In this article we will look at the designation of radio elements on diagrams.

Where to start reading diagrams?

In order to learn how to read circuits, first of all, we must study what a particular radio element looks like in a circuit. In principle, there is nothing complicated about this. The whole point is that if the Russian alphabet has 33 letters, then in order to learn the symbols of radio elements, you will have to try hard.

Until now, the whole world cannot agree on how to designate this or that radio element or device. Therefore, keep this in mind when you collect bourgeois schemes. In our article we will consider our Russian GOST version of the designation of radioelements

Studying a simple circuit

Okay, let's get to the point. Let's look at a simple electrical circuit of a power supply, which used to appear in any Soviet paper publication:

If this is not the first day you have held a soldering iron in your hands, then everything will immediately become clear to you at first glance. But among my readers there are also those who are encountering such drawings for the first time. Therefore, this article is mainly for them.

Well, let's analyze it.

Basically, all diagrams are read from left to right, just like you read a book. Any different circuit can be represented as a separate block to which we supply something and from which we remove something. Here we have a circuit of a power supply to which we supply 220 Volts from the outlet of your house, and a constant voltage comes out of our unit. That is, you must understand what is the main function of your circuit?. You can read this in the description for it.

How are radioelements connected in a circuit?

So, it seems that we have decided on the task of this scheme. Straight lines are wires or printed conductors through which electric current will flow. Their task is to connect radioelements.

The point where three or more conductors connect is called knot. We can say that this is where the wiring is soldered:

If you look closely at the diagram, you can see the intersection of two conductors

Such intersection will often appear in diagrams. Remember once and for all: at this point the wires are not connected and they must be insulated from each other. In modern circuits, you can most often see this option, which already visually shows that there is no connection between them:

Here, it is as if one wire goes around the other from above, and they do not contact each other in any way.

If there was a connection between them, then we would see this picture:

Letter designation of radioelements in the circuit

Let's look at our diagram again.

As you can see, the diagram consists of some strange icons. Let's look at one of them. Let this be the R2 icon.

So, let's first deal with the inscriptions. R means . Since we have him not the only one in the scheme, the developer of this scheme gave him the serial number “2”. There are as many as 7 of them in the diagram. Radio elements are generally numbered from left to right and top to bottom. A rectangle with a line inside already clearly shows that this is a constant resistor with a dissipation power of 0.25 Watt. It also says 10K next to it, which means its denomination is 10 Kilohms. Well, something like this...

How are the remaining radioelements designated?

Single-letter and multi-letter codes are used to designate radioelements. Single letter codes are group, to which this or that element belongs. Here are the main ones groups of radioelements:

A – these are various devices (for example, amplifiers)

IN – converters of non-electrical quantities into electrical ones and vice versa. This may include various microphones, piezoelectric elements, speakers, etc. Generators and power supplies here do not apply.

WITH – capacitors

D – integrated circuits and various modules

E – miscellaneous elements that do not fall into any group

F – arresters, fuses, protective devices

H – indicating and signaling devices, for example, sound and light indicating devices

K – relays and starters

L – inductors and chokes

M – engines

R – instruments and measuring equipment

Q – switches and disconnectors in power circuits. That is, in circuits where high voltage and high current “walk”

R – resistors

S – switching devices in control, signaling and measurement circuits

T – transformers and autotransformers

U – converters of electrical quantities into electrical ones, communication devices

V – semiconductor devices

W – microwave lines and elements, antennas

X – contact connections

Y – mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive

Z – terminal devices, filters, limiters

To clarify the element, after the one-letter code there is a second letter, which already indicates element type. Below are the main types of elements along with the letter group:

BD – ionizing radiation detector

BE – selsyn receiver

B.L. – photocell

BQ – piezoelectric element

BR – speed sensor

B.S. – pickup

B.V. - speed sensor

B.A. – loudspeaker

BB – magnetostrictive element

B.K. – thermal sensor

B.M. – microphone

B.P. - pressure meter

B.C. – selsyn sensor

D.A. – integrated analog circuit

DD – integrated digital circuit, logical element

D.S. – information storage device

D.T. – delay device

EL - lighting lamp

E.K. - a heating element

F.A. – instantaneous current protection element

FP – inertial current protection element

F.U. - fuse

F.V. – voltage protection element

G.B. - battery

HG – symbolic indicator

H.L. – light signaling device

H.A. – sound alarm device

KV – voltage relay

K.A. – current relay

KK – electrothermal relay

K.M. - magnetic switch

KT – time relay

PC – pulse counter

PF – frequency meter

P.I. – active energy meter

PR – ohmmeter

PS – recording device

PV – voltmeter

PW – wattmeter

PA – ammeter

PK – reactive energy meter

P.T. - watch

QF

QS – disconnector

RK – thermistor

R.P. – potentiometer

R.S. – measuring shunt

RU – varistor

S.A. – switch or switch

S.B. – push-button switch

SF - Automatic switch

S.K. – temperature-triggered switches

SL – switches activated by level

SP – pressure switches

S.Q. – switches activated by position

S.R. – switches activated by rotation speed

TV – voltage transformer

T.A. - current transformer

UB – modulator

UI – discriminator

UR – demodulator

UZ – frequency converter, inverter, frequency generator, rectifier

VD – diode, zener diode

VL – electrovacuum device

VS – thyristor

VT –

W.A. – antenna

W.T. – phase shifter

W.U. – attenuator

XA – current collector, sliding contact

XP – pin

XS - nest

XT – collapsible connection

XW – high frequency connector

YA – electromagnet

YB – brake with electromagnetic drive

YC – clutch with electromagnetic drive

YH – electromagnetic plate

ZQ – quartz filter

Graphic designation of radioelements in the circuit

I will try to give the most common designations of elements used in the diagrams:

Resistors and their types

A) general designation

b) dissipation power 0.125 W

V) dissipation power 0.25 W

G) dissipation power 0.5 W

d) dissipation power 1 W

e) dissipation power 2 W

and) dissipation power 5 W

h) dissipation power 10 W

And) dissipation power 50 W

Variable resistors

Thermistors

Strain gauges

Varistors

Shunt

Capacitors

a) general designation of a capacitor

b) variconde

V) polar capacitor

G) trimmer capacitor

d) variable capacitor

Acoustics

a) headphone

b) loudspeaker (speaker)

V) general designation of a microphone

G) electret microphone

Diodes

A) diode bridge

b) general designation of a diode

V) zener diode

G) double-sided zener diode

d) bidirectional diode

e) Schottky diode

and) tunnel diode

h) reversed diode

And) varicap

To) Light-emitting diode

l) photodiode

m) emitting diode in the optocoupler

n) radiation receiving diode in the optocoupler

Electrical quantity meters

A) ammeter

b) voltmeter

V) voltammeter

G) ohmmeter

d) frequency meter

e) wattmeter

and) faradometer

h) oscilloscope

Inductors

A) coreless inductor

b) inductor with core

V) tuning inductor

Transformers

A) general designation of a transformer

b) transformer with winding output

V) current transformer

G) transformer with two secondary windings (maybe more)

d) three-phase transformer

Switching devices

A) closing

b) opening

V) opening with return (button)

G) closing with return (button)

d) switching

e) reed switch

Electromagnetic relay with different groups of contacts

Circuit breakers

A) general designation

b) the side that remains energized when the fuse blows is highlighted

V) inertial

G) fast acting

d) thermal coil

e) switch-disconnector with fuse

Thyristors

Bipolar transistor

Unijunction transistor

In the article you will learn about what radio components exist. The designations on the diagram according to GOST will be reviewed. You need to start with the most common ones - resistors and capacitors.

To assemble any structure, you need to know what radio components look like in reality, as well as how they are indicated on electrical diagrams. There are a lot of radio components - transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, etc.

Capacitors

Capacitors are parts that are found in any design without exception. Usually the simplest capacitors are two metal plates. And air acts as a dielectric component. I immediately remember my physics lessons at school, when we covered the topic of capacitors. The model was two huge flat round pieces of iron. They were brought closer to each other, then further away. And measurements were taken in each position. It is worth noting that mica can be used instead of air, as well as any material that does not conduct electric current. The designations of radio components on imported circuit diagrams differ from GOST standards adopted in our country.

Please note that regular capacitors do not carry direct current. On the other hand, it passes through it without any particular difficulties. Given this property, a capacitor is installed only where it is necessary to separate the alternating component in direct current. Therefore, we can make an equivalent circuit (using Kirchhoff’s theorem):

1. When operating on alternating current, the capacitor is replaced by a piece of conductor with zero resistance.
2. When operating in a DC circuit, the capacitor is replaced (no, not by capacitance!) by resistance.

The main characteristic of a capacitor is its electrical capacitance. The unit of capacitance is Farad. It's very big. In practice, as a rule, they are used which are measured in microfarads, nanofarads, microfarads. In the diagrams, the capacitor is indicated in the form of two parallel lines, from which there are taps.

Variable capacitors

There is also a type of device in which the capacity changes (in this case due to the fact that there are movable plates). The capacitance depends on the size of the plate (in the formula, S is its area), as well as on the distance between the electrodes. In a variable capacitor with an air dielectric, for example, due to the presence of a moving part, it is possible to quickly change the area. Consequently, the capacity will also change. But the designation of radio components on foreign diagrams is somewhat different. A resistor, for example, is depicted on them as a broken curve.

Permanent capacitors

These elements have differences in design, as well as in the materials from which they are made. The most popular types of dielectrics can be distinguished:

1. Air.
2. Mica.
3. Ceramics.

But this applies exclusively to non-polar elements. There are also electrolytic capacitors (polar). It is these elements that have very large capacities - ranging from tenths of microfarads to several thousand. In addition to the capacity, such elements have one more parameter - the maximum voltage value at which its use is allowed. These parameters are written on the diagrams and on the capacitor housings.

on the diagrams

It is worth noting that in the case of using trimmer or variable capacitors, two values ​​are indicated - the minimum and maximum capacitance. In fact, on the case you can always find a certain range in which the capacitance will change if you turn the axis of the device from one extreme position to another.

Let's say we have a variable capacitor with a capacitance of 9-240 (default measurement in picofarads). This means that with minimal plate overlap the capacitance will be 9 pF. And at the maximum - 240 pF. It is worth considering in more detail the designation of radio components on the diagram and their name in order to be able to correctly read technical documentation.

Connection of capacitors

We can immediately distinguish three types (there are just so many) combinations of elements:

1. Sequential- the total capacity of the entire chain is quite easy to calculate. In this case, it will be equal to the product of all the capacities of the elements divided by their sum.
2. Parallel- in this case, calculating the total capacity is even easier. It is necessary to add up the capacitances of all capacitors in the chain.
3. Mixed- in this case, the diagram is divided into several parts. We can say that it is simplified - one part contains only elements connected in parallel, the second - only in series.

And this is just general information about capacitors; in fact, you can talk a lot about them, citing interesting experiments as examples.

Resistors: general information

These elements can also be found in any design - be it in a radio receiver or in a control circuit on a microcontroller. This is a porcelain tube on which a thin film of metal (carbon - in particular, soot) is sprayed on the outside. However, you can even apply graphite - the effect will be similar. If resistors have very low resistance and high power, then it is used as a conductive layer

The main characteristic of a resistor is resistance. Used in electrical circuits to set the required current value in certain circuits. In physics lessons, a comparison was made with a barrel filled with water: if you change the diameter of the pipe, you can adjust the speed of the stream. It is worth noting that the resistance depends on the thickness of the conductive layer. The thinner this layer, the higher the resistance. In this case, the symbols of radio components on the diagrams do not depend on the size of the element.

Fixed resistors

As for such elements, the most common types can be distinguished:

1. Metallized varnished heat-resistant - abbreviated as MLT.
2. Moisture-resistant resistance - VS.
3. Carbon varnished small-sized - ULM.

Resistors have two main parameters - power and resistance. The last parameter is measured in Ohms. But this unit of measurement is extremely small, so in practice you will more often find elements whose resistance is measured in megaohms and kiloohms. Power is measured exclusively in Watts. Moreover, the dimensions of the element depend on the power. The larger it is, the larger the element. And now about what designation exists for radio components. On diagrams of imported and domestic devices, all elements may be designated differently.

On domestic circuits, a resistor is a small rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1:3; its parameters are written either on the side (if the element is located vertically) or on top (in the case of a horizontal arrangement). First, the Latin letter R is indicated, then the serial number of the resistor in the circuit.

Variable resistor (potentiometer)

Constant resistances have only two terminals. But there are three variables. On the electrical diagrams and on the element body, the resistance between the two extreme contacts is indicated. But between the middle and any of the extremes, the resistance will change depending on the position of the resistor axis. Moreover, if you connect two ohmmeters, you can see how the reading of one will change downwards, and the second - up. You need to understand how to read electronic circuit diagrams. It will also be useful to know the designations of radio components.

The total resistance (between the extreme terminals) will remain unchanged. Variable resistors are used to control gain (you use them to change the volume on radios and televisions). In addition, variable resistors are actively used in cars. These are fuel level sensors, electric motor speed controllers, and lighting brightness controllers.

Connection of resistors

In this case, the picture is completely opposite to that of capacitors:

1. Serial connection- the resistance of all elements in the circuit adds up.
2. Parallel connection- the product of resistances is divided by the sum.
3. Mixed- the entire circuit is divided into smaller chains and calculated step by step.

With this, you can close the review of resistors and begin to describe the most interesting elements - semiconductor ones (designations of radio components on the diagrams, GOST for UGO, are discussed below).

Semiconductors

This is the largest part of all radio elements, since semiconductors include not only zener diodes, transistors, diodes, but also varicaps, variconds, thyristors, triacs, microcircuits, etc. Yes, microcircuits are one crystal on which can be a great variety of radioelements - capacitors, resistances, and p-n junctions.

As you know, there are conductors (metals, for example), dielectrics (wood, plastic, fabrics). The designations of radio components on the diagram may be different (a triangle is most likely a diode or a zener diode). But it is worth noting that a triangle without additional elements denotes logical ground in microprocessor technology.

These materials either conduct current or not, regardless of their state of aggregation. But there are also semiconductors whose properties change depending on specific conditions. These are materials such as silicon and germanium. By the way, glass can also be partly classified as a semiconductor - in its normal state it does not conduct current, but when heated the picture is completely opposite.

Diodes and Zener diodes

A semiconductor diode has only two electrodes: a cathode (negative) and an anode (positive). But what are the features of this radio component? You can see the designations on the diagram above. So, you connect the power supply with positive to the anode and negative to the cathode. In this case, electric current will flow from one electrode to another. It is worth noting that the element in this case has extremely low resistance. Now you can conduct an experiment and connect the battery in reverse, then the resistance to the current increases several times, and it stops flowing. And if you send alternating current through the diode, the output will be constant (though with small ripples). When using a bridge switching circuit, two half-waves (positive) are obtained.

Zener diodes, like diodes, have two electrodes - a cathode and an anode. When connected directly, this element works in exactly the same way as the diode discussed above. But if you turn the current in the opposite direction, you can see a very interesting picture. Initially, the zener diode does not pass current through itself. But when the voltage reaches a certain value, breakdown occurs and the element conducts current. This is the stabilization voltage. A very good property, thanks to which it is possible to achieve stable voltage in circuits and completely get rid of fluctuations, even the smallest ones. The designation of radio components in the diagrams is in the form of a triangle, and at its apex there is a line perpendicular to the height.

Transistors

If diodes and zener diodes can sometimes not even be found in designs, then you will find transistors in any (except Transistors have three electrodes:

1. Base (abbreviated as "B").
2. Collector (K).
3. Emitter (E).

Transistors can operate in several modes, but most often they are used in amplification and switch modes (like a switch). A comparison can be made with a megaphone - they shouted into the base, and an amplified voice flew out of the collector. And hold the emitter with your hand - this is the body. The main characteristic of transistors is the gain (ratio of collector and base current). It is this parameter, along with many others, that is basic for this radio component. The symbols on the diagram for a transistor are a vertical line and two lines approaching it at an angle. There are several most common types of transistors:

1. Polar.
2. Bipolar.
3. Field.

There are also transistor assemblies consisting of several amplification elements. These are the most common radio components that exist. The designations on the diagram were discussed in the article.

– electronic components assembled into analog and digital devices: TVs, measuring instruments, smartphones, computers, laptops, tablets. If previously parts were depicted close to their natural appearance, today conventional graphic symbols of radio components on the diagram, developed and approved by the International Electrotechnical Commission, are used.

Types of Electronic Circuits

In radio electronics, there are several types of circuits: circuit diagrams, wiring diagrams, block diagrams, voltage and resistance maps.

Schematic diagrams

Such an electrical diagram gives a complete picture of all the functional components of the circuit, the types of connections between them, and the operating principle of electrical equipment. Circuit diagrams are commonly used in distribution networks. They are divided into two types:

• Single-line. This drawing shows only power circuits.
• Full. If the electrical installation is simple, then all its elements can be displayed on one sheet. To describe equipment that contains several circuits (power, measuring, control), drawings are made for each unit and placed on different sheets.

Block diagrams

In radio electronics, a block is an independent part of an electronic device. A block is a general concept; it can include both a small and a significant number of parts. A block diagram (or block diagram) gives only a general concept of the structure of an electronic device. It does not display: the exact composition of the blocks, the number of ranges of their functioning, the schemes according to which they are assembled. In a block diagram, blocks are represented by squares or circles, and the connections between them are represented by one or two lines. The directions of signal passage are indicated by arrows. The names of the blocks in full or abbreviated form can be applied directly to the diagram. The second option is to number the blocks and decipher these numbers in a table located in the margins of the drawing. Graphic images of blocks can display the main parts or plot their operation.

Assembly

Wiring diagrams are convenient for creating an electrical circuit yourself. They indicate the location of each circuit element, communication methods, and the laying of connecting wires. The designation of radioelements on such diagrams usually approaches their natural appearance.

Voltage and resistance maps

A voltage map (diagram) is a drawing in which, next to the individual parts and their terminals, the voltage values ​​characteristic of the normal operation of the device are indicated. Voltages are placed in the gaps of the arrows, showing in which places measurements need to be made. The resistance map indicates the resistance values ​​characteristic of a working device and circuits.

How are various radio components indicated in the diagrams?

As previously mentioned, there is a specific graphic symbol to designate radio components of each type.

Resistors

These parts are designed to regulate the current in the circuit. Fixed resistors have a certain and constant resistance value. For variables, the resistance ranges from zero to the set maximum value. The names and symbols of these radio components in the diagram are regulated by GOST 2.728-74 ESKD. In general, in the drawing they represent a rectangle with two terminals. American manufacturers designate resistors on diagrams with a zigzag line. image of resistors on diagrams
image of resistors on circuit diagrams

Fixed resistors

Characterized by resistance and power. They are indicated by a rectangle with lines indicating a specific power value. Exceeding the specified value will lead to failure of the part. The diagram also indicates: the letter R (resistor), a number indicating the serial number of the part in the circuit, and the resistance value. These radio components are designated by numbers and letters - “K” and “M”. The letter “K” means kOhm, “M” means mOhm.

Variable resistors

image of variable resistors on diagrams. Their design includes a moving contact, which changes the value of resistance. The part is used as a control element in audio and other similar equipment. In the diagram it is indicated by a rectangle indicating fixed and moving contacts. The drawing shows a constant nominal resistance. There are several options for connecting resistors:
resistor connection options

• Consistent. The end lead of one part is connected to the start lead of the other. A common current flows through all elements of the circuit. Connecting each subsequent resistor increases the resistance.
• Parallel. The initial terminals of all resistances are connected at one point, the final terminals at another. Current flows through each resistor. The total resistance in such a circuit is always less than the resistance of an individual resistor.
• Mixed. This is the most popular type of connection of parts, combining the two described above.

Capacitors

graphical representation of capacitors in diagrams A capacitor is a radio component consisting of two plates separated by a dielectric layer. It is applied to the diagram in the form of two lines (or rectangles for electrolytic capacitors) indicating the plates. The gap between them is a dielectric layer. Capacitors are second only to resistors in terms of popularity in circuits. Capable of accumulating an electrical charge with subsequent release.

• Capacitors with constant capacitance. The letter “C”, the serial number of the part, and the value of the nominal capacity are placed next to the icon.
• With variable capacity. The minimum and maximum capacity values ​​are indicated next to the graphic icon.

In circuits with high voltage in capacitors, with the exception of electrolytic ones, the voltage value is indicated after the capacitance. When connecting electrolytic capacitors, polarity must be observed. To indicate a positively charged plate, use the “+” sign or a narrow rectangle. If there is no polarity, both plates are indicated by narrow rectangles. Electrolytic capacitors are installed in power supply filters for low-frequency and pulsed devices.

Diodes and Zener diodes

graphic representation of diodes and zener diodes on diagrams A diode is a semiconductor device designed to pass electric current in one direction and create obstacles to its flow in the opposite direction. This radio element is designated in the form of a triangle (anode), the top of which is directed in the direction of current flow. A line (cathode) is placed in front of the vertex of the triangle. A zener diode is a type of semiconductor diode. Stabilizes the voltage of reverse polarity applied to the terminals. A stabistor is a diode to the terminals of which a voltage of direct polarity is applied.

Transistors

Transistors are semiconductor devices used to generate, amplify and convert electrical oscillations. With their help, they control and regulate the voltage in the circuit. They differ in a variety of designs, frequency ranges, shapes and sizes. The most popular are bipolar transistors, designated in diagrams by the letters VT. They are characterized by the same electrical conductivity of the collector and emitter.
graphic representation of transistors on circuits

Microcircuits

Microcircuits are complex electronic components. They are a semiconductor substrate into which resistors, capacitors, diodes and other radio components are integrated. They are used to convert electrical pulses into digital, analog, analog-digital signals. Available with or without housing. The rules for conventional graphic designation (UGO) of digital and microprocessor microcircuits are regulated by GOST 2.743-91 ESKD. According to them, the UGO has the shape of a rectangle. The diagram shows the supply lines to it. The rectangle consists of only the main field or the main one and two additional ones. The main field must indicate the functions performed by the element. Additional fields usually decipher the pin assignments. Primary and secondary fields may or may not be separated by a solid line. graphic representation of microcircuits

Buttons, relays, switches

graphic representation of buttons and switches on a diagram

relay image on diagrams

Letter designation of radio components on the diagram

Letter codes of radioelements on circuit diagrams

Devices and elements	Letter code
Devices: amplifiers, remote control devices, lasers, masers; general designation	A
Converters of non-electrical quantities into electrical ones (except for generators and power supplies) or vice versa, analogue or multi-digit converters, sensors for indicating or measuring; general designation	IN
Speaker	VA
Magnetostrictive element	BB
Ionizing radiation detector	BD
Selsyn sensor	Sun
Selsyn receiver	BE
Telephone (capsule)	B.F.
Thermal sensor	VC
Photocell	B.L.
Microphone	VM
Pressure meter	VR
Piezo element	IN
Speed ​​sensor, tachogenerator	BR
Pickup	B.S.
Speed ​​sensor	VV
Capacitors	WITH
Integrated circuits, microassemblies: general designation	D
Integrated analog microcircuit	D.A.
Integrated digital microcircuit, logical element	DD
Information storage device (memory)	D.S.
Delay device	D.T.
Various elements: general designation	E
Lighting lamp	EL
A heating element	EC
Arresters, fuses, protection devices: general designation	F
fuse	F.U.
Generators, power supplies, crystal oscillators: general designation	G
Battery of galvanic cells, batteries	G.B.
Indicating and signaling devices; general designation	N
Sound alarm device	ON
Symbolic indicator	HG
Light signaling device	H.L.
Relays, contactors, starters; general designation	TO
Electrothermal relay	kk
Time relay	CT
Contactor, magnetic starter	km
Inductors, chokes; general designation	L
Engines, general designation	M
Measuring instruments; general designation	R
Ammeter (milliammeter, microammeter)	RA
Pulse counter	PC
Frequency meter	PF
Ohmmeter	PR
Recording device	PS
Action time meter, clock	RT
Voltmeter	PV
Wattmeter	PW
Resistors are constant and variable; general designation	R
Thermistor	RK
Measuring shunt	R.S.
Varistor	RU
Switches, disconnectors, short circuits in power circuits (in equipment power supply circuits); general designation	Q
Switching devices in control, signaling and measuring circuits; general designation	S
Switch or switch	S.A.
Push-button switch	S.B.
Automatic switch	SF
Transformers, autotransformers; general designation	T
Electromagnetic stabilizer	T.S.
Converters of electrical quantities into electrical ones, communication devices; general designation	And
Modulator	ive
Demodulator	UR
Discriminator	Ul
Frequency converter, inverter, frequency generator, rectifier	UZ
Semiconductor and electrovacuum devices; general designation	V
Diode, zener diode	VD
Transistor	VT
Thyristor	VS
Electrovacuum device	VL
Microwave lines and elements; general designation	W
Coupler	WE
Koro tkoea we ka tel	W.K.
Valve	W.S.
Transformer, phase shifter, heterogeneity	W.T.
Attenuator	W.U.
Antenna	W.A.
Contact connections; general designation	X
Pin (plug)	XP
Socket (socket)	XS
Demountable connection	XT
High frequency connector	XW
Mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive; general designation	Y
Electromagnet	YA
Electromagnetic brake	YB
Electromagnetic clutch	YC
Terminal devices, filters; general designation	Z
Limiter	ZL
Quartz filter	ZQ

Letter codes of the functional purpose of a radio-electronic device or element

Functional purpose of the device, element	Letter code
Auxiliary	A
Counting	WITH
Differentiating	D
Protective	F
Test	G
Signal	N
Integrating	1
Gpavny	M
Measuring	N
Proportional	R
State (start, stop, limit)	Q
Return, reset	R
Memorizing, recording	S
Synchronizing, delaying	T
Speed ​​(acceleration, braking)	V
Summing	W
Multiplication	X
Analog	Y
Digital	Z

Letter abbreviations for radio electronics

Letter abbreviation	Decoding the abbreviation
A.M.	amplitude modulation
AFC	automatic frequency adjustment
APCG	automatic local oscillator frequency adjustment
APChF	automatic frequency and phase adjustment
AGC	automatic gain control
ARYA	automatic brightness adjustment
AC	acoustic system
AFU	antenna-feeder device
ADC	analog-to-digital converter
frequency response	amplitude-frequency response
BGIMS	large hybrid integrated circuit
NOS	wireless remote control
BIS	large integrated circuit
BOS	signal processing unit
BP	power unit
BR	scanner
DBK	radio channel block
BS	information block
BTK	blocking transformer personnel
BTS	blocking transformer line
BOO	Control block
BC	chroma block
BCI	integrated color block (using microcircuits)
VD	video detector
VIM	time-pulse modulation
VU	video amplifier; input (output) device
HF	high frequency
G	heterodyne
GW	playback head
GHF	high frequency generator
GHF	hyper high frequency
GZ	start generator; recording head
GIR	heterodyne resonance indicator
GIS	hybrid integrated circuit
GKR	frame generator
GKCH	sweep generator
GMW	meter wave generator
GPA	smooth range generator
GO	envelope generator
HS	signal generator
GSR	line scan generator
gss	standard signal generator
yy	clock generator
GU	universal head
VCO	voltage controlled generator
D	detector
dv	long waves
dd	fractional detector
days	voltage divider
dm	power divider
DMV	decimeter waves
DU	remote control
DShPF	dynamic noise reduction filter
EASC	unified automated communication network
ESKD	unified system of design documentation
zg	audio frequency generator; master oscillator
zs	slowing system; sound signal; pickup
AF	audio frequency
AND	integrator
ICM	pulse code modulation
ICU	quasi-peak level meter
ims	integrated circuit
ini	linear distortion meter
inch	infra-low frequency
and he	reference voltage source
SP	power supply
ichh	frequency response meter
To	switch
KBV	traveling wave coefficient
HF	short waves
kWh	extremely high frequency
KZV	recording-playback channel
CMM	pulse code modulation
kk	frame deflection coils
km	coding matrix
cnc	extremely low frequency
efficiency	efficiency
KS	deflection system line coils
ksv	standing wave ratio
ksvn	voltage standing wave ratio
CT	check Point
KF	focusing coil
TWT	traveling wave lamp
lz	delay line
fishing	back wave lamp
LPD	avalanche diode
lppt	tube-semiconductor TV
m	modulator
M.A.	magnetic antenna
M.B.	meter waves
TIR	metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
MOP	metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
ms	chip
MU	microphone amplifier
neither	nonlinear distortion
LF	low frequency
ABOUT	common base (switching on a transistor according to a circuit with a common base)
VHF	very high frequency
oi	common source (turning on the transistor *according to a circuit with a common source)
OK	common collector (switching on a transistor according to a circuit with a common collector)
onch	very low frequency
oos	negative feedback
OS	deflection system
OU	operational amplifier
OE	common emitter (connecting a transistor according to a circuit with a common emitter)
Surfactant	surface acoustic waves
pds	two-speech set-top box
Remote control	remote control
pcn	code-voltage converter
pnc	voltage-to-code converter
PNC	converter voltage frequency
village	positive feedback
PPU	noise suppressor
pch	intermediate frequency; frequency converter
ptk	tv channel switch
PTS	full TV signal
Vocational school	industrial television installation
PU	preliminary effort
PUV	playback pre-amplifier
PUZ	recording pre-amplifier
PF	bandpass filter; piezo filter
ph	transfer characteristic
pcts	full color television signal
Radar	line linearity regulator; radar station
RP	memory register
RPCHG	manual adjustment of local oscillator frequency
RRS	line size control
PC	shift register; mixing regulator
RF	notch or stop filter
REA	radio-electronic equipment
SBDU	wireless remote control system
VLSI	ultra-large scale integrated circuit
NE	medium waves
SVP	touch program selection
Microwave	ultra high frequency
sg	signal generator
SDV	ultralong waves
SDU	dynamic light installation; remote control system
SK	channel selector
SLE	all-wave channel selector
sk-d	UHF channel selector
SK-M	meter wave channel selector
CM	mixer
ench	ultra-low frequency
JV	grid field signal
ss	clock signal
ssi	horizontal clock pulse
SU	selector amplifier
sch	average frequency
TV	tropospheric radio waves; TV
TVS	line output transformer
tvz	audio output channel transformer
tvk	output frame transformer
TIT	television test chart
TKE	temperature coefficient of capacitance
tka	temperature coefficient of inductance
tkmp	temperature coefficient of initial magnetic permeability
tkns	temperature coefficient of stabilization voltage
tks	temperature coefficient of resistance
ts	network transformer
shopping center	television center
tsp	color bar table
THAT	technical specifications
U	amplifier
UV	playback amplifier
UVS	video amplifier
UVH	sample-hold device
UHF	high frequency signal amplifier
UHF	UHF
UZ	recording amplifier
Ultrasound	audio amplifier
VHF	ultrashort waves
ULPT	unified tube-semiconductor TV
ULLTST	unified lamp-semiconductor color TV
ULT	unified tube TV
UMZCH	audio power amplifier
CNT	unified TV
ULF	low frequency signal amplifier
UNU	voltage controlled amplifier.
UPT	DC amplifier; unified semiconductor TV
HRC	intermediate frequency signal amplifier
UPCHZ	intermediate frequency signal amplifier?
UPCH	intermediate frequency image amplifier
URCH	radio frequency signal amplifier
US	interface device; comparison device
USHF	microwave signal amplifier
USS	horizontal sync amplifier
USU	universal touch device
UU	control device (node)
UE	accelerating (control) electrode
UEIT	universal electronic test chart
PLL	phase automatic frequency control
HPF	high pass filter
FD	phase detector; photodiode
FIM	pulse phase modulation
FM	phase modulation
LPF	low pass filter
FPF	intermediate frequency filter
FPCHZ	audio intermediate frequency filter
FPCH	image intermediate frequency filter
FSI	lumped selectivity filter
FSS	concentrated selection filter
FT	phototransistor
FCHH	phase-frequency response
DAC	digital-to-analog converter
Digital computer	digital computer
CMU	color and music installation
DH	central television
BH	frequency detector
CHIM	pulse frequency modulation
world championship	frequency modulation
shim	pulse width modulation
shs	noise signal
ev	electron volt (e V)
COMPUTER.	electronic computer
emf	electromotive force
ek	electronic switch
CRT	cathode-ray tube
AMY	electronic musical instrument
emos	electromechanical feedback
EMF	electromechanical filter
EPU	record player
Digital computer	electronic digital computer

Radio elements (radio components) are electronic components assembled into components of digital and analog equipment. Radio components have found their application in video equipment, audio devices, smartphones and telephones, televisions and measuring instruments, computers and laptops, office equipment and other equipment.

Types of radioelements

Radioelements connected through conductor elements collectively form an electrical circuit, which can also be called a “functional unit”. A set of electrical circuits made of radioelements, which are located in a separate common housing, is called a microcircuit - a radio-electronic assembly; it can perform many different functions.

All electronic components used in household and digital appliances are classified as radio components. It is quite problematic to list all the subtypes and types of radio components, since the result is a huge list that is constantly expanding.

To designate radio components in diagrams, both graphical symbols (GSD) and alphanumeric symbols are used.

According to the method of action in an electrical circuit, they can be divided into two types:

1. Active;
2. Passive.

Active type

Active electronic components are completely dependent on external factors, under the influence of which they change their parameters. It is this group that brings energy into the electrical circuit.

The following main representatives of this class are distinguished:

1. Transistors are semiconductor triodes that, through an input signal, can monitor and control electrical voltage in a circuit. Before the advent of transistors, their function was performed by vacuum tubes, which consumed more electricity and were not compact;
2. Diode elements are semiconductors that conduct electric current only in a single direction. They contain one electrical junction and two terminals and are made from silicon. In turn, diodes are divided according to frequency range, design, purpose, dimensions of junctions;
3. Microcircuits are composite components in which capacitors, resistors, diode elements, transistors and other things are integrated into a semiconductor substrate. They are designed to convert electrical impulses and signals into digital, analog and analog-to-digital information. They can be produced without a housing or in it.

There are many more representatives of this class, but they are used less frequently.

Passive type

Passive electronic components do not depend on the flow of electrical current, voltage and other external factors. They can either consume or accumulate energy in an electrical circuit.

The following radioelements can be distinguished in this group:

1. Resistors are devices that redistribute electric current between the components of a microcircuit. They are classified according to manufacturing technology, installation and protection method, purpose, current-voltage characteristics, nature of resistance changes;
2. Transformers are electromagnetic devices used to convert one alternating current system to another while maintaining the frequency. Such a radio component consists of several (or one) wire coils covered by a magnetic flux. Transformers can be matching, power, pulse, isolation, as well as current and voltage devices;
3. Capacitors are an element that serves to accumulate electric current and subsequently release it. They consist of several electrodes separated by dielectric elements. Capacitors are classified according to the type of dielectric components: liquid, solid organic and inorganic, gaseous;
4. Inductive coils are conductor devices that serve to limit alternating current, suppress interference, and store electricity. The conductor is placed under an insulating layer.

Marking of radio components

Marking of radio components is usually done by the manufacturer and is located on the product body. Marking of such elements can be:

• symbolic;
• color;
• symbolic and color at the same time.

Important! The marking of imported radio components may differ significantly from the marking of domestically produced elements of the same type.

On a note. Every radio amateur, when trying to decipher a particular radio component, resorts to a reference book, since it is not always possible to do this from memory due to the huge variety of models.

The designation of radioelements (labeling) of European manufacturers often occurs according to a specific alphanumeric system consisting of five characters (three numbers and two letters for products of general use, two numbers and three letters for special equipment). The numbers in such a system determine the technical parameters of the part.

European wide-spread semiconductor labeling system

1st letter – material coding
A	The main component is germanium
B	Silicon
C	A compound of gallium and arsenic – gallium arsenide
R	Cadmium sulfide
2nd letter – type of product or its description
A	Low power diode element
B	Varicap
C	Low power transistor operating at low frequencies
D	Powerful transistor operating at low frequencies
E	Tunnel Diode Component
F	High frequency low power transistor
G	More than one device in a single housing
H	Magnetic diode
L	Powerful transistor operating at high frequency
M	Hall Sensor
P	Phototransistor
Q	Light diode
R	Low power switching device
S	Low-power switching transistor
T	Powerful switching device
U	Powerful switching transistor
X	Multiplying diode element
Y	High Power Diode Rectifier Element
Z	Zener diode

Designation of radio components on electrical circuits

Due to the fact that there are a huge number of different radio-electronic components, norms and rules for their graphic designation on a microcircuit have been adopted at the legislative level. These regulations are called GOSTs, which contain comprehensive information on the type and dimensional parameters of the graphic image and additional symbolic clarifications.

Important! If a radio amateur draws up a circuit for himself, then GOST standards can be neglected. However, if the electrical circuit being drawn up will be submitted for examination or verification to various commissions and government agencies, then it is recommended to check everything with the latest GOSTs - they are constantly being supplemented and changed.

The designation of radio components of the “resistor” type, located on the board, looks like a rectangle in the drawing, next to it is the letter “R” and a number - a serial number. For example, “R20” means that the resistor in the diagram is the 20th in a row. Inside the rectangle, its operating power can be written, which it can dissipate for a long time without collapsing. The current passing through this element dissipates a specific power, thereby heating it. If the power is greater than the rated value, the radio product will fail.

Each element, like a resistor, has its own requirements for the outline on the circuit drawing, conventional alphabetic and digital designations. To search for such rules, you can use a variety of literature, reference books and numerous Internet resources.

Any radio amateur must understand the types of radio components, their markings and conventional graphic designations, since it is precisely this knowledge that will help him correctly draw up or read an existing diagram.

Video

In order to be able to assemble a radio-electronic device, you need to know the designation of radio components on the diagram and their name, as well as the order of their connection. To achieve this goal, schemes were invented. At the dawn of radio engineering, radio components were depicted in three dimensions. To compile them, the artist’s experience and knowledge of the appearance of the parts were required. Over time, the images were simplified until they turned into conventional signs.

The diagram itself, on which the symbols are drawn, is called a schematic diagram. It not only shows how certain elements of the circuit are connected, but also explains how the entire device works, showing the principle of its operation. To achieve this result, it is important to correctly show the individual groups of elements and the connection between them.

In addition to the fundamental one, there are also installation ones. They are designed to accurately display each element in relation to each other. The arsenal of radioelements is huge. New ones are constantly being added. Nevertheless, the UGO in all diagrams is almost the same, but the letter code is significantly different. There are 2 types of standard:

• state, this standard may include several states;
• international, used almost all over the world.

But whatever standard is used, it must clearly show the designation of radio components on the diagram and their name. Depending on the functionality, UGO radio components can be simple or complex. For example, several conditional groups can be distinguished:

• power supplies;
• indicators, sensors;
• switches;
• semiconductor elements.

This list is incomplete and serves for illustrative purposes only. To make it easier to understand the symbols of radio components in the diagram, you need to know the principle of operation of these elements.

Power supplies

These include all devices capable of generating, storing or converting energy. The first battery was invented and demonstrated by Alexandro Volta in 1800. It was a set of copper plates laid with damp cloth. The modified drawing began to consist of two parallel vertical lines, between which there is an ellipsis. It replaces the missing plates. If the power source consists of one element, the ellipsis is not placed.

In a constant current circuit, it is important to know where the positive voltage is. Therefore, the positive plate is made higher and the negative plate lower. Moreover, the designation of the battery on the diagram and the battery is no different.

There is also no difference in the letter code Gb. Solar batteries, which generate current under the influence of sunlight, have additional arrows in their UGO directed towards the battery.

If the power source is external, for example, the radio circuit is powered from the mains, then the power input is indicated by terminals. These can be arrows, circles with all sorts of additions. The rated voltage and type of current are indicated next to them. Alternating voltage is indicated by the “tilde” sign and may have the letter code Ac. For direct current, there is a “+” on the positive input, “-” on the negative input, or there may be a “common” sign. It is denoted by an inverted T.

Semiconductors, perhaps, have the most extensive range in radio electronics. More and more new devices are being added gradually. All of them can be divided into 3 groups:

1. Diodes.
2. Transistors.
3. Microcircuits.

Semiconductor devices use a p-n junction; circuit design in UGO tries to show the features of a particular device. So, a diode is capable of passing current in one direction. This property is shown schematically in the symbol. It is made in the form of a triangle, at the top of which there is a dash. This dash shows that current can only flow in the direction of the triangle.

If a short segment is attached to this straight line and it is turned in the opposite direction from the direction of the triangle, then this is already a zener diode. It is capable of passing a small current in the opposite direction. This designation is valid only for general purpose devices. For example, the image for a Schottky barrier diode is drawn with an s-shaped sign.

Some radio components have the properties of two simple devices connected together. This feature is also noted. When depicting a double-sided zener diode, both are drawn, with the vertices of the triangles directed towards each other. When designating a bidirectional diode, 2 parallel diodes are depicted, directed in different directions.

Other devices have the properties of two different parts, for example, a varicap. This is a semiconductor, so it is drawn as a triangle. However, the capacitance of its pn junction is mainly used, and these are the properties of a capacitor. Therefore, the sign of a capacitor is added to the top of the triangle - two parallel straight lines.

Signs of external factors affecting the device are also reflected. A photodiode converts sunlight into electric current, some types are elements of a solar battery. They are depicted as a diode, only in a circle, and 2 arrows are directed towards them to show the sun's rays. An LED, on the other hand, emits light, so the arrows come from the diode.

Polar and bipolar transistors

Transistors are also semiconductor devices, but have basically two pnp junctions in bipolar transistors. The middle region between two transitions is the control region. The emitter injects charge carriers, and the collector receives them.

The body is depicted with a circle. Two p-n junctions are depicted by one segment in this circle. On the one hand, a straight line approaches this segment at an angle of 90 degrees - this is the base. On the other hand, 2 oblique straight lines. One of them has an arrow - this is the emitter, the other without an arrow is the collector.

The emitter determines the structure of the transistor. If the arrow goes towards the junction, then it is a p-n-p transistor, if it goes away from it, then it is an n-p-n transistor. Previously, a unijunction transistor was produced, it is also called a double-base diode, it has one p-n junction. It is designated as bipolar, but there is no collector and there are two bases.

The field-effect transistor has a similar pattern. The difference is that the transition is called a channel. The straight line with the arrow approaches the channel at a right angle and is called the gate. The drain and source come from the opposite side. The direction of the arrow indicates the type of channel. If the arrow is directed towards the channel, then the channel is n-type, if away from it, then it is p-type.

The insulated gate field effect transistor has some differences. The gate is drawn as a letter G and is not connected to the channel, the arrow is placed between the drain and source and has the same meaning. In transistors with two insulated gates, a second gate of the same type is added to the circuit. The drain and source are interchangeable, so the field-effect transistor can be connected in any way, you just need to connect the gate correctly.

Integrated circuits

Integrated circuits are the most complex electronic components. Conclusions are usually part of an overall scheme . They can be divided into the following types:

• analog;
• digital;
• analog-to-digital.

In the diagram they are indicated as a rectangle. Inside there is a code and (or) the name of the circuit. Outgoing terminals are numbered. Op-amps are drawn as a triangle, with the output signal coming from its apex. To count the pins, a mark is placed on the microcircuit body next to the first pin. This is usually a square-shaped recess. To correctly read microcircuits and symbol designations, tables are included.

Other items

All radio components are connected to each other by conductors. In the diagram they are depicted as straight lines and drawn strictly horizontally and vertically. If the conductors have an electrical connection when crossing each other, then a dot is placed at this place. In Soviet and American diagrams, to show that the conductors are not connected, a semicircle is placed at the intersection.

Capacitors are indicated by two parallel lines. If it is electrolytic, for the connection of which it is important to observe polarity, then a + is placed near its positive terminal. There may be designations for electrolytic capacitors in the form of two parallel rectangles, one of them (negative) is painted black.

To designate variable capacitors, an arrow is used; it crosses out the capacitor diagonally. In trimmers, a T-shaped sign is used instead of an arrow. Varicond - a capacitor that changes capacitance depending on the applied voltage, is drawn like an alternating one, but the arrow is replaced by a short straight line, next to which there is the letter u. The capacitance is shown with a number and a microFarad (microFarad) is placed next to it. If the capacity is smaller, the letter code is omitted.

Another element that no electrical circuit can do without is a resistor. Indicated in the diagram as a rectangle. To show that the resistor is variable, an arrow is drawn on top. It can be connected either to one of the pins, or be a separate pin. For trimmers, a sign in the form of the letter t is used. As a rule, its resistance is indicated next to the resistor.

Symbols in the form of dashes can be used to indicate the power of fixed resistors. A power of 0.05 W is indicated by three oblique, 0.125 W - two oblique, 0.25 W - one oblique, 0.5 W - one longitudinal. High power is shown in Roman numerals. Due to the diversity, it is impossible to describe all the designations of electronic components on the diagram. To identify a particular radio element, use reference books.

Alphanumeric code

For simplicity, radio components are divided into groups according to characteristics. Groups are divided into types, types - into types. Below are the group codes:

For ease of installation, locations for radio components are indicated on printed circuit boards using a letter code, a picture, and numbers. For parts with polar terminals, a + is placed at the positive terminal. In places for soldering transistors, each pin is marked with a corresponding letter. Fuses and shunts are shown as straight lines. The pins of the microcircuits are marked with numbers. Each element has its own serial number, which is indicated on the board.