of the adjective) - slept a little (adverb); around (TV n. noun circle) - around (adverb or preposition) - silently (adverb) - silently (gerunds); to stand at ease (adverb, circumstance) - he was willing to leave (category of state, predicate); he speaks in a tricky way (adverb, circumstance) - it is tricky to figure it out (a category of state, to figure out part of the predicate).
Being an important distinguishing means, the Russian variegated and mobile stress eliminates the monotony of speech, contributes to its rhythmic organization. In particular, due to the different places of stress, Russian poetic speech is distinguished by an exceptional richness of rhythms, a variety of musical construction of the verse.
4. Accentological options
Accentological variations within the literary norm are an inevitable consequence of the evolution of language. As a rule, they do not differ in either semantic or grammatical meaning. For example: thinking - thinking, barge - barge, born - born, flooded - flooded, faithful - faithful, in a hut - in a hut, on a bridge - on a bridge, etc. Such equivalent (in meaning, but not in use) accentological doublets in modern Russian there are a lot - more than 5000 common words. "The variability of stress provides a less abrupt and painful transition from the old literary norm to the new one. For example, the stress of a cemetery was generally accepted in the literary language of the 19th century. at the end of the 19th century The old version is still used in poetry. In the 18th - 19th centuries, the accent was the turner. Oscillations (turner and turner) began at the end of the 19th century and continued until the 30s of the 20th century. Now everyone speaks a turner, but you can still find a cooper and a cooper.
The reasons for the change in stress are different. Sometimes dialect stress competes with the literary one (compare lit. Keta and Far Eastern Keta). The stress fluctuates in some little-known, exotic words (pima - pima, high fur boots - high fur boots).
Variants of stress are widespread in many borrowed words, which is associated with the influence of different source languages, and in some cases - and of the “intermediary” languages. So, in the 30s. revolver and revolver (later - only revolver) were normative, since this word was traced to different source languages - French and English. Borrowed in the 18th century. from the German language, the word alcohol was pronounced alcohol, but later, under the influence of the French language, alcohol began to be pronounced. Under the influence of the Polish language, which was an intermediary in the borrowing, the stress in the words document, pulpit, heretic, climate (now only document, heretic, climate) fluctuated.
Some accentological variants arise or persist in the professional environment: agony (for doctors), atom, atomic (for physicists), spark (for drivers), complex numbers (for mathematicians), report (for sailors), landing gear (for pilots), mania (from doctors). In the speech of the miners, the obsolete "in the modern literary language, the accent is prey, in the speech of the sailors - the compass. Many outdated accents remain in poetry. From professional speech, the accent of wind, text, cutter, boy came into the literary language. Now, in the speech of teachers, the accent is widespread. adolescent, although it is not recognized by orthoepic dictionaries.
At the same time, church pronunciation (price, endures, protects), seminary (teacher, library, plural, catastrophe), class variants (noble principle or principle and miscellaneous, including seminary, principle or principle) have long been forgotten.
The accentological features of borrowed words are often ignored if the borrowing is carried out using an intermediary language. So, through Latin in the XVI-XVIII centuries. such dissimilar names as England, France, Nor-ge were borrowed, which in Russian received the same structural and accentological design: England, France, Norway. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. through the French language, many words were borrowed from various Western European languages, which received the stress on the last syllable in Russian, characteristic of the French language, including the English Liverpool, Milton; Hamlet, Shakespeare, Newton, etc.
Words borrowed through the Türkic medium usually have an emphasis on the last syllable, even if this stress does not correspond to the original one: Muhammad, Ahmet (cf. Arabic Ahmad, Muhammad).
For the Russian language, the stress on the last two syllables is most typical, therefore, most often the stress of the source language remains unchanged in the words of the French, Polish and Turkic languages. The words borrowed from the Germanic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages, in which the stress on the first syllable prevails, are perceived as borrowed longer, and in the process of mastering the Russian language they often experience stress fluctuations. In some borrowed words, fluctuations in stress last for centuries, as they are supported by vocabulary tradition and poetic speech.
In the XX century. the number of fluctuations in stress in borrowed words compared to the 19th century. decreased, which indicates their mastery of the Russian language.
Currently, new fluctuations arise in previously borrowed words, due to the desire to bring the stress of a foreign language closer to the stress in the source language (cf .: Hamlet -> - Hamlet, Los Angeles - Los Angeles, Peru-Peru, Newton-Newton, Bacon-Bacon, etc.).
“Newly borrowed words, as a rule, follow the stress of the source language, because in most cases the time has not yet come for them to hesitate. This should be preceded by a certain period, during which the words should "take root" in the language, become known to most native speakers and "find" an analogy among the words included in the vocabulary system. "
The influence of territorial and social dialects, interlingual contacts, etc. are extra-linguistic factors of change and stress fluctuations. However, the reasons of an intralingual nature turn out to be more important: the influence of analogy, a tendency to assimilate grammatical forms and an increase in the distinctive role of verbal stress.
Under the influence of the analogy, the stress in the short forms of the passive participles is leveled: the feminine forms are increasingly pronounced with an emphasis on the base, like all other forms, and not on the ending, as they were pronounced before: sold, taken, inclined (instead of the only admissible previously sold, taken , inclined).
The stress in derivative bases is increasingly moving away from the stress in the productive ones: vortex - to swirl (in dictionaries it is also indicated to swirl), luxury - luxurious, tiger - tiger, brake - inhibitory (old accents are luxurious, tiger, inhibitory), think - thinker, relieve - redeemer, console - comforter (in the 18th - early 19th centuries: thinker, deliverer, comforter). The stress on the suffix -en in the words calculation, straightening, assignment, melting has been shifted (in dictionaries of the 18th century: calculation, straightening, assignment, melting). The words intention, provision, concentration retain the original stress, although violations of the literary norm are common: provision, concentration, intention. The stress in the words thinking, detection, vulgarization, simplification (linguistic term) and simplification fluctuates within the literary norm.
A very important pattern of stress change has been established: the Russian stress in polysyllabic words tends to the center of the word, and the most common words do not have more than three unstressed syllables in a row.
Outdated accentological options are fixed in stable phrases, in phraseological units: hold your hand over your forehead (either on the forehead, or on the mornings), twelve languages (twelve languages), about versts (two versts), worried about the fate of his sons (what fate!), cooks porridge (the head cooks), to the horses (command: horses!), bought a goose (like off a goose water), did not know the need (no need).
At the same time, the fixation of accentological variants for different meanings of polysemous words is often unstable. Increasingly, the distinction between options such as rolls a barrel and rolls on a bicycle, knocks down and pours snow, knocked the door and struck the hour, etc. is lost, expands the scope of use of a more productive option (rolls, knocks, punched).
Conclusion
The concept of orthoepy and accentology in modern Russian began to excite literary critics and linguists.
The correctness and incorrect pronunciation of certain words can be characterized by knowing the history of the Russian language, the system of influence of other language schemes on the Russian language.
The accentological aspects of the development and formation of the Russian language make it possible to study the dialectical side of word forms.
The use of modern methods of linguistics makes it possible to form modern knowledge about the development of the Russian language. Scientific manuals on this topic allow you to explore this topic in a modern context.
The historiography of the Russian language traces the centuries-old history of the formation of the Russian language, pronunciations and spellings of the symbolic-sound scheme. The role of historical periods characterizing the changes in the Russian language is traced.
The invasions of the Mongol-Tatars, the Swedish influence, as well as the type of settlement, local dialects and colloquial forms played a huge role in the development and formation of orthoepy.
List of used literature
- Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation.— 5th ed.— M-, 1972.
- Bulakhovsky L.A. Russian literary language of the first half of the 19th century - M., 1994.
- Gorbachevich KS Norms of the modern Russian literary language.— M., 1998.
- Kolesov V. V. Development of verbal stress in modern Russian pronunciation. - In the book: Development of the Russian language after the Great October Socialist Revolution. L., 1997.
- Obnorsky S.P.Selected works on the Russian language.— M., 1990
- Panov M. V. On the styles of pronunciation. - In collection: Development of the modern Russian language. M., 1993.
- Panov M.V. Modern Russian language: Phonetics.— M., 1999.
- The development of the phonetics of the modern Russian language. - M., 2001.
- Russian literary pronunciation and stress: Dictionary reference book. / Ed. R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegova. - M., 1990.
- Dictionary of stresses for radio and television workers. / Comp. F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarva; ed. D.E. Rosenthal.— 4th ed.— M, 2001.
- Superanskaya A.V. Stress in borrowed words in modern Russian language. — Moscow, 1968.
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- Shcherba LV On the norms of exemplary Russian pronunciation. - In the book: Selected works on the Russian language. M., 1997.
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The meaning of the word orthoepy
spelling in the crossword dictionary
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
orthoepy
orthoepies, w. (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) (lingual). Rules for exemplary pronunciation. Russian orthoepy. Spelling lessons. ? Compliance with these rules. Pay attention to the spelling of students.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
orthoepy
The rules of literary pronunciation.
The pronunciation itself is correct.
adj. orthoepic, th, th. Orthoepic norms.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
orthoepy
The system of exemplary norms of literary pronunciation.
Compliance with such pronunciation rules.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
orthoepy
ORTHOEPY (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech)
a set of pronunciation norms of the national language, ensuring the uniformity of its sound design.
The branch of linguistics that studies the normative literary pronunciation.
Orthoepy
(Greek orthoépeia, from orthós = correct and épos = speech), a set of norms of the national language that ensure the unity of its sound design. The uniformity of the sound design of oral speech promotes (like spelling) quick and easy language communication. The concept of O. includes pronunciation and norms of super-segmental phonetics (stress, tone, etc.). Pronunciation covers the phonetic system of the language, that is, the composition of phonemes, their quality and implementation in certain conditions, as well as the sound design of individual words and grammatical forms (for example, pl [a] quiet, not pl [o] quiet, [w] then, not [h] then). The meaning of the norms of super-segmental phonetics for O. is different in different languages. For example, for the Russian language, the stress associated with the formation of grammatical forms is of great importance. Some scholars include the formation of variant grammatical forms (for example, "tractor" or "tractors") in the composition of archeology. O. develops historically along with the formation of the national language, when various forms of public speech develop and the proportion of oral speech in the life of society increases. Moreover, in different national languages and in different eras, the degree of severity and uniformity of O. norms and their sociolinguistic significance are very different. O. rules have a long history and are usually formed late as norms of the national language. In the first half of the 17th century, the standards of the Russian language took shape in their most important features. as the norms of the Moscow dialect, which only as the development and strengthening of the national language began to acquire the character of national norms. They finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, although in a number of cases there were fluctuations. The standards of labor that existed before the October Revolution of 1917 have been largely preserved; only some particular rules have changed, assimilative softness has decreased ([d] ve, [h] believe next to [d] ve, [z] believe), pronunciation has approached in a number of features with the spelling. The theater, cultivating the norms of O. in the purest form, was of great importance in the development of oratory. Stage speech in many languages is the basis of orthoepic norms. The importance of O. increases with the development of sound films, radio, and television.
Lit .: Ushakov D.N., Russian orthoepy and its tasks, in the book: Russian speech, v. 3, L., 1928; Shcherba LV, On the norms of exemplary Russian pronunciation, "Russian language at school", 1936, ╧5; his, Phonetics of the French language, L., 1939; Vinokur G., Russian stage pronunciation, M., 1948; Avanesov R.I., Russian literary pronunciation, 5th ed., M., 1972; Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary-reference book, M., 1959 ;. Siebs Th., Deutsche Bühnenaussprache-Hochsprache, 14 Aufl., Köln, 1927; Grammont M., Traite pratique de prononciation française, 9th ed, P., 1938 ;. Jones D., An outline of English phonetics, 9th ed., Camb., 1960; him, An English pronouncing dictionary, 10 ed., L., 1955; Michaelis H. et Passy P., Dictionnaire phonétique de la langue française, 2 éd., Hannover ≈ B. ≈ P., 1914; Viëtor W., Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, 3 Aufl., Lpz., 1921.
R. I. Avanesov.
Wikipedia
Orthoepy
Orthoepy- a set of rules for speaking, enshrined in the literary language. Different authors interpret the concept of orthoepy slightly differently, the "wide" approach includes pronunciation and stress norms, the "narrow" approach excludes stress from the spelling rules.
Spelling norms are very important in speech activity, since incorrect pronunciation or stress distract attention from the meaning of the statement, make it difficult to understand, and often simply make an unpleasant impression on the listener.
Examples of the use of the word orthoepia in literature.
The Kufis, on the other hand, were analysts who admitted the possibility of a number of deviations, especially in the field of syntax, focused on colloquial speech and considered the standard of Arabic orthoepies Hijaz dialect.
He raises questions about the reliance of grammar on literature as the primary source of material, about the role of grammar in solving spelling issues and orthoepies, in the creation of new poetic creations, in the criticism of literary texts.
Prison song, despite many inaccuracies in orthoepies, always has a sincere character.
From Cioran, as we would call it if we were guided by the Romanian orthoepy, became Sioran.