Legislative power is vested in Parliament. The President signs laws, but unlike countries with the influence of Anglo-Saxon law, he is not covered by the concept of Parliament. There is considerable uniqueness in the relations of the highest bodies of the state. The system that exists in France is called "rationalized parliamentarism".

The structure of the Parliament. Parliament consists of two chambers: National Assembly(557 deputies from the metropolis and 22 from the overseas territories) and Senate(321 members). Deputies and senators have deputy independence, even if their actions are punishable by law (for example, they are not responsible for insults at a meeting of the chamber and its commissions, although they are subject to disciplinary sanctions for this in accordance with the regulations of the chambers). Indemnity also includes the obligation of the state to provide deputies with their material needs in order to fulfill their parliamentary duties. They receive a high monetary allowance (more than 40 thousand francs a month), consisting of two parts: a basic salary and an additional one (about a third of the basic), which must be paid depending on the participation of members of Parliament in plenary sessions of chambers and in commissions (in practice, retention no salary is made from this part). Since 1995, members of Parliament have limited parliamentary immunity: they can be subject to arrest and other forms of imprisonment if they commit a criminal offense, they can be detained at the scene of the crime. In other cases, the approval of the bureau of the chamber is required for the withdrawal of immunity. Restriction of liberty or criminal prosecution of a Member of Parliament may be suspended for the duration of the session if requested by the House.

The French parliamentarian has a free mandate, but the factional party discipline in France, unlike, for example, the United States, is very tough. Any imperative mandate is invalid, there is no right of revocation. Combining a deputy mandate with public office is impossible, the elected one must resign from office and some other posts within two weeks after being elected (or refuse to be a parliamentarian).

Each chamber has the Bureau, which includes the chairman of the chamber (he is a representative of the largest party faction in the chamber), vice-presidents, secretaries and quaestors (the latter maintain order in the chamber and deal with administrative and economic issues). In addition to presiding over the meeting of the Chamber the chairman has other powers: the chairpersons of the chambers appoint three members to the Constitutional Council, the chairman of the lower chamber presides over the Congress of Parliament when approving amendments to the Constitution, and the chairman of the upper chamber acts as the President of the republic in the event of a vacancy. The presidents of the chambers must be consulted by the President in the event of a state of emergency. The President of the House decides if the government claims that the bill falls under the regulatory authority and should not be considered by Parliament (eventually going to the Constitutional Court). The chairman has the right, if necessary, to summon military units to the chamber.

As in other parliaments, the chambers of the French Parliament have standing commissions(committees), in France there are only six. They preliminarily discuss bills and to some extent control the activities of the government (the latter, however, is obliged to submit documents only to financial commissions). Every parliamentarian is obliged to be a member of a permanent commission (foreign affairs, production and exchange, financial, etc.).

Along with permanent special commission. There are temporary joint special commissions of the chambers, created at the request of the government to study a specific draft law. They include members of the lower house on a proportional representation basis and senators elected by the upper house. These commissions are very rare, more often others are created, conciliatory commissions of the chambers on a parity basis. Parliament creates temporary special commissions for investigation and control, special commissions for certain cases, for example, to remove parliamentary immunity from a member of Parliament. To study scientific and technical projects, a joint bureau of the chambers was created (8 deputies and 8 senators).

The agenda of the meetings of the chamber is determined meeting of chairpersons(bureau of the chamber and chairmen of factions).

Deputy associations(in France they are called political groups) are formed if they include at least 20 parliamentarians in the lower house, and at least 14 in the upper house. These associations (factions) must publish declarations (statements) on their goals. On the basis of proportional representation of factions, bureaus of the chamber and standing committees are formed. The chairmen of the factions determine the political line of the latter and even vote for the absent deputies, having the keys to their electronic scoreboards, although such voting is prohibited by the regulations.

The internal structure of the Senate is similar to that of the National Assembly. Senators are approximately half the number of members of the lower house, and they are elected for a longer term (not five, but nine years).

Session of the Parliament in France - one per year (since 1995), lasts nine months. At this time, 120 plenary sessions should be held (additional sessions are possible, but they are convened only by the government).

Powers of Parliament. Like other parliaments, the French Parliament has legislative, control, judicial, foreign policy and other powers. He exercises his economic powers (for example, the adoption of a budget, plans for economic and social development), as a rule, through the adoption of laws.

Carrying out legislative activity, Parliament adopts ordinary, organic and constitutional (changing the Constitution) laws, but the scope of regulation through the adoption of ordinary laws is limited (organic laws are adopted on issues specified in the Constitution, and a law on its amendment can be adopted on any issue except those specifically indicated in it: for example, you cannot change the republican form of government). According to the 1958 Constitution, the French Parliament is a Parliament with limited competence (we repeat that this applies primarily to ordinary laws).

The Constitution contains a list of questions on which Parliament can pass laws. On some issues, he publishes framework laws, those. establishes only general principles, and detailed regulation is carried out by the executive power (education, labor, organization of national defense, etc.). On other issues specified in the Constitution (rights and freedoms of citizens, crime and punishment, etc.), the Parliament issues comprehensive laws, and the executive branch cannot issue regulations. All issues not named in the Constitution are regulated by the normative acts of the so-called regulatory power - ordinances and other acts of the government. The Parliament's right to legislate is also limited by the powers of the President, who can submit draft laws to a referendum bypassing Parliament.

The adoption of ordinary laws goes through several stages. Government bill represented in the bureau of any chamber, legislative deputy's proposal and a senator - only in the bureau of his chamber. A deputy's proposal is not accepted if it requires an increase in expenditures or a decrease in state revenues. The Bureau submits a legislative proposal by a deputy or a government bill to a permanent or ad hoc committee. The powers of the commissions are limited: they can support or reject a bill w offer, but cannot replace them with their own. After that, the draft goes through three readings: general discussion, article-by-article discussion, voting in general. Fourth and fifth readings are possible, if the bill is returned from another chamber not adopted. However, the government has the right to interrupt any discussion and demand a "blocked vote" - subject only to government amendments. Before the first reading, a "preliminary question" is possible: discussion of the advisability of the draft law, but it is of a limited nature. Only the author of the text and one opponent speaks, after which a vote is taken.

Adopted in one chamber, the draft is transferred to another, and if it is adopted in the same text, it goes to the President for signature. If the other ward does not accept him, it is possible for him to go from ward to ward for a long time - a "shuttle". Overcoming the resistance of the upper house is possible if the government wishes it: it can demand from the Parliament to create mixed parity commission(seven people from each chamber), and amendments to the bill introduced by the commission must be coordinated with the government. If the commission fails to prepare an agreed text or its text is not adopted by both houses of Parliament, the government may require the lower house to make a final decision. Thus, if the government is indifferent to the fate of the bill (and this usually refers to the proposals of the deputies), it can allow an endless "shuttle"; if the government wants to speed up the adoption of a law (i.e. its own bill), it excludes the upper chamber from the procedure, paralyzes it veto, but cannot exclude the lower one. It can be seen from the above that the role of the government in the procedure for adopting a law can be very large.

Moreover, the government can put Parliament in a situation where the law is considered adopted by it without a vote. To this end, the government raises the question of confidence in connection with the requirement to pass a specific law. It is considered adopted if the opposition fails to submit a resolution of censure to the government within 24 hours and to ensure its adoption within 48 hours, which, as was said, is extremely difficult.

Under organic laws concerning the upper house, it is impossible to overcome its veto, since these laws can only be passed by both houses. On other bills, if they are adopted by a mixed parity commission, the lower house can override the veto of the upper one only by a majority on the payroll (i.e. all those who abstain and do not vote are automatically counted among those who voted against).

Once passed, the law is passed on to the President for promulgations. The secretary general of the government prepares the law for promulgation. He collects the signatures of ministers, supplies the law with the necessary annexes. The President within 15 days can demand a new consideration of the law. it weak veto. It is overcome by the second adoption of the law by a simple (and not qualified) majority of votes and therefore is almost never used (in 1946-1996 it was used on average once every three and a half years, but President F. Mitterrand, for example, applied it for 14 years only twice).

The President has the right to send laws to the Constitutional Council for conclusion before they are signed. Organic laws are sent there without fail. Deputies and senators (at least 60 members of any chamber) can also apply to the Constitutional Council before the President signs the law. Such an appeal suspends the signing of the law, it is possible only with a positive decision of the Constitutional Council.

Parliament can delegate the government has legislative powers, but if the latter has programs for their implementation and for a while. The ordinances for the implementation of these powers must be submitted to Parliament for approval.

The French Parliament adopts almost all known forms control for the activities of the government: questions to the ministers at the plenary session, control commissions are created to audit government services and state enterprises, commissions of inquiry, collecting information and reporting it to the chamber. It is possible to submit a petition to the Parliament, including in the form of complaints against the governing bodies (petitions are submitted through deputies or directly to the chairman of the chamber). The control is attended by an intermediary of the Parliament, appointed, however, by the government for six years (citizens can contact him only through their deputy). The mediator does not have his own powers to restore violated rights, but he can report this to Parliament, initiate disciplinary and judicial proceedings, and give his recommendations to state bodies (on citizens' rights). In the departments. (administrative-territorial units) there are representatives of the mediator - delegates.

Control over the activities of the government related to sanctions is carried out only by the lower house. It can force the government to resign through a resolution of censure or denial of confidence. The government can also ask the Senate for confidence, but if he refuses, the government is not obliged to resign. The question of trust the government can put itself in connection with its demand for Parliament to adopt a government program, a declaration on general policy or a bill, thereby putting pressure on the deputies. In case of denial of confidence, the government must go to. resignation, it cannot dissolve the lower house (the upper one cannot be dissolved at all), but the President has a “personal” right to dissolve the lower house if he deems it necessary.

As opposed to the question of trust resolution of censure introduced by the deputies. Its introduction is complicated by a number of procedural requirements, and its adoption is almost impossible: after all, the government is formed in practice by the parties of the parliamentary majority, although this is not obligatory under the constitution. The resolution can only be adopted by an absolute majority of votes of the total number of the lower house (i.e. abstainers and absentees are automatically counted as voting against). Censure resolutions are extremely rare.

The judicial powers of the Parliament are associated with the creation of special courts (High Court of Justice, etc.) to consider cases of high-ranking officials and with the formulation of charges. There is no institution of impeachment in France. The foreign policy powers of the Parliament relate primarily to the ratification of international treaties.

Parliament holds one annual session, which runs from early October to late June. The transition in France to one nine-month session since 1995 is explained by the reduction of legislative activity (there is already developed legislation) and the strengthening of the control function of the Parliament. During the period of the session, each chamber must hold no more than 120 meetings. However, under certain conditions, additional meetings are possible. Standing committees can work outside the session. The chambers sit separately, joint sessions are possible only in the form of a congress to approve amendments to the constitution. Messages from the President to Parliament are heard at separate sessions of the chambers.

The principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial powers means that each of the powers acts independently and does not interfere with the powers of the other. With its consistent implementation, any possibility of appropriation by one or another power of authority to another is excluded.

Legislative power - the power in the field of legislation. In states where there is a separation of powers, the legislative power belongs to a separate state body that is engaged in the development of legislation. The functions of the legislature also include approving the government, approving changes in taxation, approving the country's budget, ratifying international agreements and treaties, and declaring war. The general name of the legislative body is parliament.

The legislative bodies in the Republic of Kazakhstan include the Parliament, which consists of two chambers: the Senate and the Mazhilis, and the Constitutional Council. The executive branch of power in the Republic of Kazakhstan is concentrated in the hands of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which heads the system of executive bodies and manages their activities. The judicial authorities in the Republic of Kazakhstan include: the Supreme Court of the Republic and local courts of the Republic, established by law. The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the representative and legislative body of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A law is considered approved by Parliament if more than half of the total number of deputies of both Chambers voted for it. Adopted by a majority vote of the total number of Senate deputies, the draft becomes law and within ten days is submitted for signature to the President of the Republic. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state, the guarantor of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, human and civil rights and freedoms; represents the Republic of Kazakhstan within the country and in international relations; submit to the Parliament a proposal on the appointment of the Chairman of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Prosecutor General and the Chairman of the National Security Committee; puts before the Parliament the question of the resignation of the Government; forms the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan by appointing Deputy Chairmen of the Government at the suggestion of the Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan; is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan appoints and dismisses the high command of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In a parliamentary form of government, the legislature is the supreme power. One of its functions is the appointment (election) of a president who performs mainly representative functions, but does not have real power.

Under the presidential form of government, the president and parliament are elected independently of each other. Bills that have passed through parliament are approved by the head of state - the president, who has the right to dissolve parliament.

Legislative power is exercised primarily by the national representative body, and in the subjects of the federation, in the autonomies of a political nature - also by local legislative bodies. The national representative body may have different names, but the generalized name "parliament" has been adopted for it.

The term "parliament" comes from the French "parlet" - to speak.

The modern parliament is the supreme body of the people's representation, expressing the sovereign will of the people, designed to regulate the most important social relations mainly through the adoption of laws, exercising control over the activities of executive authorities and senior officials. Parliament also has many other powers. It forms other supreme bodies of the state, for example, in some countries, it elects the president, forms the government, appoints the constitutional court, ratifies international treaties, etc.

Legislative bodies and their powers.

The main significance of the legislative branch (representative bodies) is legislative activity. In democratic states, these bodies occupy a central place in the structure of the state apparatus. Representative bodies of state power are subdivided into higher and local ones.

The highest bodies of state power are parliaments. One of their most important functions is to pass laws.

The system of legislative (representative) bodies of state power in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan is established by them in accordance with the foundations of the constitutional system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Local government administration is carried out by local representative bodies, which are responsible for the state of affairs in the respective territory.

The named article establishes the main powers of the local legislative (representative) body of state power - maslikhat:

• 1) approval of plans, economic and social programs for the development of the territory, local budget and reports on their implementation;
• 2) the solution of the issues of the local administrative-territorial structure referred to their jurisdiction;
• 3) consideration of reports of the heads of local executive bodies on issues referred by law to the competence of the maslikhat; 4) the formation of standing commissions and other working bodies of the maslikhat, hearing reports on their activities, solving other issues related to the organization of the maslikhat's work; 5) the exercise, in accordance with the legislation of the Republic, of other powers to ensure the rights and legitimate interests of citizens.

The right of legislative initiative in the legislative (representative) body of state power of the region of the Republic of Kazakhstan belongs to the deputies, the akim of the territorial-administrative unit, and representative bodies of local self-government. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan may grant the right to legislative initiative to other bodies, public associations, as well as citizens living in the territory of this region of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

A representative body of local self-government is an elected body of local self-government that has the right to represent the interests of the population and make decisions on its behalf that are in effect on the territory of an administrative-territorial unit.

The powers of the representative bodies of local self-government are determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and described above.

The structure of the parliament. Parliament is usually understood as a unicameral representative institution or the lower house of a bicameral parliament. The chambers of parliament have different names (often - the chamber of deputies and the senate), but they are usually called lower and upper. The upper house can be either weak when it is able to delay the adoption of a decision by the parliament (lower house), but not prevent it, since its veto - refusal to agree with the decision of the lower house - can be overcome by the latter (UK, Poland, etc.), or strong when a law cannot be passed without her consent (Italy, USA). The chambers of parliament are not uniform in size. Usually the lower chamber is twice (Italy), or even more (Poland), more numerous than the upper one. Only in the UK is the ratio different: more than 1,100 peers in the upper house (House of Lords) and 651 members in the House of Commons. The trend of recent decades is the establishment of a fixed number of chambers. Members of the lower house of parliament are usually called deputies, people's representatives, and members of the upper house are called senators. Deputies of the lower house and unicameral parliament are usually elected for 4-5 years either directly by citizens or through multi-stage elections (China). In some countries, seats are reserved for adherents of certain religions and nationalities, as well as for women.

The powers of the Parliament begin from the moment of the opening of its first session and end with the beginning of the work of the first session of the Parliament of the new convocation, but may be terminated ahead of schedule in cases and in the manner provided for by the Constitution. The organization and activities of the Parliament, the legal status of its deputies are determined by constitutional law

Parliament consists of two Chambers: the Senate and the Mazhilis, acting on a permanent basis.

The deputy of the Parliament takes the oath to the people of Kazakhstan. It is not bound by any imperative mandate. Members of Parliament are obliged to take part in its work. and Legal forms of implementation of the competence of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan are the acts adopted by it, the main of which are laws. The law is characterized by a number of features. It is adopted only by the chambers of the Parliament and expresses the will of the people of Kazakhstan. The law contains legal norms and therefore is a normative act. It is binding and is the legal basis for all state bodies operating in the country, local self-government bodies, public organizations and citizens and has higher legal force in comparison with any acts of state bodies, except for the Constitution, which the law cannot contradict.

Laws are adopted by the chambers of Parliament in a special order, which is implemented in the legislative process, which is a set of actions through which the legislative activity of the parliament is carried out. In Kazakhstan, the legislative process consists of several stages. Let us list them briefly.

Internal organization of parliament and its chambers. Various bodies are formed in the parliament and its chambers. Some of them have a certain competence provided for in the constitutions (chairman), others are an auxiliary apparatus designed to serve the activities of the parliament (economic bodies). In addition, the parliament creates separate bodies that are engaged in a certain field of activity, have independence, but fulfill the instructions of the parliament, report to it (for example, the Accounting Chamber, the Commissioner for Human Rights). Parliament can at any time renew the composition of these bodies, remove their members or officials. They are sometimes formed (elected, appointed) for a certain period, which serves as a certain guarantee for them. The sessions of the chambers and the unicameral parliament are chaired by a chairman (speaker in Anglo-Saxon countries) or a collective body (a bureau in Spain, an organizing committee in the Czech Republic). The chairman of a unicameral parliament, chamber, speaker has one or more deputies. There is no chairman of parliament in a bicameral structure of parliament, there are only chairmen of the chambers. When the chambers meet together, they are usually chaired by the chairman of the upper house (senate). The first stage of the legislative process - legislative initiative - boils down to submitting a bill to the Mazhilis. The right to commit this kind of action is called the right of legislative initiative.

The second stage of the legislative process is the consideration of the bill by the Senate. At this stage, the bill can be amended by making comments and proposals, and if rejected, it will be sent for revision to the Mazhilis. The third stage occurs if the bill is passed and approved by the Senate. In this case, the project is sent for signature to the head of state. Then the signed law is promulgated and published in the press.

The fact of submitting the developed draft to the legislative body has official legal significance. From this moment, the first stage of the lawmaking process - the preliminary formation of the state will - stops, and a new stage begins - the consolidation of this will in the rule of law. At this stage, legal relations for the development of the initial text of the law are exhausted, but new ones arise related to the consideration of the draft in an official manner and the adoption of a decision.

The approval of the bill is the central stage of the legislative process, since it is at this stage that legal meaning is given to the rules contained in the text of the draft law.

There are four main stages of the official passage of the law: the introduction of the draft for discussion by the legislative body, direct discussion of the draft, the adoption of the law, its promulgation / publication /.

The stage of official submission of a bill to a lawmaking body is reduced to sending a completely finished draft to a lawmaking body.

The governing body of the chambers of parliament can be elected either for their term of office or for the period of one session. In most countries, it is believed that the chairman of a unicameral parliament should be politically neutral and impartial. He often suspends or leaves the party during the presidency. In other countries, he retains party affiliation (in the United States, he is the leader of the parliamentary majority). There is a strong and weak chairman. In the first case (Great Britain), he interprets the rules of procedure, determines the method of voting, appoints the chairmen of commissions, etc. A weak is, for example, the chairman of the House of Lords in the same Great Britain, the Senate in the USA: he does not preside over meetings, they are held on the basis of self-regulation, time for performances is not limited.

The internal organs of parliament include party factions. They unite deputies who belong to one party (bloc) or to several, similar in their programs. Individual non-party deputies may also join factions. In fact, a broad interpretation of the right to legislative initiative follows from the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The determining element of the content of the right to legislative initiative is the subject composition. It is not difficult to establish the bearer of the right to legislative initiative. This can be any person, body or organization empowered to submit bills to the highest representative body of power and exercising this right. According to Art. 61, paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the right of legislative initiative belongs to the deputies of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Republic. To create a party faction (and a faction has certain advantages - its premises in parliament, the right to speak on behalf of a faction is given out of turn, etc.), it is necessary to have a certain number of deputies from this party, established by the regulations of the chambers (for example, 20 in the lower house and 14 in the French Senate). The faction is proportionally represented in the commissions of the chambers and the joint committees of the parliament. Usually the representative of the largest faction is elected by the chairman of the chamber, his deputies represent other major factions. Fractions share the posts of chairmen of the standing committees of the chambers. The factions have their own leadership: the chairman. The faction decides on the nature of the speeches of its members and the voting. The time allowed for speaking on behalf of a faction usually depends on its size. The largest faction in opposition usually creates its own "shadow cabinet": the persons assigned by it monitor the work of the ministers and prepare to take their place in case of victory in the elections.

It should be borne in mind that the legislative initiative does not imply the obligation of the legislative body to accept the proposed draft, especially in the form in which it is presented. The existence of such a duty would be an encroachment on the supremacy of the representative government. But when using the right of legislative initiative, the legislative body is bound by the expression of the will of the subject having such a right, therefore, it must consider the project and make a decision on it. This is what distinguishes the legislative initiative from other types of legislative proposals.

Along with the mandatory, but still additional components such as receiving a bill, registering it and information about it at the session, the main thing is still the mandatory consideration of the submitted bill or legislative proposal as a result of the exercise of the right to legislative initiative. In this case, the Mazhilis binds itself to its own decision, enshrined in the constitution.

Draft laws and legislative proposals are submitted for consideration together with the justification for the need for their development, a detailed description of the goals, objectives and main provisions of future laws and their place in the legislative system, as well as the expected socio-economic consequences of their application. At the same time, the collectives and persons who took part in the preparation of the draft law, the implementation of which will require additional and other costs, are indicated, and its financial and economic justification is attached.

A special procedure is provided for the adoption of state constitutional laws. In view of the special importance of these normative acts, the Constitution provides for the passage of such a law in both chambers of parliament, and their adoption is possible in the presence of three quarters of the total number of members of the Senate and at least two thirds of votes of the total number of deputies of the Mazhilis.

The laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan are signed and promulgated by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan within 14 days. The President has the right to return the law for reconsideration before the expiration of the specified period. In this case, the law is signed by the President within seven days after it has been re-adopted by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Parliament.

The process of creating a law ends with its publication. To become a generally binding dictate of the state, a legal norm must be objectified in publicly available print media, and this process seems to be especially important. The publication of laws is the main prerequisite for their entry into force and the legal basis for the presumption of knowledge of laws. Citizens cannot be assumed to be aware of an unpublished law and held accountable for violating rules they do not know.

Standing committees and commissions play an important role in parliament and its chambers. Their number is different and often changes: in the unicameral parliament of Israel there are 9 committees, in the British House of Commons - 15, in the US Congress - 22. Standing commissions are sectoral, or specialized (on foreign affairs, agriculture, health care, etc.) , and non-specialized.

The Commission makes decisions at meetings. The quorum is usually half of its members.

The representative of the commission makes a co-report during the discussion of the draft law at the plenary session, and usually the fate of the draft law ultimately depends on the opinion of the commission.

Commissions discuss information from ministers on their industry. Ministers are not responsible to standing commissions, and the latter do not make decisions that are binding on the government and its members, but in many countries, ministers are required to appear at the meetings of the commissions upon their invitation.

As for how the legislative process is enshrined in the Basic Law of our state, the right of legislative initiative belongs to the deputies of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Government of the Republic and is implemented exclusively in the Mazhilis.

The President of the Republic has the right to determine the priority of consideration of draft laws, as well as to declare the consideration of a draft law urgent, which means that the Parliament must consider this draft within a month from the date of its introduction.

If the Parliament fails to comply with this requirement, the President of the Republic has the right to issue a decree having the force of law, which is valid until the Parliament adopts a new law in the manner prescribed by the Constitution.

Draft laws providing for a reduction in state revenues or an increase in state expenditures may be introduced only if there is a positive opinion of the Government of the Republic.

The laws of the Republic come into force after they are signed by the President of the Republic.

Amendments and additions to the Constitution are introduced by a majority of at least three-quarters of the votes of the total number of deputies of each of the Chambers.

Constitutional laws are adopted on issues stipulated by the Constitution by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of each of the Chambers.

Legislative acts of the Parliament and its Chambers are adopted by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the Chambers, unless otherwise provided by the Constitution. The procedure for the development, presentation, discussion, enactment and publication of legislative acts and other normative legal acts of the Republic is regulated by a special law and regulations of the Parliament and its Chambers. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan may dissolve the Parliament in the following cases: the Parliament expresses a vote of no confidence in the Government, the Parliament has twice refused to agree to the appointment of the Prime Minister, a political crisis as a result of insurmountable disagreements between the Houses of Parliament or the Parliament and other branches of state power. Parliament cannot be dissolved during a state of emergency or martial law, during the last six months of the President's term, or within one year after the previous dissolution. ...

Task 1. At the beginning of the XXI century. on the political map of the world, there are the following number of states and non-self-governing territories: Indicate the correct answer.

230

Task 2. Indicate which of the following countries are simultaneously in the top ten countries in the world in terms of territory and population:

1) Russia; 3) India; 6) China; 8) Brazil;

Task 3. Indicate how of the following states are located on the islands and archipelagos:

1) Great Britain; 2) Iceland; 5) Sri Lanka; 6) Indonesia; 7) Madagascar; 10) Kiribati

Task 4. Underline the names of states that do not have access to the open sea:

1) Bolivia; 2) Hungary; 3) Zambia 5) Mali; b) Mongolia; 8) Uzbekistan; 10) Switzerland.

How does this situation affect their socio-economic development?

Difficulty importing / exporting goods

Assignment 6. Match country-capital pairs:

1.Australia - d

2.Algeria - a

3. Belarus - w

4.Venezuala - e

5 Kenya w 6 Colombia w

7 Norway - and

8 Syria - g

9.Thailand - 6

10.Czech Republic

a) Algeria b) Bangkok c) Bogota d) Damascus e) Canberra f) Caracas g) Minsk h) Nairobi i) Oslo j) Prague

Task 7. Indicate which of the following types belongs to most of the countries in the world:

2) developing ones;

Task 8. Indicate in the proposed list the capitals of the G8 states:

1) Rome; 3) London; 6) Moscow;

8) Washington; 9) Ottawa;

Task 9.Specify which of the following countries belong to the countries of "resettlement" capitalism:

2) Israel; 3) Canada; 5) Australia.

Task 10. Determine which of the subgroups of developing countries the following countries belong to:

1) Bangladesh; 2) Brazil; 3) India; 4) Kuwait; 5) Nepal; 6) United

United Arab Emirates; 7) Malaysia; 8) Somalia; 9) Thailand; 10) Ethiopia.

Give your answer in the following form:

1.Key countries 2.3 2.Newly industrialized countries 7.9 3.Oil-producing countries 4.6 4.Last developed countries 1, 5, 8, 10

Task 11. Indicate which of the following regions of the world are distinguished by the number of "hot spots":

2) Southwest Asia; 3) South Asia; 4) Southeast Asia; 6) North Africa; 7) Sub-Saharan Africa;

Task 12. Below is a number of statements related to the form of government of the countries of the world. Determine which ones are correct and which are not.

1. In republics and constitutional monarchies, the legislative power belongs to the parliament, and the executive power belongs to the government.

2. The supreme power in monarchies is inherited.

3. There are fewer republics in the world than monarchies.

4. Among the monarchies of the modern world, empires prevail.

Task 13. Underline the countries that have a republican form of government:

1) Austria; 2) Armenia; 5) Egypt; 6) Mexico; 8) Turkey; 9) France;

Task 14. Draw in color on a contour map (Fig. 1) of the country with a monarchical form of government. Highlight among them:

constitutional monarchies: Malaysia (4), Great Britain (2), Netherlands), Belgium), Denmark (2)

Norway (2), Sweden (2), Liechtenstein. Monaco. Japan (1), Cambodia (2), Thailand (2), Lesotho (2), Canada. Andora,

New Zealand, Spain (2), Australia (2), Luxembourg (3), Morocco (2), Tonga (2), Jordan (2), Kuwait (5)

absolute monarchies: UAE (5), Brunei (4). Saudi Arabia (2), Oman (4), Qatar (5), Swaziland (2)

Describe and explain their distribution across large regions of the world. Which ones are empires, kingdoms, duchies, sultanates, emirates?

1-empire, 2-kingdom, 3-duchy, 4-sultanate, 5-emirate

Constitutional monarchies are located in western Europe and East Asia, where there were no violent revolutionary upheavals and civil wars. Absolute monarchies are located in the Persian Gulf region. Existed here for a long timeslave system of the Middle Ages.

Task 15. Complete the following sentences:

1. The state in which there is a single legislative, executiveand the judiciary is called unitary.

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The republican form of government originated in antiquity, however, most of the modern republics were formed after the collapse of the colonial system in modern times. Now there are about 150 republics in the world.

Republics can be divided into two types: a) parliamentary b) presidential

The territory of a country is usually divided into smaller territorial units (states, provinces, districts, regions, cantons, counties, etc.)

This division is necessary to govern the country:

Ø carrying out economic and social measures;

Ø solution of issues of regional policy;

Ø collection of information;

Ø implementation of on-site control, etc.

Administrative - territorial division is carried out taking into account a combination of factors:

Ø economic;

Ø national - ethnic;

Ø historical and geographical;

Ø natural, etc.

According to the forms of administrative and territorial structure, they are distinguished:

Ø A unitary state is a form of state structure in which the territory does not have its own

managed entities. It has a single constitution

and a unified system of government bodies.

Ø Federal state is a form of state structure in which the territory includes several state formations with a certain legal independence. Federative units (republics, states, lands, provinces) have, as a rule, their own constitutions and authorities.

Countries also differ in characteristics political regime. Three groups can be distinguished here:

Ø democratic - with a political regime based on the election of public authorities (France, USA);

Ø totalitarian - with a political regime in which state power is concentrated in the hands of one party (Cuba, Iran).

At the present stage of development of international relations, countries can be grouped according to their the internal political situation and participation in international military blocs and armed conflicts. So it stands out:

Ø “participating countries” that are part of military blocs or participating in armed conflicts (NATO countries, Afghanistan, Iraq, Yugoslavia);

Ø non-aligned countries that are not members of military organizations (Finland, Nepal);

Ø neutral countries (Switzerland, Sweden).

6) Based on level of socio-economic development of the country of the world is nice to subdivide into two types:

Ø economically developed countries;

Ø countries with a transitional type of economy;

Ø developing countries.

With such a division of countries, a set of economic indicators characterizing the scale, structure and state of the economy, the level of economic development, and the standard of living of the population are taken into account. The most important indicator is GDP (gross domestic product) per capita.

Among economically developed includes about 60 countries, but this group is not homogeneous.

Ø Countries of the "Big Seven". They are distinguished by the largest scale of economic and political activity. (USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Canada, UK)

Ø Economically highly developed countries of Western Europe. They have a high indicator of GDP per capita, play an important role in the world economy, but the political and economic role of each is not so great. (Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Spain, Portugal).

Ø Countries of "resettlement capitalism". Allocated exclusively for historical reasons, they are the former resettlement colonies of Great Britain. (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel).

Countries with economies in transition include those educated in the early 90s. as a result of the transition to a market economic system. (CIS countries, Eastern Europe countries, Mongolia).

The rest of the countries belong to developing. They are called "third world" countries. They occupy more than ½ of the land area, and about 75% of the world's population is concentrated in them. These are mainly former colonies in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania. These countries are united by the colonial past and the associated economic contradictions and features of the structure of the economy. However, the world of developing countries is diverse and heterogeneous. Five groups are distinguished among them:

Ø "Key countries". Leaders of the "third world" in economics and politics. (India, Brazil, Mexico)

Ø New industrial countries (NIS). The countries have sharply raised the level of economic development by increasing industrial production on the basis of foreign investment. (Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand).

Ø Oil exporting countries. Countries that form their capital through the inflow of "petrodollars". (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Libya, Brunei).

Ø Countries lagging behind in their development. Countries with a predominance of a backward mixed economy oriented to the export of raw materials, plantation products and transport services. (Colombia, Bolivia, Zambia, Liberia, Ecuador, Morocco).

Ø Least developed countries. Countries with a predominance in the economy with a consumer economy and an almost complete absence of a manufacturing industry. (Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Yemen, Mali, Chad, Haiti, Guinea).

Question 5. International organizations are associations of states or national societies of a non-governmental nature to achieve common goals (political, economic, scientific and technical, etc.). The first permanent international associations (IMF) and others appeared in Ancient Greece in the 6th century. BC NS. in the form of unions of cities and communities. Such associations were the prototypes of future international organizations. Today there are about 500 international organizations in the world.

General political:

Ø United Nations (UN)

Ø Interparliamentary Union

Ø World Peace Council (WPC)

Ø Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Ø League of Arab States (LAS), etc.

Economic:

Ø World Trade Organization (WTO)

Ø Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Ø Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Ø European Union (EU)

Ø Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)